AP Gov Units 1 - 5 Complete
requires candidates in the United States for federal political office, as well as interest groups and political parties supporting or opposing a candidate, to include in political advertisements on television and radio "a statement by the candidate that identifies the candidate and states that the candidate has approved the communication.
"Stand by Your Ad" Provision
civil war to 1930s era
"dual federalism"; shared power
Roe v. Wade : Related to which parts of the Constitution
- 9th Amendment - 14th Amendment - Due Process Clause
Number of reps in the senate
100
powers not delegated to the US by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the states are reserved to the states or the people
10th Amendment
activists depend on media to get ideas on political agenda
Agenda setter
"Friend of the court"; written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case
Amicus curiae briefs
believed government should have separation of powers
Baron de Montesquieu
the rules of law announced in court decisions
Case Law
electriocal college
Constitution elitist
political money where the donors of the money do not have to be disclosed
Dark Money
the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration.
Devolution
different party in Congress compared to the President
Divided Government
supporters of the Constitution
Federalists
what is news and for how long; sets and swings political agenda
Gate keeper
a committee at the constitutional congress that worked out the compromise on represenatives
Grand Committee
federal money granted to a recipient to fund a project or program
Grants-in-aid
those powers held by the President that are not explicitly mentioned in the United States Constitution.
Inherent powers
to shape policy
Interest group goal
Commerce WITHIN A STATEcommercial activity regulated at the state level
Intrastate commerce
first state to hold a caucus or primary
Iowa Caucus
Who is the father of the bill of rights?
James Madison
Who wrote The Federalist 10, who was it to, and what was the purpose of it?
James Madison; NY, to convince NY to adopt the Constitution bc it limits the power of factions
power of the courts of a country to examine the actions of the legislative, executive, and administrative arms of the government and to determine whether such actions are consistent with the constitution.
Judicial review
union workers in a specific group
Labor groups
one who believes in limited government interference in the economy and personal liberties
Libertarian
reaches out and profoundly influence not only the elites but the masses
Mass media
The Republican Era
Party Era 1860-1928
the process of influencing the actions and policies of a government
Polticis
Which of the following describes the ruling in Shaw v. Reno (1993) ?
Racial gerrymandering was ruled unconstitutional.
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
Sovereignty
shot of person's face talking directly to camera
Talking head
19th Amendment
The only guarantee for equal protection of women in constitution
What is represented in contemporary institutions and political behavior?
The three models of representative democracy.
someone who represents a political party that is neither Democrat nor Republican
Third Party Candidate
slave counted as 3/5 of a person for population counts to determine how many representatives.
Three fifths clause
to widen in scope; or increase in size or intensity
aggrandizing
friend of the court, interested groups may be invited to file legal briefs supporting or rejecting arguments of a case
amicus curiae briefs
the expression of approval or agreement
assent
These measures state the maximum amount the agency can give on a certain program.
authorization of spending
a small group of secret plotters, as against a government or person in authority
cabals
With the iron triangle, how do interest groups check the bureaucracy?
congressional support, via lobby
relationship between federal, state, and local governemnts
federalism
relevant
germane
to force or urge
impel
harm and the wrongful seizing by force
injuries and usurpations
What are some of the ways the judicial branch can check the executive branch?
judicial review
the topic under discussion
motion
legislation that directs specific funds to projects within districts or states
pork barrel spending
carrying out a plan or action
pursuance
to show
shewn
exsist or continue to exist
subsist
the right of peopel detained by the gov to know the charges against the,
writ of habeas corpus
What is the purpose of public opinion polls?
- "take the pulse" of the American people - elected officials use them to determine what issues the public supports - elected officials use them to help evaluate support for their policies - elected officials use them to craft favorable language to frame certain policies to the public
Schenck v. US : Related to which parts of the Constitution
- 1st Amendment - Espionage Act
What are the baby boomers' political views?
- 52% believe peace is achieved y good diplomacy more than military strength - 80% identify with a religion - 39% are consistently or mostly liberal - 28% are non-white
Gideon v. Wianwright : Related to which parts of the Constitution
- 6th(right to assistance of counsel) and 14th Amendment(selective incorportation principle via due process clause)
US v. Lopez : Related to which parts of the Constitution
- Commerce Clause - Necessary and Proper Clause
What does the Establishment Clause do?
- Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion - Separate church and state - Gov can't interfere in the business of the church - Doesn't give political power to any religious figures - Prevents the government from directly aiding religious schools or encouraging religious beliefs in any way
What does freedom of the press include?
- For reporters to sheild confidential sources(Shield Law) - To publish without prior restraint from the government(censorship imposed by gov on expression before it actually takes place) - To publish statements about the conduct of public officials, in good faith - even if they are later proven false
Compromises deemed necessary for adoption and ratification of the U.S. Constitution are represented by the:
- Great Connecticut Compromise - Electoral College - Three-Fifths Compromise - Compromise on the importation of slaves
What did the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation lead to?
- Inability to eliminate quarreling between states. - Inability to pay national debt to foreign governments - unpaid soldiers - economic depression
what happens in letters from a Birmingham jail
- MLK spent 11 days in jail, he civilly addressed white clergymen who criticized his protest tactics. - Letter in which MLK preaches and explains civil disobedience "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere" Explained why blacks were discontented to "wait" and the meaning of the nonviolent protest.
McCulloch v. Maryland : Related to which parts of the Constitution
- Necessary and Proper Clause - Supremacy Clause - 10th Amendment(state's rights)
what are the implied powers of the president
- Powers implied in Article 2 that are necessary for operation of powers - executive orders - executive agreements - executive privilege
What are executive orders?
- Presidential directives that created or modify laws and public policies without the direct approval of Congress - a rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law.
What are some of the ways legislative branch can influence the judicial branch?
- Senatorial Courtesy affects composition - Senate Judiciary Committee - Advise/Consent on SCOTUS nominees
What are the levels of the federal judiciary?
- US Supreme Court(appellate jurisdiction and limited original jurisdiction) - US Court of Appeals(appellate jurisdiction) - US District Courts(original jurisdiction)
What are Hamilton's reasonings behind having a single executive?
- Unity(someone can have a final say)(Articles didn't have this) - Must be held accountable via elections(if they aren't doing a good job you can vote them out) - Duration(sufficient time to reach policy goals) - Adequate provisions to prevent corruption - Secrecy - Competent powers(delegated, expressed, implied, inherent powers, etc.) - Energy(powers granted allows for protection of community and execution of laws)
what are some causes of realignments
- a party is badly defeated and falls into obscurity - large numbers of voters shift their allegiance from one party to another as a result of social, political, or economic crisis
what was the effect of the 1960s on political socialization?
- assasinations of JFK, MLK, and Robert Kennedy - civil rights movement and protest - challenging the gov is normal
What are things that make a speech not protected by Freedom of Speech?
- content(defamatory speech; fighting words; offensive words) - context(obscene statements and gestures; danger of imminent lawlessness; enhanced restrictions; speech by gov workers in their official capacity) - content-neutral reasons(speech whose time, place, or manner disrupts daily life; outdoor advertisements whose volume, noise, or size disrupt)
generally speaking, republicans support these platforms:
- equal opportunity rather than welfare handouts - death penalty - opposed to abortion - securing our borders - Second amendment
what are the levels of the bureaucracy?
- executive political appointees - Senior Executive Services - career civil servants
What is probable cause to justify search and seizure(4th amendment)?
- filed in good faith - based on reliable information - issued by neutral magistrate - specifying place and items to be searched
What are all the parts of the 5th amendment?
- grand jury guarantee(hear evidence to issue indictment) - due process clause - double jeopardy(can't receive multiple trials for the same crime unless their was a mistrial) - protection against self incrimination(failure to answer is not an indicator of guilt)
generally speaking, democrats support these platforms:
- healthcare and other social welfare programs - equal rights for women, minorities, and LGBTQ+ - pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants - believes climate change is happening and must be addressed - women's right to choose
The right to bear arms includes the right to:
- individual ownership of weapons, even without being militia - due process when Congress infringes on the right to bear arms - exceptions for law-enforcement officers and military personell
What are the silent generations' political views?
- law and order - gov needs to be tougher on criminals - terrorism - tougher gov action on terror suspects - foreign policy - anti-communist, very patriotic - social policy - opposed to gay marriage and legalization of marijuana - Judeo-Christian moral code
in the articles of confederation, in article 3, what are the founder's ideas about a confederation
- league of friendship - work together for defense and security
What are some of the direct ways Congress can check the judicial branch?
- legislation impacting court jurisdiction - legislation modifying impact of SCOTUS decision - cut or increase funding to impact policy - propose a constitutional amendment - conduct oversight hearings - use fiscal federalism to encourage states to carry out action at their level
What are the influences of polling on the branches of government?
- legislators are responsive to keep their constituents happy - the pres can use the bully pulpit to respond to public opinion. Pres approval rating also measures general public opinion - courts are the least influenced by public opinion(bc of life terms). The can be influenced by submission of amicus curiae briefs
What are millennials' political views?
- liberal on social issues - support gov steps to solve problems - foreign policy - don't want conflict - big on enviro issues - are abt 55% democrats and 27% liberal democrats - 33.3% are associated with some sort of religion
what was the effect of the great depression on political socialization?
- positive attitude abt the role of the gov in economic life - new deal program - social security
what are the express powers of the president
- powers explicitly given to the executive in article 2 - Take care clause - vesting clause - Commander in chief
what are the inherent powers of the president
- powers that all governments have, but sometimes not explicitly delegated in the constitution - Acquisition of new territory - Emergency powers to suspend habeas corpus during Civil War
what ways does the pres have to officially communicate?
- press statement or release - press briefing or conference - presidential address
in the articles of confederation, in article 8, how will taxes be assessed and collected
- proportionate to the amount of land they have - taxes will be laid and levied by the states
what does freedom of the press do for us?
- protects minority groups - protects majority against a self-interested Congress - keeps the gov honest
What are all the parts of the 6th amendment?
- right of counsel - public and speedy trial - compulsion of witnesses - impartial jury
what was the effect of WWII on political socialization?
- role of the gov in fighting facism - change in attitude towards women as they entered the workforce - unity and patriotism
What is executive privilege?
- the privilege, claimed by the president for the executive branch of the US government, of withholding information in the public interest. - the right to keep communications confidential to the presidency
What does freedom of the press not include?
- to incite imminent lawlessness - to publish false statements about public officials or public figures - of reporters to cite reporter's privledge in refusing to testify before grand juries in cases of "compelling" and "paramount" state interest - to publish false statements - of students to publish things that disrupt the legitimate educational process
what was the effect of 9/11 on political socialization?
- war on terror - war in Afghanistan and Iraq - Weary of conflict
What are conservative's views on entitlement programs
- wary of increased spending on social welfare programs - believe in the American Dream and the equality of opportunity - joined in this belief by libertarians - believe in small government
In federalist 10, what is madison's claim about why a republic is the best form of government?
- works over a large area - can discern the best interests of their country - public voice will be more aligned with the public good - guard against the cabals of a few - guard against the confusion of a multitude - harder for unworthy candidates to succeed - over a large area it will be less likely that the majority of the whole will have the same motive - communication is always checked by distrust
what 2 linked cases(of our required cases) applies to the 14th amendment due process clause
-Gideon v. Wainwright - Griswold v. Connecticut
What does the money coming in to the budget include?
-Individual income taxes - Corporate taxes - Payroll taxes(paid by employers) - Tarriffs
process of amending the cons
-an amendment may be proposed either by the Congress with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a constitutional convention called for by two-thirds of the State legislatures -Governors of all the states then formally submit the amendment to their State legislatures or the state calls for a convention -A proposed amendment becomes part of the Constitution as soon as it is ratified by three-fourths of the States (38 of 50 States).
influcences of the founding era of the US:
-british constitutional system:english petition of right, english bill of rights, english common law, and glorious revolution -political, philosophical, and historical influences: baron de montesquieu, greek democracies, roman republic Iroquois confederacy -colonial traditions: colonial legislatures, local courts, emerging free market traditions, property interests, economic recession, and changes in population
How did the founders incorporate John Locke's theories
-checks and balances -natural rights -role of the state is to protect each individual from the will and desires of others -gov works towards the common good
What are the 2 ways to interpret the 2nd amendment?
-collective rights: states maintain militias to prevent tyranical federal interference - allows for regulation of individual access to arms - individual rights: right to possess arms for personal defense and the defense of others
foundation docs we have covered-know general premises of what they were about: -dec of indepenance -fed 10 -fed 51 -brutus 1 -arts of fed -constitution
-declare independence from Britain bc of the violation of natural rights(Locke)(life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness) by the gov of GB, so the US has the right to throw off the gov. -factions-must control them; unavoidable; this style of gov is the best chance we have of controlling the factions -system of checks and balances; separation of powers -more individual and states rights; scared fed gov would become to powerful and states would lose their autonomy; wealthy and elite would become the ruling class -states maintain most of the power and the fed had practically no power; no power to tax; no power to raise army; 1st form of gov; weak gov -set up our form of gov
diff between enumerated, implied, reserved, concurrent powers - constitution
-expressed-art 1 sect 8 -implied-necessary n proper clause-art 1 sect 8; elastic clause -10th amenment -powers fed and state gov shares(ex. taxation-know others)
How are coalitions in Congress affected by term length differences?
-house: 2 years = hard to make coalitions -senate: colaitions are easier to form because of longer term limit
how does chamber size and constituencies influence the formality of debates
-house: more reps = more formal debates, in order to move bills through the processes -senate: can operate in a less formal matter(bc of less people), it can be easier to debate
What are some of the things MLK did to begin the civil rights movement
-montgomery bus boycott - Ablany, Georgia protests(stop violence against Black Albany state college students) - Birmingham boycott and protests(against bombings and extralegal violence condoned by police commissioner "bull" connor
What are some technology-based exceptions to the 4th amendment?
-patriot act: more gov access to electronic surveillance including metadata without a warrant - implied consent - biosurveillance: DNA material can be obtained from discarded trash, without a warrant
What are liberal's views on entitlement programs
-support social welfare programs - think social welfare programs help to solve inequality - believe it is the job of the gov to promote general welfare
weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
-very lenient -federal government had little to no power -had stronger state government - too weak to run a successful country -did not declare a military - had no national court system or judicial branch - no executive branch, so they were unable to enforce the laws - no ability to collect tax - no central currency - in order to amend the Articles all colonies had to agree (which was nearly impossible). - no power to regulate trade.
How has technology and the president's message change over the years
1 - Post office and newspapers : Pres had a hard time getting his message out and ppl didn't really know much abt the pres 2 - Electronic broadcast technology(radio and TV) : Became the primary way of getting his message out to the public - felt more personal so it was easier to believe 3 - Digital technology(24/7 news coverage) : If pres wants to get his message out he can call a pres conference at any time of the day; social media
examples of checks and balances
1) legislature drafts bills - Executive can veto - judicial can decide if law is constitutional 2) executive appoint supreme court judges and legislature needs to approve 3) if executive branch vetoes - legislature can override 4) executive can pick cabinet but legislature needs to approve them -more
What do the 3 categories of government spending in the budget include?
1. Mandatory Spending - money that must be spent for certain programs - Social Security, Medicade, Medicare, unemployment insurance, other government assistance 2. Interest on Debt - the minimum required to be paid on outstanding debt(money borrowed) as interest 3. Discriminatory Spending - everything else(40% of the budget)
Steps to creating a budget
1. Office of Management and Budget(OMB) helps pres create a budget 2. Plan is made public and sent to Congress 3. Congress uses the Congressional Budget Office(CBO) made up of non-partisan accountants to review the current budget and prepare projections 4. Congress considers the pres budget proposal and creates its own before reconciling the budget(attempt to balance the budget)
What are the principles of government described in the book the Two Treatises of Government
1. The people possess the rights to life, liberty, and property. 2. The government's purpose is to protect peoples rights 3. The people may replace a government that fails in this purpose.
What are the four basic steps to a direct action non-violent campaign, as said by MLK in letters from a Birmingham Jail?
1. collection of facts 2. negotiation 3. self-purification 4. direct action
Ranking of the 5 core values for liberal ideology
1. equality of opportunity 2. rule of law 3. individualism 4. free enterprise 5. limited gov
Ranking of the 5 core values for conservative ideology
1. free enterprise 2. individualism 3. limited gov 4. rule of law 5. equality of opportunity
Ranking of the 5 core values for libertarian ideology
1. individualism 2. limited gov 3. free enterprise 4. equality of opportunity 5. rule of law
in the articles of confederation, what article said that all votes had to be unanimous if the articles were to ever be changed?
13
Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
14th Amendment
Shaw v. Reno : Related to which parts of the Constitution
14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause
Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
15th amendment
Allowed the federal government to collect income taxes from individuals. This greatly enhanced the power of the federal government by making it possible for them to spend more funds on policies of their choosing.
16th Amendment
Direct election of Senators. This amendment took the power to appoint senators away from state governments and gave it to the people of the state.
17th Amendment
Direct election of senators
17th Amendment
Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)
17th amendment
Gave women the right to vote
19th amendment
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
1st Amendment
Guarantees many individual rights including the right to expression and freedom of the press, freedom of religion, the right to petition the government, and the right to peaceful assembly.
1st Amendment
New York Times v. US : Related to which parts of the Constitution
1st amendment - freedom of speech and freedom of the press
Tinker v. Des Moines : Related to which parts of the Constitution
1st and 14th Amendments
Wisconsin v. Yoder : Related to which parts of the Constitution
1st and 14th amendment
term length in houuse
2
How many people worked for the bureaucracy in 2019
2 million
in the articles of confederation, in article 5, how many members of congress does each state get, how long can they serve, and how many votes does each state get
2-7, 3 years, 1
in the articles of confederation, how many votes were needed to pass legislation
2/3, with some exceptions on certain powers
Congress begins on January 30th; President starts on January 20th "Lame-duck" Amendment
20th Amendment
Limits the president to two terms.
22nd Amendment
gave residents of Washington DC the right to vote
23rd Amendment
Abolishes poll taxes
24th amendment
age req in the house and us residency req
25, 7
Presidential Succession; Vice Presidential Vacancy; Presidential Inability
25th Amendment
lowered the voting age to 18
26th amendment
McDonald v. Chicago : Related to which parts of the Constitution
2nd and 14th Amendments
parties, interest groups, media
3 Indirect linkage institutions
This count would determine the number of seats in the House of Representatives and how much each state would pay in taxes.
3/5 compromise; each slave would count as 3/5 of a person
age req in the senate and us residency req
30, 9
economic issues, environmental issues, equality issues, interest of all consumers issues
4 main policy areas
Number of reps in the house
435
Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures
4th Amendment
US v. Lopez : Decision
5-4 decision in favor of Lopez - GFSZA was an overreach of power(in this case).
McDonald v. Chicago : Decision
5-4 decision in favor of McDonald - the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self-defense is fully applicable to the states under the 14th Amendment
Shaw v. Reno : Decision
5-4 decision in favor of Shaw(if racial gerrymandering occurs then it's unconstitutional); was sent back to the lower courts to decide if it violated the 14th Amendment.
A social welfare organization that can devote no more than 50 percent of its funds to politics. Sometimes referred to as "dark money" groups because they do not have to disclose their donors.
501 (c) 4 groups
A tax code classification that applies to most interest groups; this designation makes donations to the group tax-deductible but limits the group's political activities.
501(c)(3) organization
Independent groups that seek to influence the political process but are not subject to contribution restrictions because they do not directly advocate the election of a particular candidate.
527 groups
Criminal Proceedings; Due Process; Eminent Domain; Double Jeopardy; Protection from Self incrimination
5th Amendment
term length in senate
6
The right to a speedy trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person
6th Amendment
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
8th Amendment
what does capital punishment relate to ?
8th amendment(cruel and unusual punishment)
in the articles of confederation, what article said that congress can't coin or borrow money, emit bills, and build an army/navy?
9
What was Cooperative Federalism?
A concept of federalism in which federal, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems, rather than making policies separately but more or less equally (such as the dual federalism of the 19th-century)
What is the list of Grievances?
A list of complaints by the colonists that were outlined in the Declaration of Independence. The list was approved by the Continental Congress. The list proved that their was good reason to demand independence from England. They are directed at King George III of England.
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a member of Congress supporting pork-barrel legislation?
A senator from an agricultural state amending legislation to establish a potato research institute in his or her state
Where do we look for participatory movements advocating for change in democratic institutions?
African American Civil Rights, Women's Civil Rights, Labor, and Disabilities/Disease
Engel v. Vitale : Summary
After students recited the Pledge of Allegiance they recited a school-provided prayer, but some parents sued the school, arguing that reciting the daily prayer at the opening of the school day in a public school violated the First Amendment's Establishment Clause.
Baker v. Carr : Summary
After the population of Tennessee dramatically increased, the Tennessee General Assembly didn't enact a reapportionment/redistricting plan, which should have been done every 10 years, so Charles W. Baker(on behalf of many Tennessee voters) sued the state, which was eventually brought to the Supreme Court.
What is the Democratic Philosophy of Government that the Declaration is based on?
All men are created equal All men have the rights to life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The government is created to protect these rights The people can change the government if the government become destructive and does not protect the peoples rights.
Official representatives to foreign governments
Ambassadors
You cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed.
Amendment 15
Abolition of poll taxes
Amendment 24 (1964)
Lower voting age to eighteen.
Amendment 26 (1971)
the set of beliefs, customs, traditions, and values that Americans share
American Political Culture
law passed that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
Andrew Jackson
Those who favored strong state governments and a weaker national government. Advocated for a bill of rights to formally address individual and state rights. Concerned about the concentration of power in a central government under the Constitution.
Anti-Federalist
a person who opposed the adoption of the U.S. Constitution.
Anti-Federalist
Marbury v. Madison : related to which part of the Constitution
Article 3
What article deals with the judicial branch?
Article 3
1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) Each state retained sovereignty, the ability to act independently of the Confederation. Each state had equal representation in a unicameral (single house) legislature.
Articles of Confederation
A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.
Articles of Confederation
A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890 in order to reduce the voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public.
Australian ballot
A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses with separate rules
Bicameral
A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution in 1791 as Amendments 1-10. Satisfied Anti-federalist concerns.
Bill of Rights
the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship.
Bill of Rights
Largely banned party soft money, restored a long-standing prohibition on corporations and labor unions for using general treasury funds for electoral purposes, and narrowed the definition of issue advocacy.
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
What evidence did Martin Luther King Jr. give to show that they did collect facts in letters from a Birmingham Jail?
Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States.Its ugly record of brutality is widely known.Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts.There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other city in the nation.
Federal money given to the states with limited spending guidelines. Allows the states power to decide how to spend funds within relatively loose guidelines. Ex: funds for transportation and state chooses how to allocate.
Block grants
a grant from central government which a local authority can allocate to a wide range of services.
Block grants
________: aftraid lifetime tenure of courts would make them the most powerful branch but ________ said this gives them independence to be seperate from the pther branches
Brutus 15; fed 78
argues the power should be held by the people- override state rights so the ideas should be held local
Brutus No. 1
1st Amendment protects campaign spending; legislatures can limit contributions, but not how much one spends of his own money on campaigns.
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
Explains how this system of authority, based on impersonal rules, guides organizational and individual decision making and behavior.
Bureaucratic theory
support the right to work laws
Business groups
How does the senate check the president?
By approving appointees and treaties
what are some examples of affirmative action in eductaion
California v Baake - white male applicant was rejected 2 times for UC Davis medical school bc 16% of seats were reserved for qualified minority applicants -decision : state can consider race as a factor in admissions to promote diversity, but only along other factors and as a case by case basis - violated equal protection - colorblind constitution argument
Federal money given to the states with specific spending guidelines. Gives the federal government the power to decide how funds are spent within the state. Ex: funds for highway repairs, cannot be used for other purposes.
Categorical Grants
also called conditional grants, are grants issued by the United States Congress which may be spent only for narrowly defined purposes.
Categorical grants
meetings where political parties chose their candidates
Caucuses
Schenck v. US : Summary
Charles T. Schenck was the general secretary for the Socialist Party chapter in Philadelphia and he was convicted of violating the Espionage Act after printing and mailing 15,000 fliers to draft-age men arguing that conscription (the draft) was unconstitutional and urging them to resist. He then appealed the Supreme Court after being denied a retrial.
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Checks and Balances
a system in U.S. government that ensures no one branch becomes too powerful
Checks and balances
McDonald v. Chicago : Summary
Chicago adopted a handgun ban to combat crime and minimize handgun related deaths and injuries and it required anyone who wanted to own a handgun to register it. Otis McDonald and other Chicago residents sued the city for violating the Constitution because they claimed that Chicago's handgun regulations violate their 14th Amendment rights.
what are the presidents public powers of persuasion
Chief Citizen - Media Events like Easter Egg Roll, Rallies, Parades Bully Pulpit - Fireside Chats - Use of Social and Digital Media - Speaking Engagements
what are the presidents private powers of persuasion
Chief of Party - Lobbying Congress(Quid pro Quo) - Informal communications and meetings - Office of Legislative Laiaison
Turned BCRA around. Money is an expression, free speech. (2010)
Citizens United v. FEC
law that made racial discrimination against any group in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbade many forms of job discrimination
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The initial central personnel agency of the national government, created in 1883.
Civil Service Commission
Created the Senior Executive Service and recognized the need for flexibility in recruiting, assigning and salary
Civil Service Reform Act
Gideon v. Wianwright : Summary
Clarence Earl Gideon was arrested for burglarizing the Bay Harbor Pool Room, but he couldn't afford a lawyer and was declared guilty. So, he filed a habeas corpus petition, claiming that he was improperly imprisoned, which violated his 6th amendment rights.
The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. Has helped the Federal government expand its power over time.
Commerce clause
a group of people appointed for a specific function, typically consisting of members of a larger group.
Commitees
The most important influencers of the congressional agenda. They play dominant roles in scheduling hearings, hiring staff, appointing subcommittees, and managing committee bills when they are brought before the full house.
Committee Chair
A committee that consists of an entire legislative body; used for a procedure in which a legislative body expedites its business by resolving itself into a committee of itself.
Committee of the Whole
Assigns Republicans to standing committees in the Senate
Committee on Committees
powers of a federal system of government shared by both the federal government and each constituent political unit (such as a state or province).
Concurrent powers
Federal rules attached to the grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to receive the grants.
Conditions of Aid
congressional committees formed when Senate and House pass a bill in different forms; party leadership appoints members from each house to iron out the differences and bring back a compromise bill
Conference Committee
Congressional committees formed when the Senate and the House pass a particular bill in different forms. Party leadership appoints members from each house to iron out the differences and bring back a single bill.
Conference Committees
give an example of separation of powers
Congress: passes laws; executive:enforces laws; and judiciary: interprets the laws
a compromise adopted at the Constitutional Convention, providing the states with equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.
Connecticut Compromise
Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators.
Connecticut or Great Compromise
Moderation of political conflict, winner take all system, proportional representation problems
Consequences of the 2 party system
One who generally favors limited government intervention, particularly in economic affairs.
Conservative
Meeting held in 1787, originally meant to revise the Articles of Confederation but created a new plan of government instead
Constitutional Convention
a model of intergovernmental relations that recognizes the overlapping functions of the national and state governments.
Cooperative federalism
how is assertation of executive privilege an informal power of the president
Court agreed that the president had rights to keep some communications private, but could not be claimed to offer protection against criminal investigation
Which of the following best reflects the holding in the case Baker v. Carr (1962)
Created a one-person, one-vote standard for reviewing congressional districts.
new issues appeared that divided the electorate and party coalitions underwent realignment
Critical elections
New York Times v. US : Summary
Daniel Ellsberg illegally leaked classified reports to the New York Times and the government ordered the Times to not publish them, the Times refused, and the US government sued the newspaper for violating the Espionage Act.
noticed the government used their power to abuse so encourage a well designed government to not be greedy and take advantage.
David Hume
A decline in party loyalties that reduces long-term party commitment.
Dealignment
Which of the following is a true statement about the role of the media in providing citizens with information?
Demand for instantaneous news reporting has led to the growth of 24-hour news operations and a shift to online media consumption.
a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
Democracy
a system of government where the power comes from the people
Democracy
Wisconsin v. Yoder : Effect/Impact
Demonstrates that the government's interest in educating children is not absolute, and that it cannot overcome the First Amendment right to free exercise of religion in this situation. The case is often said to be the basis for allowing students to be homeschooled instead of attending public or private schools. This case also provided some guidance for interpreting what kinds of religious beliefs are subject to the Free Exercise Clause.
The transfer of power from a high level political office to a lower level; central government to regional, state, or local governments. Example-Welfare Reform Act of 1996
Devolution
Bush's Vice President and a Wyoming representative who was attacked numerous times for his considerable power given to him by the President and his policy-making.
Dick Cheney
McCulloch v. Maryland : Constitutional Question
Did Congress have the authority under the Constitution to commission a national bank? If so, did the state of Maryland have the authority to tax a branch of the national bank operating within its borders?
US v. Lopez : Constitutional Question
Did Congress have the power to pass the Gun-Free School Zones Act?
Schenck v. US : Constitutional Question
Did Schenck's conviction under the Espionage Act for criticizing the draft violate his First Amendment free speech rights?
Baker v. Carr : Constitutional Question
Did Tennessee deny Baker equal protection when it failed to update its apportionment plan?
Shaw v. Reno : Constitutional Question
Did the North Carolina residents' claim that the 1990 redistricting plan discriminated on the basis of race raise a valid constitutional issue under the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause
New York Times v. US : Constitutional Question
Did the government's efforts to prevent two newspapers from publishing classified information given to them by a government leaker violate the First Amendment protection of freedom of the press?
A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives
Direct Democracy
people vote on laws and make decisions for the community as a group (no representatives)
Direct democracy
Tinker v. Des Moines : Constitutional Question
Does a prohibition against the wearing of armbands in public school as a form of symbolic speech violate the students' freedom of speech protections guaranteed by the First Amendment?
Brown v. Board of Education : Constitutional Question
Does segregation of public schools by race violate the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment?
McDonald v. Chicago : Constitutional Question
Does the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms apply to state and local governments through the 14th Amendment and thus limit Chicago's ability to regulate guns
Gideon v. Wianwright : Constitutional Question
Does the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel in criminal cases extend to defendants in state courts, even in cases in which the death penalty is not at issue?
Marbury v. Madison : Constitutional Question
Does the Supreme Court have the power to order Madison to deliver the papers?
Roe v. Wade : Constitutional Question
Does the U.S. Constitution protect the right of a woman to obtain an abortion?
Engel v. Vitale : Constitutional Question
Does the recitation of a government-composed prayer in public schools violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment?
Interest groups draft legislation and attempt to convince members of Congress to introduce it on their behaves
Drafting legislation
A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.
Dual Federalism
a political arrangement in which power is divided between the federal and state governments in clearly defined terms, with state governments exercising those powers accorded to them without interference from the federal government.
Dual federalism
Established rules and regulations that restrain people in government who exercise power. This clause in the 14th Amendment began the process of incorporation
Due Process Clause
Most important things to come out of the 14th Amendment
Due process clause - procedural and substantive due process rights, which are enumerated protections of natural law equal protection - enables the courts to ensure citizens classified in a suspect manner by states have equal protection of the laws; uses the bridge between the 5th and 14th Reserve Incorportaion and force the federal gov to also respect equal protection
Gideon v. Wianwright : Effect/Impact
Due process revolution - the right to have a free lawyer provided by the government has even become part of the Miranda warnings given to those arrested by the police. It also led to the creation of public defender offices and government-provided lawyers nationwide.
Executive Office of the President
EOP
How are the house and senate designed
Each house is designed with specific qualifications to hold office, different terms of office and constituencies.
concerned with wages, prices and profits
Economic groups
AKA the "Necessary and Proper Clause" Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution. Has allowed the federal government to expand its power over time.
Elastic clause
theory of the state that seeks to describe and explain power relationships in contemporary society.
Elite Theory
a model of democracy in which a small number of people, usually those who are wealthy and well-educated, influence political decision making
Elite democracy
a throry that the democracy that the elites have a disproportionate amount of influence on the policymaking process/THOSE WHO HAVE MONEY RULE higher class particpation
Elitist Theory
theory of democracy that elites have a disproportionate amount of influences in the policymaking process
Elitist Theory
a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly
Enlightenment
specific powers granted to Congress by the United States Constitution.
Enumerated powers
Clause in the 14th Amendment that forbids any state to deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. By interpretation, the 5th Amendment imposes the same limitation on the national government. This clause is the major constitutional restraint on the power of government to discriminate against persons because of race, national origin, or sex.
Equal Protection Clause
Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that forbids any state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. By interpretation, the Fifth Amendment imposes the same limitation on the national government. This clause is the major constitutional restraint on the power of governments to discriminate against persons because of race, national origin, or sex.
Equal Protection Clause
Brown v. Board of Education : related to which part of the Constitution
Equal Protection Clause - 14th Amendment
Baker v. Carr : Related to which parts of the Constitution
Equal Protection Clause(14th Amendment)
equal rights for women and minorities
Equality interests
Marbury v. Madison : Effect/Impact
Established the concept of judicial review(the judicial branch has the power to decide whether executive orders and laws passed by Congress or the states conflict with the Constitution) and this case said that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land and that the Supreme Court has the power to decide what it means.
Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion.
Establishment Clause
- government cant establish or favor a specific religion - the government can't prohibit you from freely- exercising your religion - These 2 show the wall between church and state - Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof
Establishment and Free Exercise Clause
A rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct
Exclusionary Rule
What are executive agreements?
Executive agreements are agreements made by the President with leaders of foreign governments. Executive agreements can be made by the President without the approval of Congress.
Powers the Constitution specifically granted to one of the branches of the national government. Listed explicitly in the Constitution. Ex: right to coin money, declare war, regulate foreign and interstate trade, tax, etc.
Expressed Powers/Enumerated powers
the action of extraditing a person accused or convicted of a crime.
Extradition
Federal Bureau of Investigation
FBI
Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms
FDR
size, intensity, financial resources
Factors that influence success of interest groups
Elector who does not vote for the candidate they promised to vote for. These have never determined outcome of presidential election but is a major problem with electoral college system
Faithless Elector
regulates the use of airwaves
Federal Communications Commission
A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments
Federalism
Which of the following constitutional principles best explains why there is variation among states on the use of capital punishment?
Federalism
is a system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of government. Generally, an overarching national government is responsible for broader governance of larger territorial areas, while the smaller subdivisions, states, and cities govern the issues of local concern.
Federalism
a person who advocates or supports a system of government in which several states unite under a central authority.
Federalist
Written by James Madison to convince people to support the ratification of the constitution. Argued that factions were inevitable but were best controlled by a large republic that employed a Federalist structure. Argued that competition among factions would limit their negative impacts.
Federalist Paper #10
A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.
Federalist Papers
Those who favored a stronger national government and weaker state governments. Supported the ratification of the Constitution.
Federalists
written by james madison solution- a larger public is the best way to break and control the violence of factions ( a group of people with common intersts) this helps those break their prespectives to others ideas
Federalists no 10
difference between federalists and antifederalists
Federalists: - well educated - wealthier classes of the country - centralized, powerful government - protect their economic status - avoid fighting between state Antifederalists: - farming lower class - opposition for big government - devoted to small, state governments - should be something stating the basic rights and liberties sanctioned to each citizen - feared that a centralized government would soon become too controlling and abuse the powers assigned to it - lead to the unfair taxation of lower class citizens, but also to the deterioration of states' rights
deals with the division of governmental functions and financial relations among levels of government.
Fiscal federalism
the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation's economy.
Fiscal policy
the chief officers of the majority and minority parties in each house
Floor Leaders
privilege that allows members of Congress to mail letters and other materials to constituents postage-free
Franking privilege
A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion.
Free Exercise Clause
when potential members decide not to join, but sit back and let others do the work from which they will still benefit
Free-rider problem
Engel v. Vitale : Related to which parts of the Constitution
Freedom of Religion
1st Amendment Rights
Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition
the obligation under Article IV of the U.S. Constitution for each state to recognize the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state.
Full Faith and Credit
A team member who keeps abreast of current developments and provides the team with relevant information.
Gatekeeper
Commander of the Continental Army
George Washington
The Philadelphia Convention was led by . . .
George Washington.
1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon
Gerald Ford
U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the principle that states cannot, by legislative enactment, interfere with the power of Congress to regulate commerce.
Gibbons v. Ogden
U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the principle that states cannot, by legislative enactment, interfere with the power of Congress to regulate commerce. Commerce clause case (1824). Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity.
Gibbons v. Ogden
Endorse candidates for public office, WIN
Goal of Parties
the political direction and control exercised over the actions of the members, citizens, or inhabitants of communities, societies, and states; direction of the affairs of a state, community
Government
McCulloch v. Maryland : Effect/Impact
Greatly increased the powers of Congress and, therefore, the federal government by establishing that when federal and state laws are in conflict, the federal law is supreme.
what are some other examples of affirmative action in education
Grutter v. Bollinger - for majors race can be used as a factor Gratz v. Bollinger - race cant be used for undergrads bc it is used as the main decision Fisher v. UT Austin - open to 10% of all schools across the state - okay bc it isn't the determining factor
A federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics.
Hatch Act
Why does King write letters from a Birmingham Jail?
He want to defend himself and his organization, draw national attention to the civil rights movement, and change public policy.
Considers legislation dealing with civil liberties, constitutional amendments, federal courts and judges, immigration, civil and criminal laws
House Judiciary Committee
435 reps--> harder to organize, has more formal rules in order to control more people, bills can only be discussed for a certain period of time, only popular bills will be discussed
House is more formal than Senate
representatives elected by each state, # depends on population size; advantageous for larger states
House of Representatives
source of info, help with political strategy, formulate campaign strategy, source of ideas and innovation
How do lobbyists help congresspeople
are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and so are universal, fundamental and inalienable (they cannot be repealed by human laws, though one can forfeit their enjoyment through one's actions, such as by violating someone else's rights).
Human rights
A state in which many groups or factions are so strong that a government is unable to function.
Hyperpluralism
what is the exclusionary rule and fruit of the forbidden tree?
Illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court and anything obtained as a result of illegally obtained evidence is also inadmissible
What are some examples that reflect the idea of checks and balances?
Impeachment, removal, and other legal actions taken against public officials deemed to have abuse their power.
Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution; Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions. Has Constitutional basis in Necessary and Proper/Elastic Clause
Implied powers
powers Congress exercises that the Constitution does not explicitly define, but are necessary and proper to execute the powers.
Implied powers
can tip college vote, brought new groups into electorate, safety valves for popular discontent, brought new issues to the political agenda, innovator
Importance of 3rd Parties
Baker v. Carr : Decision
In favor of Baker - Each district must have about the same number of voters.
Engel v. Vitale : Decision
In favor of Engel - school-sponsored prayer was unconstitutional because it violated the Establishment Clause.
New York Times v. US : Decision
In favor of New York Times - The government must justify the use of prior restraint, and they didn't in this case.
Roe v. Wade : Decision
In favor of Roe - A woman's choice whether to have an abortion is protected by the Constitution.
Tinker v. Des Moines : Decision
In favor of Tinker - The justices said that students retain their constitutional right to freedom of speech while in public schools and that wearing the armbands was a form of speech, because they were intended to express the wearer's views about the Vietnam War.
rights the government cannot take away
Inalienable Rights
What are some of the core values of American Government
Individualism(opportunities), equality of opportunity(diversity), free enterprise(free market)(freedom), limited government(democracy), and rule of law(fairness)
organization of people with similar policy goals that tries to influence the political process to achieve those goals
Interest Group
Commerce between different states, can be regulated by Congress.
Interstate commerce
use of detective like reporting methods to unearth scandals
Investigative journalism
entities composed of bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees, which have dominated some areas of domestic policy making; have mutual dependency, in which each element provides key services, info, or policy for the others
Iron Triangle
composed of key interest groups interested in a particular policy, the government agency in charge of administering the policy, and the members of congressional committees/subcommittees handling the policy
Iron triangles
How does joining a civil society group impact participatory democracy?
It increases the likelihood that American citizens will participate in political processes.
What was the Antifederalists' most compelling argument against the Constitution?
It lacked a bill of rights to protect the rights of individuals.
Baker v. Carr : Effect/Impact
It opened the door to numerous historic cases in which the Supreme Court tackled questions of voting equality and representation in government.
What is the significance of the Declaration of Independence?
It was the proclamation of new ideas: It was the end of hereditary class distinctions "all men are created equal' "unalienable rights" It was the end of divine right of Kings. Instead the Rule was by "the consent of the governed." It was the end of colonial government- People had the right to overthrow and to "institute new government."
How would the proposed Virginia Plan have created a stronger federal government?
It would have expanded and given states additional representatives.
What is the Preamble of the Declaration of Independence?
It's the introduction. It stated the subject of independence in clear and simple terms so everyone would understand it. It described the free government that the colonists wanted.
Federalist No. 51: who wrote it? What does it deal with?
James Madison - coalition: an alliance of factions; they're occur more in a large republic
Who wrote Federalist 10?
James Madison.
Roe v. Wade : Summary
Jane Roe(Texas resident) wanted to terminate her pregancy, but it was a felony in Texas, so she sued Henry Wade(district attorney of Dallas Country) and claimed that the state law violated the US Constitution.
Marbury v. Madison : Summary
Jefferson told John Marshal to not deliver paper for judges on the Supreme Court and William Marbury challenged that and asked the Supreme Court to force Madison to give him the papers, which would solidify his appointment.
President of the Senate
Joe Biden
an English Philosopher, who believed that the three purposes of Government were life, liberty and property. He believed that common people could have some degree of control over their government
John Locke
Congressional committees on a few subject-matter areas with membership drawn from both houses.
Joint Committees
One who favors greater government intervention, particularly in economic affairs and in providing social services
Liberal
Having social, political, and economic freedoms is characteristic of which self-evident right?
Liberty
What are the three values or principles of the DOI that we still share today?
Liberty-freedom Equality-all people are created equal Justice-the government is run by the people. These are still the basic values of our democratic political systems.
lower income, lower education, women , younger voters, Catholics (changing), Jews, Asians, African Americans, large cities, northeast and west coast
Likely Democratic Voters
higher income/affluence, college grads, older voters, protestants, suburban areas, smaller cities, southeast
Likely Republican voters
The idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens.
Limited Government
one whose power over its people and economy has limitations.
Limited government
Since when has no minor party ever won the White House?
Lincoln's victory in 1860
Brown v. Board of Education : Summary
Linda Brown was denied admission to Summer School because of her race and her family sued the Board of Education of Topeka, claiming that that the segregated school system deprived Linda Brown of the equal protection of the laws required under the 14th Amendment.
organizations that translate inputs from the public into outputs from the policymakers
Linkage institutions
interest groups that directly influence
Lobbying
political persuaders who are reps of organized groups
Lobbyist
US v. Lopez : Summary
Lopez brought a gun into a school zone, was arrested, and charged with a federal crime, he appealed and it was brought to the Supreme Court with the question if the Gun-Free School Zones Act is an overreach of federal power.
president during the Vietnam War after JFK was shot
Lyndon Johnson
create an open system in which many groups would be able to participate; groups with opposing interests would counterbalance each other
Madison's solution to problem in Federalist 10
principal position ally of the Speaker of the House or the party's wheel horse in the Senate; responsible for scheduling bills, influencing committee assignments, and rounding up votes on behalf of the party's legislative positions
Majority Leader
a requirement or an order from the central government that all state and local government must comply with
Mandates
Court case that established the Supreme Court's power to strike down federal laws that violated the constitution. This has allowed for continuous interpretation of the Constitution by the Supreme Court (informal amendment)
Marbury v Madison
the Supreme Court announced for the first time the principle that a court may declare an act of Congress void if it is inconsistent with the Constitution
Marbury v. Madison
"If, therefore, the legislature pass any laws, inconsistent with the sense the judges put upon the constitution, they will declare it void; and therefore in this respect their power is superior to that of the legislature." Brutus 15 Which of the following cases is most related to the quote?
Marbury v. Madison (1803) - judicial review
established the supremacy clause which states that federal law has authority over state laws when there is a conflict between the two
McCulloch v. Maryland
The court ruled that the states did not have the power to tax the national bank. Used the backing of the Supremacy Clause to argue that states could not interfere with legitimate federal laws
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
McDonald v. Chicago : Effect/Impact
McDonald v. Chicago struck down Chicago's handgun ban and held that the Second Amendment right to keep guns for the purposes of self-defense is incorporated against the states. It expanded the ruling of Heller to apply to all state governments, not just the District of Columbia and the federal government, which means that all gun laws, including state and federal laws, must adhere to the Second Amendment in order to be constitutional. But, Courts are still determining what restrictions on gun ownership are constitutional under the Second Amendment and the Supreme Court's ruling in McDonald.
key linkage institution between people and policymakers
Media
Bias or slant in the selection of which news to report and how the news is reported.
Media Bias
gate keeper, agenda setter, scorekeeper, watchdog
Media functions
federal and state funded program that provides healthcare for the needy
Medicaid
hiring people into government jobs on the basis of their qualifications
Merit System
One who takes middle of the road positions on most political issues
Moderate
What does the budget reflect?
Money in(sources of revenue) and Money out(government spending)
Roe v. Wade : Effect/Impact
Most laws that banned or restricted abortions were struck down and it was used as precedent in later decisions regarding abortion.
stations target narrow audiences; bias
Narrowcasting
Prepare, every four years, write party platform, nominate candidates for Pres and VPres
National Convention
appointed by committee as head of party
National Party Chairperson
meeting of party delegates every 4 years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform
National Party Convention
A 1993 effort, led by Vice President Al Gore, to make the bureaucracy work better and cost less.
National Performance Review
An office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisers. Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security assistant.
National Security Council
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
Natural Rights
grants Congress the powers that are implied in the Constitution, but that are not explicitly stated.
Necessary and Proper clause
alliance of Southern conservatives, religious, and ethnic minorities who supported the Democratic Party for 40 years
New Deal Coalition
First Presidential primary and its winner becomes the media's major attention
New Hampshire Primary
Proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by William Paterson of New Jersey for a central government with a single-house legislature in which each state would be represented equally.
New Jersey Plan
a plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the Constitutional Convention, providing for a single legislative house with equal representation for each state.
New Jersey Plan
Shaw v. Reno : Summary
North Carolina earned another seat in the House of Representatives and the state legislature tried to ensure that the final seat went to an African American, so they created a legislative district that would be majority African American. Voters sued because it was motivated by racial discrimination and resulted in a district drawn almost entirely on racial lines, with the sole purpose of electing Black Congressional representatives.
US v. Lopez : Effect/Impact
Now when the government prosecutes someone under the GFSZA, they must prove that at least one of the guns involved in the crime moved in or affected interstate commerce. This was also the first time since 1937 that the Court held that Congress surpassed its powers under the Commerce
Which laws does Martin Luther King Jr. advocate obeying and which laws does he advocate disobeying in letters from a Birmingham Jail?
Obey the just laws. Disobey the unjust laws.
a unit of the Office of Management and Budget that sets federal policy on statistics and reviews draft rules before publication
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
The office in charge of hiring for most agencies of the federal government, using elaborate rules in the process.
Office of Personal Management
those who identify with party and hold elective/appointed offices in all three branches and levels of government
Officeholders
rule by the few, done in their own interest and not for the collective good of a community
Oligarchy
Political Action Committee
PAC
a system in which the powers of the executive and legislative branches are intertwined as opposed to being held separate as a check against each other's power,
Parliamentarian government
a model of democracy in which citizens have the power to decide directly on policy and politicians are responsible for implementing those policy decisions.
Participatory democracy
The first party system
Party Era 1796-1824
Jackson and the Democrats vs the Whigs
Party Era 1828-1856
The New Deal Coalition
Party Era 1932-1964
The Era of Divided Government
Party Era 1968-Present
self-proclaimed preference for one party, influences voter choice
Party Identification
party activists who keep party running between elections and make party rules, decentralized and fragmented
Party Organizations
people who work for the party, leaders, campaign officials
Party as an organization
battle between Democrats and Republicans for control of public office, this creates a democracy because it creates a choice
Party competition
people in general public, voters who identify with a party
Party in the electorate
elected officials who identify as a party, e.g. president
Party in the government
an act of Congress that created the first US Civil Service Commission to draw up and enforce rules on hiring, promotion, and tenure of office within the civil service
Pendleton Act
Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage.
Pendleton Civil Service Act
The U.S. Constitution was drafted at the . . .
Philadelphia Convention.
a model of democracy in which no one group dominates politics and organized groups compete with each other to influence policy.
Pluralist democracy
a theory of democracy that emphasizes the role of groups in the policymaking process
Pluralist theory
the view that politics and decision making are located mostly in the framework of government, but that many non-governmental groups use their resources to exert influence
Pluralist theory
explain differences in policy making and power in different policy sectors
Policy networks
A committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations
Political Action Committee (PAC)
extensions of an interest group that contributes $$ to political campaigns
Political Action Committees (PAC)
provide a means for groups to participate in electioneering
Political Action Committees (PACs)
depend heavily on the media to get their ideas placed on the government agenda
Political Activists
a set of attitudes and practices held by a people that shapes their political behavior. It includes moral judgments, political myths, beliefs, and ideas about what makes for a good society.
Political Culture
groups that help elect people and shape policies
Political Parties
limiting an expression of views in the workplace
Political neutrality
the structure of ggovernment including the ececutive, legislature and judicial
Poltical Institutions
A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.
Popular Sovereignty
the idea that the governents rights comes from the people
Popular Sovereignty
a doctrine in political theory that government is created by and subject to the will of the people.
Popular sovereignty
if the people are unhappy with the governments ruling their able to replace the government with fair, free and regular election; the power is in the peoples hands
Premble
person who holds office of head of state of the US government
President
Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president
President Pro Tempore
high-ranking senator of the majority party who presides over the US Senate in the absence of the Vice President
President Pro Tempore
Vice President
President of the Senate
law specifying the order of presidential succession following the Vice President
Presidential Succession Act
government censorship of information before it is published or broadcast
Prior Restraint
a citizen of one state is entitled to the privileges in another state, from which a right to travel to that other state may be inferred.
Privileges and Immunities
electoral system used throughout most of Europe that awards legislative seats to political parties in proportion to the # of votes won in an election
Proportional Representation
represent groups that champion causes or ideas in the public interest
Public interest lobbies
is a course of action created and/or enacted, typically by a government, in response to public, 'real world' problems.
Public policy
The federal bureaucracy is _______ and _________
Quasi-Legislative: Rule making(to apply laws passed) - Testify in Congressional oversight hearings Quasi-Judicial: Administrative discretion and adjudication($)
The Constitutional process by which the states must approve amendments to the Constitution. Three-quarters of the states must approve an amendment before it is ratified and officially becomes part of the Constitution. Another example of federalism in the Constitution's structure.
Ratification
the act of ratifying; confirmation; sanction. the state of being ratified.
Ratification
substantial group of voters switches party allegiance, producing a long-term change in the political landscape.
Realignment
historical, force of tradition, electoral system ,american ideological consensus
Reasons for 2 Party system
Which of the following correctly describes the facts in Shaw v. Reno (1993) ?
Redistricting in order to confine minority voters to a majority in one district was challenged under the Fourteenth Amendment.
A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.
Referendum
a business in America in which profits shape how journalists decide what is newsworthy, where they get their information from, and how they present it
Reporting the news
is a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy
Representative democracy
Format chosen by Founding Fathers. People vote for representatives who then make laws. People do not vote directly on legislation.
Republican Democracy
the authority of the government comes from the people through representatives
Repunlicanism
belong to the states and the people; Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states. Granted by the 10th Amendment. For example, regulating voting and administering elections at the state level.
Reserved Powers
a political power reserved by a constitution to the exclusive jurisdiction of a specified political authority.
Reserved powers
an addition or amendment added to a bill that often has no relation to the bill but that may not pass on its own merits
Riders (on a bill)
outlaw union membership as condition of employment
Right to work laws
state law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs, permitted by Taft-Hartley Act of 1947
Right-to-Work Law
A standing committee of the House of Representatives that provides special rules under which specific bills can be debated, amended, and considered by the house.
Rules Committee
determines the rules of debate for bills in the House
Rules Committee
a policy of the British government from the early to mid-18th century regarding its North American colonies under which trade regulations for the colonies were laxly enforced and imperial supervision of internal colonial affairs was loose as long as the colonies remained loyal to the British government
Salutary Neglect
Schenck v. US : Effect/Impact
Schenck allowed Congress to authorize the punishment of speech based on both its content and viewpoint. Also, the "clear and present danger" test provided the framework for future cases brought against independent and spirited speakers under both the Espionage Act and similar state laws.
who is winning/losing and by how much; horserace
Scorekeeper
The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to state and local governments.
Selective Incorporation
2 representatives from each state;advantageous for smaller states
Senate
only 100 Senators, easier to make decisions on bills, easier to organize, need to pass bills to go through legislation process
Senate is less formal than House
An elite cadre of about 9,000 federal government managers at the top of the civil service system.
Senior Executive Service
A way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, executive, and judicial branch to prevent tyranny.
Separation of powers
an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.
Separation of powers
a series of violent attacks on courthouses and other government properties in Massachusetts that began in 1786 and led to a full-blown military confrontation in 1787.
Shay's Rebellion
Rebellion led by farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.
Shays' rebellion
a law which gives reporters some protection against having to disclose their sources or reveal other confidential information in legal proceedings
Shield Law
has narrow interest, dislikes compromise, and single-mindedly pursues its goal at the expense of other goals
Single issue group
One who favors government support for traditional moral teachings
Social Conservative
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
Social Contract
people allow their governments to rule over them to ensure an orderly and functioning society
Social Contract
any government system that provides monetary assistance to people with inadequate or no income; provides benefits
Social Security
the view that persons' moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live.
Social contract theory
the right of a government to rule
Sovereignty
An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.
Speaker of the House
office mandated by the Constitution; Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant
Speaker of the House
offshoots of a major party
Splinter parties
minor party candidates can pull decisive votes away from one of the major parties' candidates, especially if the minor party candidate is from a splinter party
Spoiler Role
A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area
Standing Committee
Doctrine that says courts should look to precedent when making their decisions: in Latin means(to stand by things decided)
Stare Decisis
handles relations with other nations
State department
An annual speech in which the president addresses Congress to report on the condition of the country and recommend policies.
State of the Union
The fourth section argues that colonies have to be free to protect their rights.It states the colonists' independence from Britain.This section says the 13 states have the right to make war and peace, to trade, and to do all the things free countries can do.
Statement of Independence
Why did the economy fail to thrive under the Articles of Confederation?
States hindered commerce by imposing trade restrictions on one another.
schedules legislation and assigns House representatives of the minority party to committees
Steering & Policy Committee
A theory that argues for a strong, assertive presidential role, with presidential authority limited only at points specifically prohibited by law.
Stewardship Theory
voting one party on a ballot
Straight Ticket Voting
lobbying, electioneering, litigation, appeal to public for widespread support
Strategies of interest group to reach goal
Tinker v. Des Moines : Summary
Students planned to wear black armbands to school for two weeks to protest the Vietnam war but the school district found out about the plan and preemptively announced a policy that any student who wore a black armband, or refused to take it off, would be suspended from school after the student's parents were called. Three kids wore black armbands to their respective schools and were sent home for violating the announced ban and told not to return until they agreed not to wear the armbands, so their parents filed suit against the school district for violating the students' First Amendment right to free speech
National party leaders who automatically get a delegate slot at the Democratic national party convention.
Superdelegates
establishes that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority, constitute the "supreme Law of the Land", and thus take priority over any conflicting state laws.
Supremacy Clause
The Supreme Court then declared that the Constitution was the supreme law of the land. They pointed to the ________ of the Constitution
Supremacy Clause in Article VI
Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. (ex. McCulloch v. Maryland)
Supremacy clause
In a presidential race, highly competitive states in which both major party candidates stand a good chance of winning the state's electoral votes.
Swing States
Somewhere between speech and action. Generally protected. Ex would be wearing an armband in protest
Symbolic Speech
pick policymakers, run/coordinate campaigns, give cues to voters, articulate policies, coordinate policymaking
Tasks of linkage institutions
What historical fact did Martin Luther King Jr. quote when discussing an oppressed people trying to get their rights in letters from a Birmingham Jail?
That privileged groups seldom give up their privileges voluntarily; it must be demanded by the oppressed.
What was the most significant contradiction within the Constitution?
That slavery was still permitted in a document based on a human liberty
If you are to intentionally break an unjust law, what is the requirement, in letters from a Birmingham Jail?
That you do so with a willingness to accept the penalties and with the intent on changing things for the better.
Tinker v. Des Moines : Effect/Impact
The "Tinker test" has been used in cases holding that students were allowed to wear cancer awareness bracelets and that schools could prohibit students from displaying the Confederate flag.
Reserves powers to the states. Has been used successfully by the states to get the federal courts to strike down federal laws that violate this principle.
The 10th Amendment
An example of an unfunded mandate, an order given by the federal government that states must follow and pay for
The Americans with Disabilities Act
Which of the following statements best describes the impact of the Supreme Court's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland?
The Court ruled that the necessary and proper clause allows the national government to create banks, strengthening national power.
Engel v. Vitale : Effect/Impact
The Court's decision in this case ended the practice of schools starting the day with a nondenominational prayer in public schools; students remain free to pray by themselves or in groups providing it does not disrupt classroom instruction or the educational mission of the school
All bills involving money or the budget must originate where?
The House
An example of a mandate, an order given by the federal government that states must follow.
The Motor Voter Law
New York Times v. US : Effect/Impact
The Pentagon Papers were published and the decision shows that there is a "heavy presumption against prior restraint," meaning that it is very difficult for the government to prevent information from being published, even in situations where national security may be at issue.
Securities and Exchange Commission; federal agency created during the New Deal that regulates stock fraud
The SEC
Which amendment of the United States Constitution might a Supreme Court Justice reference when deciding on a case that they believe would otherwise grant Congress too much authority over the states?
The Tenth Amendment
Which measures are included in the Constitution that establish the American system of federalism?
The Tenth Amendment and concurrent powers
A book about government written by the english philosopher John Locke. The Declaration of Independence was based on these principles of government.
The Two Treatises of Government
McCulloch v. Maryland : Summary
The US government established a national bank in Maryland, and Maryland tried to heavily tax it, and the question arose if Congress could create the bank and if the states could tax federal banks.
What did Brutus No. 1 adhere to?
The benefits of a small, decentralized republic.
Why was the Declaration of Independence Necessary?
The colonists wanted to break their political bonds that connected them from Britain and to declare their independence.
In a public opinion poll, a polling company used an online survey tool to randomly contact respondents who did not have telephone lines in addition to contacting people over the phone. Which of the following best explains this decision?
The company wanted to ensure that the sample of the population was truly random.
Brown v. Board of Education : Effect/Impact
The decision was praised by many Americans who supported the civil rights movement and it reversed precedent. Many white people fought the implementation of the decision which led to further litigation and today all segregation in public education is unconstitutional.
McCulloch v. Maryland : Decision
The decision was unanimous in favor of McCulloch and the federal government - they could create a national bank and the states couldn't tax it.
Which of the following clauses serves as the constitutional basis for the federal Real ID Act of 2005, a law that established uniform standards for state-issued identification cards and provided regulation of a state function?
The necessary and proper clause
Which part of the Constitution was used to justify the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland?
The necessary and proper clause
Wisconsin v. Yoder : Summary
The state of Wisconsin convicted three members of Old Order Amish communities for violating the state's compulsory education law, which requires attendance at school until the age of 16, but the Amish claimed that their religious faith and their mode of life are inseparable and interdependent. The families appealed to the Wisconsin Supreme Court on the grounds that their First Amendment free exercise rights were violated.
What does Martin Luther King Jr. say may be the negro's greatest stumbling block toward achieving freedom in letters from a Birmingham Jail?
The white moderate that says "I agree with what you are doing, but not how you are going about doing it."
1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.
Theodore Roosevelt
a compromise agreement between delegates from the Northern and the Southern states at the United States Constitutional Convention (1787) that three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives.
Three Fifths Compromise
voting for both parties on a ballot
Ticket Splitting
Shaw v. Reno : Effect/Impact
To this day, courts use Shaw v. Reno to show that using race to make decisions about voting districts, school districts, and housing laws may be unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause, unless there is a compelling government interest other than race
promotes majority rule without violating minority rights, maintaining the willingness to compromise, and recognizing the worth and dignity of all people.
Traditional democratic theory
info leaked to see what political reaction would be
Trial balloons
What was the main argument made in Federalist No. 51?
Tyranny will be prevented by establishing a system of separation of powers.
new federalism era
US v. Lopez; striking down federal mandates; seen as a move back towards states rights; reigning in the power of the fed gov that grew under the new deal n great society
Gideon v. Wianwright : Decision
Unanimous decision for Gideon - the right to the assistance of counsel in felony criminal cases is a fundamental right essential to a fair trial.
Brown v. Board of Education : Decision
Unanimous decision for Linda brown - the 2 schools weren't proper under the 14th Amendment because they weren't equal(perpetuated the idea that Black children held a lower status in the community than White children, even if their separate educational facilities were substantially equal in "tangible" factors).
Marbury v. Madison : Decision
Unanimous decision in favor of Madison - Marbury had a right to receive the papers, but the Court also said that they did not have the power to order Madison to deliver the papers.
Wisconsin v. Yoder : Decision
Unanimous decision in favor of Yoder - the Court held that the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment, as incorporated by the 14th Amendment, prevented the state of Wisconsin from compelling the respondents to send their children to formal secondary school beyond the age of 14.
Schenck v. US : Decision
Unanimous decision in favor of the US - the Espionage Act's criminalization of speech that caused or attempted to cause a disruption of the operation of the military was not a violation of the First Amendment.
Wisconsin v. Yoder : Constitutional Question
Under what conditions does the state's interest in promoting compulsory education override parents' First Amendment right to free exercise of religion?
a statute or regulation that requires a state or local government to perform certain actions, with no money provided for fulfilling the requirements.
Unfunded mandates
a system of political organization in which most or all of the governing power resides in a centralized government, in contrast to a federal state.
Unitary Government
A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government
Unitary System
The Supreme Court ruled that Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority under the Commerce Clause when it passed a law prohibiting gun possession in local school zones. This increased state powers to regulate such matters while decreasing federal power
United States v Lopez
Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states.
Virginia Plan
a plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the Constitutional Convention, providing for a legislature of two houses with proportional representation in each house and executive and judicial branches to be chosen by the legislature.
Virginia Plan
Republican Party success in 1994; US midterm elections--> a net gain of 54 seats in the House and 8 seats in the Senate (led by Newt Gingrich)
Voter Revolution of 1994
a policy designed to reduce the barriers to voting for those suffering discrimination.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Act that grants emergency executive powers to president to run war effort
War Powers Act
helps keep government small; expose scandals and intrigues people
Watchdog function
House committee that handles tax bills
Ways and Means Committee
charged with reviewing and making recommendations for the gov. budgets; imposes taxes
Ways and Means Committee
An example of devolution, giving states the authority to determine how to implement Welfare Programs and determine eligibility locally. Still use federal money.
Welfare Reform Act
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, replaced Aid to Dependent Children, ended welfare programs
Welfare Reform Act of 1996
Every branch and every level of government
What do interest groups try to influence?
a senator or representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members are thinking
Whip
party leaders who work with the majority or minority leader to count votes beforehand and lean on waverers whose votes are crucial to a bill favored by the party
Whip
A law passed in 1989 which created an Office of Special Counsel to investigate complaints from bureaucrats claiming they were punished after reporting to Congress about waste, fraud, or abuse in their agencies.
Whistleblower Protection Act
25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist
William McKinley
electoral system in which legislative seats are awarded only to the candidates who came in first in their constituencies (in US, winner of popular votes of a state receives all electoral votes)
Winner Take All
28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize
Woodrow Wilson
What are some of the issues with polling?
Wording: "loaded" language Order and phrasing of the question Bradley Effect(voters not being honest) Framing: posing questions in such a way to emphasize a certain perspective Push polling: provide negative information about opponent and then take a poll Opinion saliency: caring or not caring abt issues Uninformed abt the question
Did the DOI justify American Independence?
Yes. The colonists were able to put all their grievances against the tyrannical behavior of Britain in one list directed at the King of England. It explained in clear and simple words that the rights of the colonist were the same traditional rights of all British people that had be fought for and protected for centuries.
what are the miranda rights
You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided for you.
what is brutus 1 arguing about the size of the nation
a republic wont work over a large area - Baron de Montesquieu
why did the second amendment talk about a militia, not a standing army
a standing army is a tool of oppression; standing army is only for wartime; militia should handle everything else(volunteers with their own weapons)
cancel; put an end to; destroy completely
abolish
if the government is destructive and no longer protects the rights of the people then the people have the right to remove it and replace it with another governing body
abolish and institute a new government
shortened
abridged
to rules with violence and threat of punishment
absolute despotism
opportunities or places where stakeholders and institutions can interact with parts of gov
access points
habitual; customary
accustomed
the Warren court was a very ______ court(1960s)
activist - expanded minority rights
to call someone to act in a certain way
actuated
name recognition, credit claiming (office holder brought gov. projects and money into state/district), casework for constituents (office holders may have helped), constituents solve money problems in gov. and bureaucracy, more visible to constituents, media exposure, experience in campaigning, and voting record
advantages of incumbency in Congress
the tendency of the national media to be suspicious of officials and eager to reveal unflattering stories about them
adversarial press
Terms in the Constitution describing the U.S. Senate's power to review and approve treaties and presidential appointments.
advice & consent
allows Senate to constrain President's powers of appointment and treaty making
advise and consent power
A policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group.
affirmative action
larger issue in Gruner v. bollinger
affirmative action
to collect
aggregate
constituencies of the senate
all the citizens of a state
Popular election of U.S. Senators.
amendment 17
Women's suffrage
amendment 19
revolution of change to a bill, law, or constitution
amendments
a brief submitted by a "friend of the court"
amicus curiae brief
what does the pres State of the Union Address do
announces the pres' agenda to congress and the nation as a whole - an opportunity to provide everyone with an assesment of the state of the union in terms of the economy, military, and domestic issues
The right to bear arms does not include the right to:
anonymous ownership; all carry options; all types; all places; all persons
the authority of a court to hear and review decisions made by lower courts in that system; focus on the lower court's actions and procedures
appellate jurisdiction
What are some of the ways the executive branch can check the judicial branch?
appointment; refuse to enforce
the process of determining the number of represenatives for each state using census data
apportionment
earmarks for particluar agencies and particular activities
appropriation
Money granted by Congress or to a state legislature for a specific purpose
appropriations
what art and sec is the basis for Congress' authority to create and pass a budget?
art 1, sec 9
Campaign advertising that criticizes a candidate's opponent-typically by making potentially damaging claims about the opponents background or record- rather than focusing on positive reasons to vote for the candidate
attack ads
who heads the Justice Department
attorney general
supress the voices of their citizens to maintain power; but may have economic or social institutions not under the governments control
authoritatarian
yearly cap and permissions for spending for the year
authorization bills
policy making where no matter the policy it is always about finding the right balance between individual liberties and social order
balancing liberty and order
poll used by a campaign before declaring canidacy
benchmark
What are 3 types of polls?
benchmark, tracking, and entrance and exit
kindly
benevolent
A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses
bicameral
a legislature divided into 2 houses, US Congress and every US state legislature except Nebraska's are bicameral
bicameral
when the legislature declares someone guilty without a trial
bills of attainder
precedent can be _____ or _____(depending on the court hierarchy and the circumstances of the case)
binding, persuasive
elections to select party nominees in which voters are presented with a list of candidates from all parties; voters can then select some Democrats and Republicans if they choose
blanket primary
this is the longest part of the DOI where it states that citizens will not be controlled by the king that threants them and unfair taxs being implaced
body
creates US federal budget, controlled by Congressional Budget Office
budget making process
what are some of the cabinet secretaries tasks?
build electoral support, make policy, manage people and programs, and withsatnd public scrutiny
the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public
bully pulpit
A group of advisers to the president.
cabinet
guide users through marketing campaigns by performing such tasks as campaign definition, planning, scheduling, segmentation, and success analysis
campaign management
Truthful and straightforward
candid
parties often ask viable candidates to run and target seats they see as winnable
candidate recruitment
What are some things that influence party structure
candidate-centered campaigns, coalition buildings, critical elections/realignments, and changes in communication and data management
who are all involved in the presidential election process?
candidates, political parties, state leg, state board of directors, media, voters, and special interest groups
What are the factors that play in to the no excessive fines clause(8th amendment)?
cannot violate due process by causing property loss
activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals; cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get people what they think they have a right to get
casework
tool for understanding demographic changes; Constitution requires an annual one
census
how each branch can check the other branches
checks and balances
The head of the White House staff.
chief of staff
is crucial in the participatory democratic theory
citizen involvement
Constituencies of the House
citizens within in a geographic district life- most districts serve an average of 700,000 people
indpendent association outside of the governments control
civial society groups
individual and collective actions designed to identify and address issues of public concern
civic engagement
What act created the merit system for civil service officials?
civil service act
What act created specialization for civil service officials?
civil service reform act
independent associations outside of the govs control
civil society group
lawsuits permitting a small # of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated
class action lawsuit
A primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote
closed primary
only registered party members can vote
closed primary
A procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate.
cloture
prevents filibustering and ends debate in the Senate, by a 3/5 vote of Senate
cloture motions
The boost that candidates may get in an election because of the popularity of candidates above them on the ballot, especially the president.
coattail effect
term for the president as commander of the nation's armed forces
commander in chief
Activities undertaken to establish whether a process or procedure is carried out in conformance with relevant external requirements, whether set through legislation, regulations, or directions
compliance monitoring
what are some bureaucratic self-checks?
compliance monitoring
in the articles of confederation, who dealt with disputes between states
congress
in the articles of confederation, in article 9, what did it say about commerce
congress can't make decisions relating to commerce -"legislative power of the respective states shall be restrained from imposing such imports and duties on foreigners...or prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever"
Association of members created to support a political ideology or regional economic interest (black caucus, women's caucus, blue dog democrats...)
congressional caucuses
association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology, regional, ethnic, or economic interest
congressional caucuses
Power used by Congress to gather information useful for the formation of legislation, review the operations and budgets of executive departments and independent regulatory agencies, conduct investigations through committee hearings, and bring to the public's attention the need for public policy
congressional oversight
the permission of the people. Governments authority depends on the permission of the people.
consent of the governed
What are exceptions to the 4th amendment(mainly based upon expectation of privacy and inherent exigency)?
consent, plain view, incident to arrest, extigent circumstances, automobile exception, and hot pursuit
the gov should do less, allowing the people to have more freedom
conservative
What are the conservative and liberal views on individualism - what is the proper role of the gov in protecting them
conservative: individual is protected from gov action liberal: individual is protected by government action
What are the conservative and liberal views on rule of law?
conservative: law and order liberal: due process
What are the conservative and liberal views on free enterprise?
conservative: market self-regulates(laissez-faire)(created monopolies) liberal: some gov regulation needed
What are the conservative and liberal views on limited government?
conservative: order liberal: liberty
What are the conservative and liberal views on whether equality of opportunity exists?
conservative: yes, even if equality of outcomes can't be guaranteed liberals: no, so the gov must create systemic barriers that preclude the equality of opportunity
harmonious, in agreement
consonant
a body of voters in a given area who elect a representative or senator
constituency
a democratic system with elected representatives in which the Constitution is the supreme law
constitutional republic
a democratic system with elected representatives in which the constitution is the supreme law
constitutional republic
compel or force someone to follow a particular course of action
constrains
political issue occurring at the same time.
contemporary political issue
what was the purpose of federalist 10?
convince NY to adopt the constitution by giving an idea of what the structure of gov would look like
A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government.
cooperative federalism
What are the factors that play in to the no excessive bail clause(8th amendment)?
crimes seriousness, evidence, and flight risk
An election when significant groups of voters change their traditional patterns of party loyalty.
critical election
elections marked by party realignments and these elections reveal sharp and lasting changes in party loyalties
critical elections
An excess of federal expenditures over federal revenues.
deficit
A person appointed or elected to represent others
delegate
An official who is expected to represent the views of his or her constituents even when personally holding different views, one interpretation of the role of legislature
delegate
The view that an elected represent should represent the opinions of his or her constituents.
delegate model
a country or political system where the ruler holds absolute power.
depotism
What are some people under a cabinet secretary?
deputy secretaries, undersecretaries, and administrative staff
the intermingling of substances by the natural movement of their particles.
diffusive
Petition that, if signed by majority of the House of Representatives' members, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration.
discharge petition
to dissagree
discordant
The extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws.
discretionary authority
Federal spending on programs that are controlled through the regular budget process
discretionary spending
spending set by the government through appropriations and bills (operating expenses and salaries of gov. employees)
discretionary spending
like the military budget, in which spending is set on a yearly basis through appropriations bills
discretory spending
a presidency(or executive branch) is held by one party and one or both houses of Congress, representing the opposite party
divided government
one party controls the executive, and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress
divided government
when a judge applies rules estabilished by precedent
doctrinal interpretation
what are the differences between due process and equal protection?
due process: protects traditional practices against short-term majorities; looks backwards; looks at either process or substance of law equal protection: protects disadvantaged groups from discrimination, new and old; looks forward; invalidates discriminatory practices
in the articles of confederation, in article 2, what does it say about the powers of states
each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence and every power, jurisdiction, and right, that is not expressly delegated to the US, in Congress assembled
Funds that an appropriations bill designates for a particular purpose within a state or congressional district
earmark
spending bills as a specific line item in which the requirements for spending are built to funnel money to particular vendor or buisiness
earmarks
What are some things that can cause a change in presidential approval ratings?
economy, a scandal, handling of a crisis, handling of a war
The two-year period between general elections.
election cycle
direct group involvement in electoral process; groups can help fund campaigns, provide testimony, and get members to work for candidates; some form PACs
electioneering
With the iron triangle, how do interest groups check Congress?
electoral support
the citizens eligible to vote
electorate
group of voters selected by the state's voters to vote for president and vice president
electrol college
profit, salary, or fees from office or employment
emolument
provided with qualities
endowed
What is selective incorporation related to?
ensures that states and localities cannot pass laws that infringe upon the rights guaranteed in the United States Constitution.
to be deserving of special treatment or privledged
entitled
government services Congress has promised by law to citizens ; citizens must meet eligibility reqs to receive benefits; spending on entitlements is mandatory spending in the fed budget
entitlements
policies for which Congress has obligated itself to pay x level of benefits to y number of recipients (Social Security)
entitlements
polls outside polling places on election day to predict election results
entrance and exit
congressional powers specifically named in the Constitution (Article 1, Section 8)
enumerated power (congress)
in a mistaken way, or incorrectly
erroneously
when a judge looks to the moral commitments reflected in the Constitution
ethical interpretation
reveal the presence of a quality or feeling
evinces
Appointment of officials not based on the criteria specified by OPM
excepted service
- A rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct - a law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.
exclusionary rule
an agreement between the president and the leader of another country
executive agreement
Formal orders issued by the president to direct action by the federal bureaucracy.
executive orders
The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.
executive privilege
A media organization is interested in reporting election results in a congressional election prior to the final tally of votes which will not occur until later in the evening. The organization randomly selects several polling places across the district asking voters whom they voted for. The type of poll being used in this scenario is known as
exit poll
what does the budget do in Congress
explains how the government will pay its costs
A group with a distinct political interest
faction
causing disunity, dissension, or disputes; quarrelsome
factious
what is substantative due process
fair and clear laws fundamental rights go to everyone
what is procedural due process
fair procedure right to fair steps taken by gov before losing liberty
What are the different agents of political socialization
family, race and gender, region, religion, age, and events
______ - strong executive benefits the country _____ - separation of powers
fed 70, fed 51
the ______ is a powerful institution tasked with implementing federal policy
federal bureaucracy
the merit-based bureaucracy, excluding the armed forces and political appointments
federal civil service
these were seen as a way for the national gov to keep power over the states
federal grants(categorial(specific), block(general))
consists of the federal reserve board and 12 reserve banks; board of 7 governors appointed by the president and approved by the senate; created to insulate economists from political pressures; in charge of setting monetary policy(money supply, interest, and discount rates)
federal reserve system
The ability of an American citizen to enact change by getting either Congress or their state legislature to pass legislation is an example of . . .
federalism.
when a senator gets in front of the senate and just keeps talking
filabuster
A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator refuses to relinquish the floor and thereby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue.
filibuster
strategy unique to the Senate whereby opponents of a piece of legislation try to talk it to death, based on unlimited debate
filibuster
when is the general election, as set by Congress
first Tuesday after the first Monday in November on even numbered years
policy that describes the impact of the federal budget- taxes, spending, and borrowing- on the economy; determined by Congress and president
fiscal policy
When is the proposal plan created by Congress for the budget?
fiscal year : Oct 1 - Sept 30
previously mentioned or stated
foregoing
what are the implied and informal powers of the president?
foreign policy, barganing and persuasion, executive orders, executive agreements, signing statements, assertation of executive privilege, and private and public powers of persuasion
specific grants of authority defined in the Constitution or in law
formal powers
how is foreign policy both a formal and informal power of the president
formal: Commander in Chief informal: executive agreements thatgive the president the ability to conduct foreign policy and influence relations with other countries
we are essentially free to produce, buy, and sell what we want and we own our own labor
free enterprise
clause that protects beliefs but not conduct
free exercise clause
For a group, the problem of people not joining because they can benefit from the group's activities without joining.
free rider problem
problem faced by unions and other groups when people do not join because they can benefit from group's activities without officially joining; the bigger the group --> more free-rider problem
free-rider problem
when groups seek to change a law or policy and their efforts benefits just their paying members
free-riders
what forms of expression are protected under Freedom of Speech?
freedom of expression: speech, news media, broadcast media, printed media, symbols, and money
With the iron triangle, how does congress check interest groups?
friendly legislation and oversight
The recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention.
front-loading
With the iron triangle, how does congress check the bureaucracy?
funding and political spport
The Framers adopted the Three-Fifths Compromise in order to . . .
garner support from the Southern delegates at thte Constitutional Convention.
a regular election of candidates for office, as opposed to a primary election.
general election
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
gerrymandering
drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another
gerrymandering
the intentional use of redistricting to benefit a specific interest or group of voters
gerrymandering
the rules and institution that make up the system of policymaking
government
bureaucratic agency aimed at investingating federal spending headed by the Comptroller general
government Accountability Office
the quality or state of being impressive or awesome
grandeur
A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.
grandfather clause
financial programs constructed to facilitate cooperative relationships between federal and state governments to achieve policy goals
grants-in-aid
average voter at the local level
grassroots
indirect lobbying efforts that spring from widespread public concern
grassroots lobbying
the inability of the government to act because rival parties control different parts of the government
gridlock
what is a consequence of the 2 sides not working together
gridlock
What are pros of following stare decisis?
guidance; stability, consistency, predicability; efficiency9settled); less arbitrary decisions
Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed.
hard money
What act created neutrality for civil service officials?
hatch act
different and kind
heterogenous
when a judge looks to the intentions of the framers and ratifiers of the Constitution to shed light on its meanings
historical interpretation
A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator temporarily blocks the consideration of the bill or nomination.
hold
The _____(reasoning behind the court decision) establishes a principle or rule of law
holding
what are some of the departments of the bureaucracy?
homeland security, transportation, veteran's affairs, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Elections Commission, Securities and Exchange Commission, and education
the time following an election when a president's popularity is high and congressional relations are likely to be productive
honeymoon period
news coverage that focuses on who is ahead rather than on the issues
horse race journalism
the claim that the media is more interested in covering a campaign like a horserace focusing more on who is ahead rather than in-depth coverage of issues.
horserace journalism
there are 5 preamble ( intro) the statment of human rights charges against human rights charges against kings and parliment statement of seperation and signatures.
how many parts are their in the declartion of independence and what are they
Ideologies help people make political choices and guide their political actions
ideological orientation
what are the types of 3rd/minor parties?
ideological parties, splinter parties, economic-protest parties, and single-issue parties
What are the guiding priniples of the lemon test?
if any of these are met it can be struck down: - has secular legislative purpose - advance one religious group over another - government is entangled with religious affairs
well known or admired
illustrious
What are some of the ways Congress can check the executive branch?
impeach; override veto; approve nominations
A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office
impeachment
President is seen as emperor taking strong actions without consulting Congress or seeking its approval
imperial presidency
how are executive orders and agreements implied powers
implied from the "executive power" or powers delegated by Congress. The president can use these to bypass Congress and essentially make law independently
necessary and proper clause; delegated
implied power (congress)
What are rights that are not protected by Freedom of Speech?
incite actions that would harm others; make/distribute obscene materials; burn draft cards as anti-war protest; refuse school censorship of NP articles; to make obscene speech at a school event; to advocate illegal drug use at a school event
What are cons of following stare decisis?
incorrect decisions affect multiple cases, until overturned/replaced; judges are sometimes limited by "settled law" even if they disagree; the choice of precedent is sometimes perceived as "politically informed" (biased)
the electoral edge afforded to those already in office
incumbency advantage
tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold office
incumbency effect
being already in office as opposed to running for the first time
incumbuncy
how have courts gained some of the powers that the COnstitution said the courst should have(voiding, negation, etc)
independence of the judiciary, stare decisis and precednt, and informal evolution of court powers(court now has more powers than it used to)
a candidate who is not associated with any political party
independent candidate
Expenses on behalf of a political message that are made by groups that are uncoordinated with any candidate's campaign.
independent expenditures
the individual's rights are valued above those of the gov
individuamslis
a thing that persuades someone to do something
inducements
how is barganing and persuasion an informal power of the president
informal coming in part from the formal powers and respect given the office as leader of the country
Powers not directly granted by law. The governor's informal powers may follow from powers granted by law but may also come from the governor's persuasive abilities, which are affected by the governor's personality, popularity, and political support.
informal powers
powers that exist for the national govt. because the govt. is sovereign
informal/inherent powers
The powers of the national government in foreign affairs that the Supreme Court has declared do not depend on constitutional grants but rather grow out of the very existence of the national government.
inherent powers
A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.
initiative
to establish, set up
institute
third-party group that consists of intergovernmental groups, professional associations, and corportaions
institutional groups
An organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy. Interest groups usually work within the framework of government and try to achieve their goals through tactics such as lobbying.
interest group
Interest groups interacting with all 3 branches(pluralist theory)
interest group policy making
group of private citizens whose goal is to influence and shape public policy
interest groups
The period before any votes are cast when candidates compete to win early support from the elite of the party and to create a positive first impression of their leadership skills.
invisible primary
intrest-based relationship between a beuracratic agency, a congressional committee and an interest group focused on a given issue
iron triangle
A mutually dependent relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees. They dominate some areas of domestic policymaking.
iron triangles
ads that focus on issues and do not explicitly encourage citizens to vote for a certain candidate
issue ads
network of interest groups, congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, universities, local government, and the mass media who regularly debate a particular issue
issue network
The loose and informal relationships that exist among a large number of actors who work in broad policy areas
issue networks
how is signing statements an informal power of the president
it informs Congress of the president's interpretation of laws already passed by Congress and signed into law. Essentially allows the president to express concerns about law and indicate that the law may not be implemented as intended by Congress
congressional committees on a few subject-matter areas with membership drawn from both houses
joint committee
A justice that practices ________ has a loose interpretation of the Constitution, think of it as a living Document; believe courts should uphold the "guardian ethic"
judicial activism
What are some things that go into the interpretations of majority rule and minority rights
judicial philosophies, composition of the court system, cases on the court docket, judicial appointment and confirmation process, precedent and stare decisis, and Amici briefs
A justice that practices ________ has a strict interpretation of the Constitution, looking at its original intent; think states and elected branches should solve social, economic, and political problems and the courts should act only on cases with clear constitutional questions
judicial restraint
Marbury v. Madison established the concept of _________. This means that the _________ has the power to decide whether __________ passed by Congress or the states conflict with the Constitution
judicial review, judicial branch, executive orders and laws
The time during which a president who has lost an election or has ended a second term is still in office before the new president serves
lame duck period
what is the president called during the last 2 years of their second term when there is a divided government
lame duck president
where do the powers of congress generally fall
lawmaking, budgeting, and excising oversight of the federal bureaucracy and other public officials
in federalist 10, which branch normally is the most powerful, and what can be done to fix that?
legislative branch; divide it into different branches and make them as little as connected as possible
when creating a legislation, the judiciary branch may be considered when interpreting the law; judiciary may attempt to assess where legislation is ambiguous
legislative intent
Congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings
legislative oversight
ability of Congress to override a presidential decision
legislative veto
intervention by the federal gov is necessary to ensure that ideals of equality or upheld, the government has a duty to be involved in the promoting the "general welfare" of the citizens; the government can be a force for good in helping to correct or repair national
liberal
tend to want more government and more government-centered programs
liberals
what are some of the ideological differences on privacy and intimacy?
liberals: believe in individual rights to privacy conservatives: believe state and not fed laws should govern privacy
what are some of the ideological differences on religion?
liberals: more supportive of restrictions conservatives: less supportive of restrictions
what are some of the ideological differences on informational privacy?
liberals: stricter limits on gov surveillance conservatives: more supportive of gov surveillance both: concerned over recent data breeches and gov's easy access to personal info
what are some of the ideological differences on education?
liberals: support free public education conservatives: support school choice
high regard for civil liberties, opposing gov regulation or intervention. Conservative on economic issues and liberal on moral or social issues
liberatarian
social poltical and economic freedoms or freedom interferece by a gverment or a freedom to purse ones dreams
liberty
shift on issues as people go through different periods in their lives
life cycle effects
These are the rights given to men by God and that government protects.
life, liberty ,and the pursuit of happiness
concept that we don't want the gov dictating our daily lives
limited government
The U.S. government is based on ideas of . . .
limited government, popular sovereignty, republicanism, and social contract.
an executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature
line-time veto
channels or access points through which issues and people's policy preferences get on the government's policy agenda (political parties, interest groups, and mass media)
linkage institutions
the political channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the policy agenda
linkage institutions
A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote
literacy test
How does change come abt in democratic institutions in relation to advocacy for civil rights
litigation in the court system, electoral pressure, pressuring state and local governments, executive action and congressional legislation
communication, by someone other than a citizen acting on his own behalf, directed to a government decision maker with hope of influencing his decision
lobbying
An agreement by two or more lawmakers to support each other's bills
logrolling
trading of votes on legislation by members of Congress to get their earmarks passed into legislation
logrolling
With the iron triangle, how does the bureaucracy check interest groups?
low regulation, special favors/access
interaction of people within government in order to carry out the will of the majority
majoritarian policy making
What are some of the influences on public policy?
majoritarian policy making, interest group policy making, and balancing liberty and order
The candidate or party that wins more than half the votes cast in an election.
majority
a district in which voters of a minority ethnically constitute an electoral majority within that electoral ddistrict
majority-minority district
the uneven distribution of the population among legislative districts
malapportionment
Required govt spending by permanent laws
mandatory spending
like entitlements and interest on the national debt in which spending is set by law and can only be changed by legislative overhaul
mandatory spending
required government spending by permanent laws
mandatory spending
A seat in a congressional district that has relatively similar numbers of Democratic and Republican voters.
marginal seats
all forms of communication that reach a large portion of the population
mass media
what are the 6 things in the issue network?
mass media, bureaucratic agency, universities, congress committee, interest group, and local gov't
early us: supremacy era
mcculoch v. maryland; gibbons v. ogden; 1787-1861; national supremacy
the process of analyzing and choosing media for an advertising and promotions campaign
media strategy
in federalist 51, what is madison's cliam about human nature
men are not angels and if they were no government would be necessary
a system of hiring and promotion based on competitive testing results, education, and other qualifications rather than politics and personal connections
merit system
congressional elections held midway between successive presidential elections
midterm congressional elections
5th and 6th amendment
miranda rights - no self-incrimintation, lawyer, etc
based on monetarism, it is the manipulation of the supply of money in private hands by which the government can control the economy
monetary policy
how the gov manages the supply and demand of its currency and the value of the dollar; primarily accomplished via the discount rate for circulation US dollars
monetary policy
why do third parties form
more ideological voters may not feel like they are being represented by the two major parties
a congressional process whereby a bill may be referred to several committees
multiple referral
in the articles of confederation, what was the structure of the national judiciary?
national maritime judiciary only, states established their own courts
a new plan where states would award their electoral votes to the candidate who gets the most popular votes nationwide
national popular vote
according to Locke, what do men give up and what do they gain when entering into a social contract and why fo they enter into society
natural liberty; greater security; to limit the power and moderate dominion of every part and member of society
"And reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions." : is what concept -derived from the creator granted to all humanity
natural rights
4 Principles of Government
natural rights, social contract, popular soverignty, and republicanism
in the articles of confederation, what could congress do in relation to the army and navy?
navy: build a navy, states can equip warships to counter piracy army: decide on size of force and request troops from states proportional to state population
do the house and senate have term limits?
no
Art 1, sec 9 says that :
no money can be spent if it hasn't been set aside for something specific
formal changes to a bill that do not have any direct relation to the subject of the bill itself. The Senate permits such amendments.
non-germane amendments
make legally null or void; invalidate; cancel
nullified
One very large bill that encompasses many separate bills.
omnibus bill
Elections to select party nominees in which voters can decide on Election Day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests.
open primaries
elections to select party nominees in which voters can decide on Election Day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests
open primary
the authority of a court to hear a case first, which includes the finding of facts in the case; trial courts
original jurisdiction
efforts by Congress to ensure that executive branch agencies, bureaus, and cabinet departments, as well as their officials, are acting legally and in accordance with congressional goals
oversight
a theory that widesoread poltical particpation is essential for a democratic government / citizens are provided power to make poltical decsions/ EVERYONE HAS A VOICE individual particption
participatory democracy
a theory that widespread political participation is essential for democratic gov
participatory democracy
the more communities other join the better their able to understand different prespectives / EVERYONE HAS A VOICE individual praticipation
participatory democracy theory
believing and acting on the ideas of a political party or group
partisan
The drawing of district boundaries into strange shapes to benefit a political party
partisan gerrymaking
redistricting that favors one political party
partisan gerrymandering
What are the 4 influences on congressional behavior
partisan, trustee, delegate, politico
Government action based on firm allegiance to a political party
partisanship
describes members' allegiance to their parties beliefs or goals
partisanship
the chairman of the national committee of the political party who usually acts as the head of the party's permanent organization and has general direction of party strategy especially during election campaigns.
party chairperson
groups and interests that support a political party
party coalitions
A meeting of party delegates to vote on matters of policy and in some cases to select party candidates for public office.
party convention
The gradual disengagement of people from the parties, as seen in part by shrinking party identification.
party dealignment
gradual disengagement of people and politicians from the parties, seen by shrinking party identification
party dealignment
What are some of the general patterns in public opnion
party identification, gender, and race
A political party's statement of its goals and policies for the next four years. The platform is drafted prior to the party convention by a committee whose members are chosen in rough proportion to each candidate's strength. It is the best formal statement of a party's beliefs.
party platform
The displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period.
party realignment
a change in the underlying electoral forces due to changes in party identification
party realignment
displacement of majority party by minority party, usually during critical election period
party realignment
process in which voters select candidates by their party affiliation
party-line voting
A controversial law overwhelmingly passed by Congress in October 2001, after the terrorist attacks of September 11 on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. It greatly expanded the power of federal law enforcement authorities to move against suspected terrorists. - balance security with personal rights
patriot act
Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
patronage
the grey areas of the bill of rights where there might be a question of principle; generally sides with the people
penumbra Doctrine
The second amendment is controversial because
people don't know the founding father's intent
what is the timeline of political socialization?
people lean their political values(beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors from the various agents of socialization, under active, passive, or selective exposure, which has an effect on political legitimacy or efficacy
What are some of the ways the executive branch can check the Congress?
persuasion; veto; executive orders
a theory of democracy emphaizes the role of groups and the policymaking process/THOSE WHO HAVE LIKE MINDS CAN ACCOMPLISH MUCH MORE group participation
pluralist theory
largest # of votes to be received by any candidate (not necessarily more than half the votes, just most of them.)
plurality
an electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not receive a majority; used in almost all American elections
plurality system
A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.
pocket veto
With the iron triangle, how does the bureaucracy check Congress?
policy choices and education
What are some of the powers of the bureaucracy?
policy evaluation, problem definition, agenda setting, policy formation, budgeting, and implementation
What is the process for the formation of public policy?
policy recognition, policy formation, policy implementation, and policy evaluation
any person or group engaged in political behavior
political actor
The belief that one's political participation makes a difference.
political efficacy
a set of comprehensive and mutually consistent ideas
political ideology
The many different ways that people take part in politics and government
political participation
filling of administrative positions as a reward for support, rather than solely on merit
political patronage
how do we come about believing things that we believe
political socialization
an official who attempts to balance the basic elements of the trustee, delegate, and partisan roles
politico
Members of Congress act as delegates or trustees depending on the issue
politico model
A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote
poll tax
what are some ways parties can convey their messages?
polling and mining debates, social media, formal debates, and advantage of timing(know best when to release their message to announce their message for the max impact)
The state in which the sarcolemma has a positive charge outside, and a negative charge inside
polorization
The Declaration of Independence provides a foundation for . . .
popular sovereignty.
if all members of the commonwealth are equal in natural rights, then all retain power. decisions are made about actions of the state via consent of the governed and the gov must not raise taxes without the consent of the people, given by themselves, or their deputies : is what concept
popular soverignty
gov. spending for localized projects to bring $$ to a representative district; legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary or unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a members chance of reelection
pork barrel spending
a term to describe general patters in discretionary funding that has a political motivation for individual members
pork-barrel spending
Courts follow the_________ of previous cases, when deciding future cases that are similar
precedent or rule of law
A voting district
precinct
Elections held in years when the president is on the ballot.
presidential election
what are some of the presidential influences on the bureaucracy?
presidential ideology, authority, and influence; appointment/removal of agency heads; executive orders; reorganize bureaucracy; reduce/change agency's annual budget proposals; propose policies to alter the bureaucracy's activities
What is selective incoroporation?
prevents states from enacting laws that could encroach on states rights - enables the federal gov to place limits on the state's powers
Nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election
primary election
Contemporary local, state, and national campaigns increasingly rely on
professional campaign consultants
What are 2 of Congress' main taxes?
progressive tax: an individual's tax rate increase as their income increases - type used currently as federal income tax flat tax: an individual's tax rate is the same as all other individuals regardless of income - generally supported by conservatives on the far right - ex. sales tax
inclination or natural tendency to behave in a particular way
propensity
A system in which each party receives a percentage of seats in a representation assembly that is roughly comparable to its percentage of the popular vote.
proportional voting system
voting based on the imagined future performance of a candidate
prospective voting
wisdom and having good judegement
prudence
when a judge seeks to balance the cons and benefits of a particular ruling
prudential interpretation
an organization that seeks a collective good that will not selectively and materially benefit group members
public interest group
laws and principles on which our society is based; includes domestic, economic, social, and foreign policies; impact what public policy will be made
public policy
the process one goes through to acquire views on political and economic issues
public socialization
What are the factors that play in to the no cruel and unusual punishment clause(8th amendment)?
punishment should be proportional to the crime
the belief that individuals should be able to achieve their goals through hard work, sacrifice, and their own talents
pursuit of happiness
14th amendmet protects people from discrimination in the fields of
race, national origin, religion, and sex
affirmative action applies to:
race, workplace(pledge to hire so many...), NFL(runy rule - have to interview African American candidates),
redistricting with racial communities in mind(unconstitutional)
racial gerrymandering
equal protection requires logical tests the gov must pass depending on classification:
rational basis(only needs to be legitimate and rationally related) intermediate scrutiny(more scrutiny over whether or not it is important and related) strict scrutiny(state interest must be compelling)
assumes that political actors will make decisions based on their own benefit, carefully weighing all choices
rational-choice voting
process of reallocating seats in the House every 10 years on the basis of the results of the census
reapportionment
the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census
reapportionment
procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office
recall
exchange of political favors for support of a bill
reciprocity (logrolling) in Congress
morally correct behavior or thinking
rectitude
Redrawing district boundaries based on the ceonsus
redistricting
redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following a census , to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population
redistricting
states' redrawing of boundaries of electoral districts following each census
redistricting
to remedy or set right
redress
a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate
referendum
The identification with a particular religion
religious affiliation
what type of gov did we set up with the constitution
representative democracy
the consent of the governed is expressed via regular elections appointing representatives by the electorate : is what concept
republicanism
the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives. This happens every ten years to reflect shifts in population or in response to legal challenges in existing districts
resdistricting
an approach to campaigning based on direct contact with voters
retail politics
voting for a candidate because you like his or her past actions in office
retrospective voting
act that places a strict scrutiny standard on religious freedom; gov must show "a compelling state interest", a law narrowly tailored to fit that interest, least restrictive
return to religious freedom restoration act
Employment cycle in which individuals who work for governmental agencies that regulate interests eventually end up working for interest groups or businesses with the same policy concern.
revolving door
Amendments to bills, often in the form of appropriations, that sometimes have nothing to do with the intent of the bill itself and many times are considered to be pork barrel legislation
riders
everyone is subject to the law. No one is above it, even the government itself.
rule of law
What are some tools of beureaucracy implementation and enforcement?
rule-making authority and discretionary authority
Legislative districts that regularly remain in the hands of the same candidate or party.
safe seats
issues of extreme importance to a particular group
saliency
what is the best type of polling and what are its aspects?
scientific polling: random sampling, same chance of being collected, stratified sampling, representative sampling, ensure that different demographics are represented, representative sample, and the size should be about 1500 people
what are heads of departments reffered to as?
secretaries
What is the main message of letters from a Birmingham Jail?
segregation is inherently unfair and should be combated by peaceful means
congressional committees appointed for a specific purpose (ex. Watergate investigation)
select committee
a constitutional doctrine that ensures states cannot enact laws that take away the constitutional rights of American citizens that are enshrined in the Bill of Rights - The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to state and local governments.
selective incorporation
not needing to be demonstrated
self-evident
simple rule for picking committee chairs, lasted until 1970s, member who had served on the committee the longest and whose party controlled Congress became chair, regardless or party loyalty, mental state, or competence
seniority system
speration of legislatinve, executive, and judicial branches
separation of powers
a congressional process by which a speaker may send a bill to a second committee after the first is finished acting
sequential referral
what is affirmative action
series of laws, executive orders, and court decisions that favor individuals belonging to groups that experienced discriminatory practices before the law
The last section is at the bottom of the Declaration of Independence.In this section, delegates to Congress signed their names.John Hancock, who was the president of Congress, signed his name in large letters.
signatures
occasional written comments attached to a bill signed by the president
signing statements
only one representative is chosen from each district
single member districts
Groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics.
single-issue groups
An electoral district in which voters choose one representative or official.
single-member district
what are the barriers to third-party success
single-member districts(winner take all), money, and major parties taking over third-party platforms
human kind surrenders most extreme rights to self-preservation so they can enter into a commonwealth to protect natural rights : is what concept
social contract
2 main types of entitlement programs
social insurance programs(people paying into the program), and public insurance programs(funded by taxpayer dollars)
Campaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities.
soft money
distributed from national political party organization that was not regulated b y law; restricted by Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002
soft money
a radio or video clip of someone speaking
sound bite
A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.
spoils system
A person or group who provides resources and support for the project, program, or portfolio and is accountable for enabling success.
sponsor
2nd amendment
states can have militias and ppl can have guns
civil war era
states rights; succession; state dominated
voter voting for all candidates, all of the same party
straight ticket voter
the Supreme Court has the power to __________ when they conflict with the Constitution
strike down actions of the legislative and executive branches
Barriers that prevent people from voting, registration, ballot complexity, two-party system, and elections are all considered institutional barriers - they all make voting difficult and can hinder some from voting
structural barriers to voting
when a judge infers structural rules(power relationships between institutions, for instance) from the relationships specifically outlined in the COnstitution
structural interpretation
absence of objecting rather than genuine approval
sufference
the right to vote
suffrage
a type of independent political action committee which may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates.
super PAC
form of a PAC that is allowed to raise and spend unlimited amounts of $$ from corporations, unions, individuals, and associations; easy to create, independent expenditure-only committee
super PAC
Individuals in the party organization and party in the government who are granted the right to vote individual preference at the party nominating convention
superdelegates
a riding or constituency where the election outcome is uncertain
swing district
the executive power is the ________, the legislative is the ________, the judicial is the ______, and the bureaucracy is the _______
sword, purse pen,
what are the 2 ways congress is involved in fiscal policy
taxation and spending
when a judge looks to the meaning of the words in the Constitution, relying on common understanding of what the words mean today
textual interpretation
in brutus 1, what is brutus arguing about the necessary and proper clause
that it gives the constitution all the power and it makes the state govs useless and that the nulls of every state are nullified and declared void
how does globalization influence our political culture?
the US both receives and shares political values/ideas, views on democracy, and different aspects of the world market, with other countries
Exclusive and concurrent powers of national and state governments hep explain the negotiations over . . .
the balance of power between the two levels.
What is the argument of Fed 78?
the federal judiciary would be unlikely to infringe upon rights and liberties but would serve as a check on the other 2 branches
shay's rebellion-ex how articles were a weakness
the men that participated in it almost overthrew the entire government and the gov couldn't stop them bc they couldn't raise an army
What was the argument of Brutus 11?
the nation would run the risk of unconstrained justices imposing their own views on what is Constitutional and what is not; opinions of the Supreme Court will have the force of law
in federalist 10, what is the chief check on governmental power
the people
in the articles of confederation who paid congressmen and who was in charge when congress was not in session
the states; a committee of states with the full powers of congress
A benefit of federalism is that . . .
there are many opportunities for citizens and institutions.
affirmative action issues aren't equal in education because:
they are discriminating against white people - must both be considered equal for admissions
why are coalitions important to political parties?
they create another group within their party in order to appeal to their core demographic groups and broaden their appeal to new voters; important for the party to convey a positive image during televised events such as the party conventions
in brutus 1, what will happen with representatives in different areas, in a large republic
they will constantly be striving against each other as each state would be working towards their own interests
No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance - also is talked abt today with sports
title nine
What can Congress use its taxing power to do?
to encourage(lower tax) or discourage(higher tax) the purchase of specific products
have no limitian on their power
totalitarian
poll used over a time period to track issues or support for a canidate
tracking
temporary or short lasting
transient
an official who is expected to vote independent based on his or her judgement of the circumstances, one interpretation of the role of the legislature
trustee
legislator who uses his or her best judgement to make policy in the interests of the people
trustee
a model of representation in which a member of the House or Senate follows his or her own conscience when deciding issue positions
trustee model
several political parties exist, but only 2 major political parties compete for power and dominate elections
two party system
Cruel or oppressive government or rule
tyrrany
to not be taken away or given away
unalienable
rights of people that cannot be taken away
unalienable rights
an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation
unanimous consent
in the articles of confederation, what was the structure of the legislature
unicameral-congress
provision found in some collective bargaining agreements requiring all employees of a business to join the union within a short period (30 days) and to remain members as a condition of employment
union shop
legislative, exactutive and judicial this is to limit the governments control and allow thye fundemtial rights of citizens over-rule
united states power
____ means pres is always concerned about the next election
unlimited 4 year terms
to take or make use of without right
usurpations
completely and without qualification
utterly
concerns or policies that are viewed in the same way by people with a variety of ideologies(ex. economy; security)
valance issues
a party's efforts to inform potential voters about issues and candidates and to persuade them to vote
voter mobilization
a system adopted by the states that requires voters to register well in advanced of Election Day. A few states permit Election Day registration.
voter registration laws
The number of eligible voters who actually vote in an election.
voter turnout
what was the anit fed position
wanted more state control of things; afriad the const would make an elitist form of society; fed were arguing on a pluralist standpoint(everyone would have a stake in the process)
funds collected by a candidate to spend on a political campaign
war chest
The role played by the national media in investigating political personalities and exposing scandals.
watchdog
that which is best for something or someone
weal
Brutus 1, who will end up with all the power
wealthy men who will sacrifice the common good for their own interests and they would abuse their power
issues that sharply divide individuals
wedge isssues
he argued that the power shouldnt be given by god for the king rule with absolute power and the kings cannot take the natural that people are born with
what was john lockd role?
What is a candidate-centered campaign?
when people vote for the candidate rather than the party, candidates speak directly to the people, and this has weakened the parties
according to Jefferson in the Dec of Independence, under what conditions are the people justified in throwing off a government
when the gov is being abusive or taking too much power
What does stare decisis depend on
whether the material facts are the same; the level of the court that made the decision; the use, if any, of the avoiding devices
a member of Congress, chosen by their party members, whose job is to ensure party unity and discipline
whip
primary election in which Southern states allowed only whites to vote.
white primary
an election system in which the candidate with the most votes wins
winner-take-all system
new deal era
"cooperative federalism"; new deal; great society; working together; both expanding power
in federalist 10, what is it saying about the government and control
"you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself"
