AP Human Geography 9.1-9.4
5. That translates to an income gap of _____________________
$12,000
9. What is the annual per capita GDP in an MDC? In an LDC?
$30,000 and $3,000
8. What is the United States' GDP per capita?
$45,600
International Trade Approach (Rostow's Development Model) and problems:
(Steps) -the traditional society -the preconditions for takeoff -the takeoff -the drive to maturity -the age of mass consumption (Problems) -uneven resource distribution -increased dependence on MDCs -Market decline
6. (1)What is the highest possible HDI? (2)Which country has had the highest recent HDI? (3)Which country and region is the lowest? (4)Why is the U.S. only 10th in HDI? (Look at the HDI factors)
1. 1.0 or 100%; 2. Norway; 3. Niger 4.
Type of Job: Quaternary/ Quinary What is the Definition, give me 3 Examples and is it MDC or LDC?
1. Definition: A country's economy where high level decisions are made by top level executives. 2. 3 Examples: Trade, banking & advertising. 3. MDC or LDC: MDCs
Type of Job: Primary What is the Definition, give me 3 Examples and is it MDC or LDC?
1. Definition: Extract materials from earth through agriculture and sometimes by mining, fishing & forestry. 2. 3 Examples: fishing, mining & forestry 3. MDC or LDC: LDCs
Type of Job: Secondary Sector What is the Definition, give me 3 Examples and is it MDC or LDC?
1. Definition: Manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials 2. 3 Examples:Process, transform & assemble 3. MDC or LDC: LDCs
Type of Job: Tertiary Sector What is the Definition, give me 3 Examples and is it MDC or LDC?
1. Definition: The provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment. 2. 3 Examples: Banking, retail, law, government 3. MDC or LDC: MDCs
17. What two things are measured in order to calculate the GEM? Explain each.
1. Economic indicators of empowerment: per capita female income as a percentage of professional and technical jobs led by woman. 2. Political indicators of empowerment: percentage of administrative jobs held by women and percentage of members of the national parliament who are no men.
UN has created 2 Indexes:
1. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) 2. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Identify the average HDI - Human Development Index (GDP per capita, literacy rate and amount of education, and life expectancy) and make any necessary commentary regarding the level of development in: South Asia.
1. HDI- .61 2nd Highest population, 2nd lowest per cap income, increase in NIR, unfavorable ratio of people to resources, agriculture depends on climate, India-worlds 4th largest service provider.
Identify the average HDI - Human Development Index (GDP per capita, literacy rate and amount of education, and life expectancy) and make any necessary commentary regarding the level of development in: Central Asia.
1. HDI- .70 Countries that were apart of Soviet Union, Iran & Afghanistan, development decreased in others, economic resources are minerals and agriculture, Afghan has the worlds lowest HDIs because of war & conflict.
Identify the average HDI - Human Development Index (GDP per capita, literacy rate and amount of education, and life expectancy) and make any necessary commentary regarding the level of development in: Russia.
1. HDI- .73 In 1990s it was converted to a market community, unemployment increased, standard living decreased, HDI lowered from less than .90 in 80s to .73 in the 21st century.
Identify the average HDI - Human Development Index (GDP per capita, literacy rate and amount of education, and life expectancy) and make any necessary commentary regarding the level of development in: Southeast Asia.
1. HDI- .73 Most populous in that region in Indonesia, intense tropical climate makes agriculture difficult, development is limited, rice is the main export, textile manufacturing is high, economic growth has slowed.
Identify the average HDI - Human Development Index (GDP per capita, literacy rate and amount of education, and life expectancy) and make any necessary commentary regarding the level of development in: Southwest Asia/ North Africa.
1. HDI- .74 Import most products, most of petroleum, large gap in per capita between petroleum rich countries and non-petroleum, women have low literacy rate, resources are the military , not development.
Identify the average HDI - Human Development Index (GDP per capita, literacy rate and amount of education, and life expectancy) and make any necessary commentary regarding the level of development in: East Asia.
1. HDI- .77 China is the worlds most populous country far from USA, manufacturing high in goods, rapid development, cheap workers, partnership with wal-mart.
Identify the average HDI - Human Development Index (GDP per capita, literacy rate and amount of education, and life expectancy) and make any necessary commentary regarding the level of development in: Latin America.
1. HDI- .82 People are likely to live in urban areas, LDCs costal areas have high GDP, development is low outside coastal areas, economy is close to USA which hurts it.
Identify the average HDI - Human Development Index (GDP per capita, literacy rate and amount of education, and life expectancy) and make any necessary commentary regarding the level of development in: Oceania.
1. HDI- .90 Plays important role in global economy due to mining, don't export food.
Identify the average HDI - Human Development Index (GDP per capita, literacy rate and amount of education, and life expectancy) and make any necessary commentary regarding the level of development in: Europe.
1. HDI- .93 European Union makes Europe worlds largest and richest market, some Eastern European countries lag in development making HDI lower than USA, dependent on international trade.
Identify the average HDI - Human Development Index (GDP per capita, literacy rate and amount of education, and life expectancy) and make any necessary commentary regarding the level of development in: North America.
1. HDI- .95 2. GDP per capita- Top in GDP per capita 3. literacy rate- Top in literacy rate 4. amount of education- lower in education 5. life expectancy- lower in life expectancy 6. commentary- Worlds highest tertiary sector employment, leading goods exporter.
Identify the average HDI - Human Development Index (GDP per capita, literacy rate and amount of education, and life expectancy) and make any necessary commentary regarding the level of development in: Japan.
1. HDI- .96 Unfavorable ratio of population to resources making development great, people work hard for low wages, sells high quality and high valve products at low costs, resources are high in education & training.
5. Why has each of the following groups been critical of the WTO? Liberals: Conservatives:
1. Liberals: Change that the WTO is antidemocratic, because decisions made behind closed doors promote the interest of large corporations rather that the poor. 2. Conservatives: Charge that the WTO compromises the power and sovereignty of individual countries because it can order changes in taxes and laws that it considers unfair.
Natural Increase Rate (NIR) MDC and LDC
1. MDC: 0.2 2. LDC: 1.5
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) MDC and LDC
1. MDC: 0.5% 2. LDC: 6%
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) MDC and LDC
1. MDC: 23 per 1000 2. LDC: 12 per 1000
Life Expectancy MDC and LDC
1. MDC: Mid 70s; males 9yrs longer & females 13 years longer. 2. LDC: early 40s
Two different models of development:
1. Self-Sufficiency Model and problems: 2. International Trade Approach (Rostow's Development Model) and problems.
2. What are the two regions in the Western Hemisphere? The two regions in Europe? The five regions in Asia? What are the two other main regions?
1. Western Hemisphere: America & Latin America 2. Europe: Eastern & Western Europe 3. Asia: East, South, West, Southeast & Southwest 4. Main Regions: Sahara & Sub-Sahara Africa
25. Quantity of education: How many years of schooling does a person get in an average MDC? LDC? (Not in text)
10 years; a couple
4. Women on average have ___ of the income of men in MDCs.
2/3
3. Nearly all MDCs are situated above what line of latitude?
30° North latitude
22. What is that percentage in the United States for senior officials, . . .?
35% and above
26. What is the difference in the % of health care a private individual has to pay in the United States compared to more European MDCs?
40%
1. How many major regions in the world?
9
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3. What is LDC, define and give an example of a region in the world?
A less developed country; Cambodia.
2. What is MDC, define and give an example of a region in the world?
A more developed country; US.
b. Persian Gulf States:
Includes Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. Once they were the leading LDCs, now they are one of the most developed country.
11. What are structural adjustment programs?
Includes economic goals, strategies for achieving the objectives, and external financing requirements.
13. What is a transnational corporation?
Invest and operates in countries other than the one in which its headquarters are located.
13. Why is low female literacy an important obstacle to development in Sub-Sahara Africa, SW Asia?
It is both a cause and a consequence of the relatively low contribution females are allowed to make to the economy and culture of these regions.
13. What is the % difference of jobs in agriculture in LDCs and MDCs?
It is greater in LDCs.
3. The GDI considers four areas as it compares the situation of women to that of men in various countries: Same indicators as HDI (life expectancy, income, school education, literacy) *Economic indicator of gender differences: explain
Per capital female income as a percentage of per capita male income.
14. Within MDCs, what is the trend (increasing or decreasing) for each of the sectors? Primary - Secondary - Tertiary -
Primary - Decreased Secondary - Decreased Tertiary - Increased
4. What is the Human Development Index? Who created it?
Recognized that a country's level development is a function of all 3 of these factors; United Nations.
Which of the two models for development has shown the most success?
Rostow's Development System
17. Name 6 sources of energy for countries?
Solar, electricity, fossil fuel, wind, water & nuclear.
23. What two things measure the quality of education in a country?
Students/teachers ratio & literacy rate
8. % of girls in school is a key measure of gender disparity in __________________ & ____________________.
Sub-Saharan Africa & Southwest Asia
15. A high GDI means:
That men and women have both achieved high levels of development, though woman have a slightly lower level.
What is the THEORY behind using loans for infrastructure projects in LDCs?
That the new infrastructure will make conditions more favorable for domestic and foreign business to open or expand.
14. A low GDI means:
That women have a low level of development and a level substantially lower than that for men.
16. What does the GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure) measure?
The ability of women to participate in the process of achieving improvements in their status, that is, to achieve economic and political power.
27. What dilemma have some MDC governments faced as a result of this?
The choice between reducing benefits or increasing taxes to pay for them.
9. Latin Am. & Asia boys are and girls _______________________ but attendance __________________________________________.
equally likely to attend school/is lower than in MDCs
12. In sub-Saharan Africa & SW Asia, female literacy is_____________. Males are___________
low/lower
10. Literacy rate in MDCs is ____________________________________________.
nearly universal among both men & women
11. In Latin Am. and Asia, literacy is_______________________________________ _________________________________________________________________.
not universal but rates are similar for men & women
6. LDC income of males and females is low in $ terms but high on _______________ ___________
percentage basis
true (T) or false (F). If false, make them true. c. ___Though it can hear accusations, the WTO cannot order remedies.
False (Can)
true (T) or false (F). If false, make them true. b. ___The WTO seeks to increase import quotas and reduce import and export tariffs.
False (Decrease)
18. Every country has a lower __________ than ____________.
GEM/GDI
19. What are raw materials a measure of?
Good land and "value added"
5. Name all of the factors the UN considers when creating HDI.
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the literacy rate, the amount of education, and the life expectancy.
10. What has been happening to the gap between MDCs and LDCs in terms of GDP?
They are increasing 15000-30000(MDC) and 1000-4000 (LDC)
18. How did European countries compensate for a decline in raw materials? What affect did this have on LDCs?
They purchased from LDCs. It lowered the raw materials in those LDCs.
Self-Sufficiency Model and problems:
To import goods into India, most foreign companies had to secure a license, a long and cumbersome process because several dozen government agencies had to approve the request . (problems) -the government imposed heavy taxes on imported goods, which doubled or even tripled the price to consumers. -protection of inefficient businesses. -need for large bureaucrecy
6. What is foreign direct investment (FDI)?
Trading practices investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
20. Goods and services related to what two things are especially important?
Transportations & Communications.
true (T) or false (F). If false, make them true. a. ___The WTO was formed by countries which conduct the majority of international trade.
True
true (T) or false (F). If false, make them true. d. ___The WTO seeks to eliminate restrictions on the flow of money between countries.
True
a. What region are the highest GDIs?
US
21. List regions in which women comprise a majority as senior officials, administrators, and managers? Read figure 9-24
US, Canada, Australia, Russia, Parts of Europe and Mid-South America
10. In PRACTICE, what has usually happened when loans have been used for these infrastructure projects?
Will contribute additional taxes that the LDC will use in part to repay the loans and in part to improve its citizen's living conditions.
19. A higher GDI compared to GEM means that
Women possess a greater share of a country's resources than they do power over allocation of those resources.
b. What region are GDIs the lowest?
Africa
16. Why are workers in MDCs able to produce more with less?
Because they have access to more machines, tools, and equipment to preform much of the work.
2. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
1. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Compares the level of women's development with that of both sexes.
20. What types of barriers restrict women from obtaining professional and technical jobs? Read Figure 9-23
Cultural barriers
12. Who is most affected by the structural adjustment program and what are the effects?
LDCs; spend only what it can afford; direct benefits to the poor, not just the elite; divert investment from military to health and education spending.
3. The GDI considers four areas as it compares the situation of women to that of men in various countries: Same indicators as HDI (life expectancy, income, school education, literacy) * Demographic indicator of gender differences: explain
Life expectancy of females compared to males.
7. What are the two principal ways in which LDCs obtain money to finance development?
Loans from banks and international organizations and direct investments by transnational corporations.
22. What is the ratio of people to these types of goods in a typical MDC? In a typical LDC?
MCDs: 400:1000 800:1000 400:1000 LDCs: 20:1000 200:1000 100:1000
7. Girls are more likely than boys to be enrolled in school in _______.
MDCs
Identify the average HDI - Human Development Index (GDP per capita, literacy rate and amount of education, and life expectancy) and make any necessary commentary regarding the level of development in: Sub-Saharan Africa.
Major source of minerals, regional wealth is greater than or equal to LDCs, least favorable development, land locked states make shopping difficult, development halted.
21. What three "consumer goods" are considered to be particularly good indicators of development?
Motor vehicles, telephones, & computers.
11. Why is per capita GDP not a perfect measurement of how well off everyone in a country is doing financially?
Not everyone is wealthy in MDCs with per capita GDP of more than $40,000. The per capita GDP measures the average wealth, not its distribution. If only a few people receive much of the GDP, then the standard of living for the majority may be lower than the average figure implies.
3. The GDI considers four areas as it compares the situation of women to that of men in various countries: Same indicators as HDI (life expectancy, income, school education, literacy) * Social indicators of gender differences: explain
Number of females enrolled in school compared to number of males and percent of literate females compared to percent of literate males.
a. Four Asian Dragons:
The first countries to adopt the international trade alternative were Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and then Hong Kong. They were called the "four dragons", the "four" little tigers", and "the gang of four"
value added
The gross value of the product minus costs of raw materials and energy.
24. What is literacy rate? Use statistics to compare MDCs and LDCs literacy rate.
The percentage of a country's people who can read & write; the rate exceeds 98% in MDCs compared to less than 60% in LDCs.
1. What is development?
The process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
productivity
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
7. What is gross domestic product (GDP)?
The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country, normally during a year.
8. Identify the two main sources, both controlled by MDCs, of loans for LDCs.
The world bank and the international monetary fund (IMF)
