AP History- Chapter 32

Self-strengthening movement

(1860-1895) -Chinese attempt to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology - weakened itself state foreign countries could invade and force China to listen to there demands. Weak w/ running country and army -However they did not modernize there industries and production sites and still lied on on old methods and hence cause the fail of the self-strengthening movement.

Süleyman the Magnificent

(reigned 1520-1566) -Ottoman Empire reached its peak of military and political power. Along w/ geographic expansion, trade, economic growth, and tremendous cultural and artistic activity helped define the reign of Süleyman as a "Golden Age." -Developments occurred in every field of the arts; however, those in calligraphy, manuscript painting, textiles, and ceramics= significant

Russo- Japanese War

-(1904-1905) A war between Russia and Japan over spheres of influence in Korea and China, -The Russians wanted a warm water port for their navy and for sea trade. They could only have this on the Pacific Ocean -Japan had emerged from isolation and transformed itself into a modernized industrial state in less than half a century. Japanese wanted to preserve sovereignty and be recognized as an equal with the Western powers.

Pogrom

-A violent mob attack generally against Jews, and often accepted by law, characterized by killings and/or destruction of homes and properties, businesses, and religious centers. -19th and 20th-century attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire

Lin Zexu

Chinese representative of the emperor -Ordered British merchants to stop trading opium "forever" and surrender "every article" of opium in their possession. -The Chinese navy surrounded opium-carrying British ships near Canton, cutting off their food supply, while Lin prohibited all foreigners from leaving Canton, in effect holding them hostage, until the opium was turned over.

What steps did Russia take to industrialize in the late 1800's?

Alexander II drew up plans for a massive investment in railways -The emancipation, he hoped, would lead to greater agricultural output, in order to finance the railways, and the beginnings of Russia's industrialisation.

Matthew C. Perry

Commodore Matthew C. Perry was the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to world trade in 1854, by forcing on the Japanese shogunate the treaty of Kanagawa.

Empress Cixi

Even though her son was in power she was the real power. -Tonhzhi died in 1874 Cixi chose grandson to rule this was done so she could still rule from background -Her reign was filled with bad decisions and even though she was very powerful she was thought to be a weak link in the otherwise strong leaders of China

Boxer Rebellion (Objectives, definition)

Movement (1899-1900) in China -In which local militias attacked foreigners and Chinese Christians - Eventually put down by European and Japanese troops. Cause of rebellion: primarily the intrusion of westerners and their Christian missionaries and the weakness of the Qing dynasty - The *objective* of which was to drive out all foreigners, remove all foreign influence, and urge (forcefully) Chinese Christians to give up their religion

The "Opening" Of Japan

Peace and friendship between the United States and Japan. Opening of two ports to American ships at Shimoda and Hakodate Help for any American ships wrecked on the Japanese coast and protection for shipwrecked persons Permission for American ships to buy supplies, coal, water, and other necessary provisions in Japanese ports.

Cohong

Specially licensed Chinese firms that were under strict government regulation. -before the First Opium War, the trade contacts between China and Europe were performed exclusively via the Cohong.

Treaty of Nanjing

The Treaty of Nanking or Treaty of Nanjing, signed 29 August 1842, was the unequal treaty which marked the end of the First Opium War between the British and Qing Empires of 1839-42. The treaties forced China to lower its tariffs.

Revolution of 1905

as a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire. Some of it was directed against the government, while some was undirected. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. It led to the establishment of limited constitutional monarchy, the State Duma of the Russian Empire, the multi-party system, and the Russian Constitution of 1906.

Extraterritoriality

concerned European nationals in 19th century China and Japan under the unequal treaties. Extraterritoriality was imposed upon China in the Treaty of Nanking, resulting from the First Opium War.

Intelligentsia

new social class of Russian intellectuals.

Bakufu

referred to the headquarters, or administration, of a general on the battlefield, and implied that such an administration was meant to be temporary.

Tanzimat Era

replaced the old ways with new ones imported from the West in a reform movement (1839-1876) -reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 -characterized by various attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire, -The reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire

Janissary Revolt

revolted and deposed Selim III, who had tried to create a more modern army with European instructors. His supporters failed to recapture power before Mustafa IV had him killed but elevated Mahmud II (also referred to as Murad II) to the throne in 1808. When janissaries threatened to oust Mahmud, he followed suit and had the captured Mustafa executed and eventually came to a compromise with the janissaries. He spent more than a decade in securing his position.

Sphere of Influence

s a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has significant cultural, economic, military, or political influence.

Details on Matthew C. Perry's Mission

-In 1853 Perry was sent on a mission by President Millard Fillmore to establish trade with Japan - a country that had been isolated from the outside world since the 17th century. -Leads a squadron of FOUR ships into Tokyo Bay and presented representatives of the Japanese Emperor with the text of a proposed commercial and friendship treaty. The Japanese rejected Perry's demands and Perry withdrew. -Returned to Japan in February, 1854. This time he appears with SEVEN ships -Perry landed for peace and trade talks on March 8, 1854, and began to negotiate with the Japanese to establish a trade agreement. -On March 31, 1854, Perry signs the Treaty of Kanagawa on behalf of the United States, which established "permanent" friendship between the two countries. -The treaty GUARANTEED that the Japanese ****would save shipwrecked Americans**** and ***provide fuel for American ships**** also ***** opened the opportunity for trade between Japan and the United States** (Silk, Spices) **The signing of this treaty signaled the end of Japanese isolation.**

Ottoman Empire

-Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 until 1918 -reached its peak during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566).

Janissaries

-Slave troops serving the Ottoman Empire.

The most significant achievement of the sultan Mahmud II was

...

Opium War

1839 to 1842 -Chinese efforts to stop the opium trade were rejected and crushed by the British. - Force the Chinese to buy (and use) opium. All western countries (including America) were involved in the trade. -China banned the import of opium, which forced western countries to declare war to revive the trade. China lost.

Zemstvos

19th century. District assemblies elected by Russians. was a form of local government that was instituted during the great liberal reforms performed in Imperial Russia by Alexander II of Russia

Hundred Days of Reform

Chinese reforms of 1898 led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao in their desire to turn China into a modern industrial power. -Imperial attempt at renovating the Chinese state and social system.

Capitulation

Highly unfavorable trading agreements that the Ottoman Turks signed with the Europeans in the nineteenth century that symbolized the decline of the Ottomans. Also: -A set of terms or articles constituting an agreement between governments, the act of surrendering or yielding

Taiping Rebellion

Rebellion (1850-1864) in Qing, China led by Hong Xiuquan -20-30 mil killed; the rebellion was symbolic of the decline of China during the nineteenth century. - large-scale revolt against the authority and forces of the Qing Empire in China -Causes: Misgovernment and corruption, over-taxation and landlordism in rural districts - massive civil war in southern China, against the ruling Manchu-led Qing Dynasty. It was led by Hong Xiuquan, who announced that he had received visions in which he learned that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ. At least 20 million people died, mainly civilians

Alexander II

Reigned 1855-1881. -Emperor of Russa, during Crimean War. - Carried out many reforms to try to industrialize Russia -Most Prominent Emancipation of the Russian Serfs:

Meiji Restoration

Restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji in 1868 by a coalition led by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirobumi; the restoration enacted western reforms to strengthen Japan. Simply- it was the return of the Emperor as the head of Japan -Japan wanted to move into a more westernized world but there were many that opposed it. it was the end of the shogunate and it brought back the imperial rule.

Duma

Russian parliament, established after the Revolution of 1905 -Council assemblies created by Tsar of Russia

Crimean War

The war was part of a long-running contest between major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. -The war exposed the backwardness of Russia and was a contributing factor in the Russian abolition of the serfdom in 1861: Alexander II -treaty was successfully negotiated in Paris to end the Crimean War.