AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
*Robinson projection
- an example of an attempt to balance projection errors - does not maintain accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but minimizes errors in each - provides an aesthetically pleasing balance leading to its frequent use by cartographers at organization such as the National Geographic Society (which is where the projection was made)
Karl Marx
- believed capitalism exploits workers and that in time workers will revolt and create socialist and eventually communist societies, in which everyone gives what he or she can and gets what he or she needs - outlined states of economic development that various societies got through
*Equal-area projection
- cartographers using or making these types of projection are interested in the preservation of an area; in other words, *shapes or directions are distorted but sizes of landmasses are correct in relation to each other*
*Fieldnote on Russia
- communists in control were atheists and shut down all religious institutions - Eastern Orthodox Christianity was the major religion (also major religion now) - 1991: Soviet Union broke apart, religion reinstituted (most people were Eastern Orthodox Christians, but some areas in SW parts of Russia are Islamic) - Soviet Union recognized cultural diversity of the country by creating "republics" mostly named after the dominant people with in the boundaries of each republic, including Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, and Russia
*What are examples of core countries? periphery countries? semiperiphery countries?
- core: U.S., Canada, Australia, Western Europe (except Portugal & Ireland), South Korea, Japan, New Zealand, *Singapore* - periphery: most of Africa, central America, parts of South and South East Asia, Mongolia - semiperiphery: S. America, Mexico, parts of Africa, Russia, most of Eastern Europe, Portugal, Ireland
*What are the 4 factors of locating industries?
- cost of labor - cost of land - market demand for goods - government policies (taxes, tariffs)
Carl Sauer
- cultural landscapes are comprised of the "forms superimposed on the physical landscape by human activity" - established that MesoAmerica independently invented agriculture, adding it to the harts of agriculture in Europe, Africa, and Asia *possiblism, cultural landscape*
Wilbur Zelinsky
- defined and limited perceptual regions of U.S. and southern Canada; identified 12 major perceptual regions on a series of maps by analyzing telephone directories of 276 metropolitan in U.S. and Canada - identified religious regions in the country - identified perceptual region of the South
*What are global migration flows influenced by?
- exploration - colonization (European migration to colonies peaked by 1700-1800) - British colonial authority stimulated migration from S Asia to Singapore, Fiji, Trinidad - The Atlantic Slave Trade **map on page 94-95 lines 1, 2, 5, 6 line 3 = slave trade
*What are some characteristics of Ancient Rome?
- extensive roads/transportation network to link their vast empire - aqueducts - strong indicators of class (extreme wealth and extreme poverty)
Friedrich Ratzel
- first political geographer to study why certain states are powerful and how they become powerful - postulated that the state requires nourishment (provided by the acquisition of territories that provide adequate space for the members of the state's dominant nation to thrive) to prolong its existence (*lebensraum*) - if state is confined within permanent and static boundaries and deprived of overseas domains, it can atrophy - proponent of environmental determinism - father of human geography
Halford MacKinder
- land-based power, not a sea power would ultimately rule the world - *heartland theory*: any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world; since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler would command the vast "heartland"/pivot area to the east - world is divided between world island, composed of Eurasia and Africa, and the surrounding areas, termed the Outer Crescent. The pivot area was the lands of Eastern Europe and Russia
*What are the benefits of suburban living?
- less crime and drug use - parking space and a yard - opportunity of home ownership - better schools
*Which country has the lowest life expectancy?
Angola (39 years old)
*What are the areas of low population density?
Australia (mostly desert), China (Gobi Desert), Africa (Sahara), SW Africa (Kalahari desert), Southern S. America (Atacama desert), South America (Amazon Rainforest), arctic region
Hecataeus
Greek philosopher; took factual approach to description of earth by compiling his own experiences with stories and descriptions of far-off locations from sailors who passed through Greek port of Miletus; his book, "Ges Periodos", = coastal survey of much of Mediterranean and surrounding areas, focuses on nature of towns, rivers, animal life, & ethnic groups
*areal units
a challenge that occurs during the spatial analysis of aggregated data in which the results differ when the same analysis is applied to the same data, but different aggregation schemes are used
*migration
a change in residence intended to be permanent
*What are some examples of epidemics?
a cholera outbreak in the slums of Lima, Peru; cholera outbreak in Port au Prince, Haiti
*gateway city
a city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation (i.e. Istanbul, Miami, Casablanca)
*migrant labor
a common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers in the United States and tens of millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants
*Shamanism
a community faith in which people follow their shaman-a religious leader, teacher, healer, and visionary
*What are the different village forms?
- linear village - cluster village - round village/rundling (common in Germany) - walled village (common in China) - grid village (i.e. Miami; more modern, goes back to Ancient Rome) - dispersed settlement (England, Mid Western U.S.; Typically, there are a number of separate farmsteads scattered throughout the area) **(look at graphic on p. 384)**
*What region/country has the lowest HDI? Highest?
- lowest: Subsaharan Africa - highest: Norway
*Fuller projection
- maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses but completely rearranges direction - cardinal directions--north, south, east, and west--no longer have any meaning
*What are the causes of bee colony disorder (BCD)/colony collapse disorder (CCD)?
- monoagriculture (bees are eating unbalanced diets) - pesticides (kill bugs) and herbicides (kill weeds) - GMOs - cell phone radiation (cryptochrome: pigment in bees that helps bees navigate)
Why were Paul Ehrlich and Thomas Malthus wrong?
- most countries got grip on population growth - food population continued to rise at much faster rate because of science and green revolution
*What are characteristics of edge cities?
- office complexes - shopping centers - hotels - restaurants - entertainment facilities - sports complexes
*Maps to look at
- p. 213: different religious hearths and diffusion (FRQ) - p. 208: chart of the hearths of religions - p. 239: map of Israel - p. 232-233: map of major religions in U.S. - p. 236: map of Africa and interfaith boundaries - p. 241: map of Yugoslavia
Maps to look at
- p. 256 - p. 260-261 - p. 263 - p. 268 - p. 276 - look up a map of European core region
*Maps
- p. 96: islands of development - p.162-163: Gender Empowerment Measure - p. 346: HDI - p. 348: Foreign Debt - p. 352: countries susceptible to malaria - p. 356: desertification
*What is the least urban region in world?
Africa
*What is the most rapidly urbanizing region?
Africa
*What are some examples of rural local cultures?
Anabaptists groups such as the Hutterites, the Amish, and the Mennonite living in rural areas such as South Dakota, Pennsylvania, and Virginia
*Which country had the most to do with urban diffusion? Why?
Ancient Rome because of road building and extent of empire
Hecataeus
Greek philosopher who took a factual approach to description of earth; compiled his own experiences with stories and descriptions of far-off locations from sailors who passed the Greek port of Miletus; wrote "Ges Periodos" (coastal survey of surrounding areas and focuses on the nature of towns, rivers, animal life, and ethnic groups
Herodotus
Greek philosopher; first historian; included detailed geographic descriptions in his writings; wrote "Histories"
Herodotus
Greek philosopher; first historian; included geographic descriptions in his writing; wrote "Histories"
territoriality
a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended; *the attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area*
*gender
a culture's assumptions about the differences between men and women: their "characters," the roles they play in society, what they represent; notions of gender difference-that is, what is considered "feminine" or "masculine"-vary greatly over time and space
*hierarchical diffusion
a pattern in which the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to (or adopting) what is being diffused; the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places
census
a periodic and official count of a country's population
explorer
a person examining a region that is unknown to them
*What was the first widely known lingua franca?
a pigdin language
apartheid
a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race
nation-state
a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space
custom
a practice that a group of people routinely follows
Triangular Slave Trade
a practice, primarily during the 18th century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa
Molleweide projection
a projection of a map of the world onto an ellipse, with lines of latitude represented by straight lines (spaced more closely toward the poles) and meridians represented by equally spaced elliptical curves. This projection distorts shape but preserves relative area.
*What is melanin?
a protective element against strong radiation from the sun
*functional region
a region defined by a particular set of activities or interaction that occur; have a shared political, social, or economic purpose; don't have to be culturally homogenous; ex: Chicago
*ethnic religion
a religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people; do not actively seek converts; spatially concentrated
*global position system (GPS)
a satellite based system that locates things on the surface of the Earth with extraordinary accuracy
culture trait
a single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban
*sound shift
a slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present back towards its origin
*zero population growth (ZPG)
a state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because the number of deaths is exactly offset by number of births
nation-state
a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
multinational state
a state with more than one nation inside its borders
religion
a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities
*transhumance
a system of pastoral farming where ranchers move livestock according to the season availability of pastures; seasonal periodic movement of pastorialists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures
compass rose
a tool on a map showing cardinal (N,E,S,W) and intermediate (NE,SE,NW,SW) directions
independent invention
a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other
*formal region
a type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena; also called uniform region or homogeneous region; has a shared trait, it can be a shared cultural trait or a physical trait; ex: French (the language) in Europe
*generalized map
a vague map of an area without specific details; helps us see general trends ex. the map of world preciptation is this instead of looking at the microscale of climates; Maps that show the distribution of a certain phenomena, such as precipitation, over an area
*Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
an ancestral Indo-European language; linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo - European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit language which hearth would link in modern languages from Scandinavia to north Africa and from North America the parts of Asia to Australia
cultural ecology
an area of inquiry concerned with culture as a system of adaptation to and alteration of the environment
political ecology
an area of inquiry fundamentally concerned with the environmental consequences of dominant political-economic arrangements and understandings
*cultural hearth
an area where cultural traits develop and from which cultural traits diffuse; ex: _____ of Islam: Mecca, Saudi Arabia; _____ of Judaism and Christianity: Jerusalem, Israel
*supranational organization
an entity composed of 3 or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit and in pursuit of shared goals; 3+ sates working in unison
*agglomeration
an extended city or town area comprising the built-up area of a central place (usually a municipality) and any suburbs linked by continuous urban area
*Who was Dr. John Snow? What was his conclusion?
anesthesiologist mapped cases of cholera in London's Soho District; cholera was related to the drinking water
*cultural barrier
any obstacle that prevents the spread of ideas or innovations
zone
area of a city with relatively uniform land use (i.e. industrial or residential zones)
*spaces of consumption
areas of a city, the main purpose of which is to encourage people to consume goods and services; driven primarily by global media industry
food deserts
areas with limited access to fresh, nutritious foods
climactic regions
areas with similar climate characteristics
structuralism
argues that humans actually have very little control in the world; belief that world is actually the product of unobservable social structures
*power relationships
assumptions and structures about who is in control and who has power over others
shifting cultivation
cultivation of crops in a tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning; these clearings are usually abandoned after few years in favor of newly cleared forestland. Also known as slash-and burn agriculture
*Wilbur Zelinsky
cultural geographer who studied telephone directories of 276 different cities in the United States and southern Canada; tried to determine the perceptual and cultural regions (map of perceptual regions in N. America is his); identified 12 major perceptual regions
*Third Agricultural Revolution/Green Revolution
dates as far back as the 1930s, when agricultural scientists in American midwest began experimenting with technologically manipulated seed varieties to increase crop yields
*Balfour Declaration (1917)
declaration between England and France that divided up the borders in the Middle East
*Residential segregation by race/ethnicity is on the ________.
decline
*Is the amount of pubs in Ireland increasing or decreasing?
decreasing
Are Parsi numbers increasing or decreasing?
decreasing
*What method was used to discover PIE and Nostratic?
deep reconstruction
agriculture
deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, fiber, and fuel
*Locational boundary disputes
delimitation and demarcation of a boundary; issue of interpretation; dispute over where a boundary is
*monoagriculture
dependence on a single agricultural commodity; farming exclusively one crop
*neoliberalism
derives from neoclassical economic idea that government intervention into markets is inefficient and undesirable, and should be resisted wherever possible
*Hartshorne
described forces within the state as centripetal (unifying forces) and centrifugal forces (dividing forces)
*placelessness
describes the loss of uniqueness of a place in a cultural landscape to the point that one place looks like the next; loss of uniqueness
population distributions
descriptions of locations on the Earth's surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live; description of locations on the Earth's surface where populations live
*What are the different types of toponyms?
descriptive, associative, commemorative, commendatory, incidents, possession, folk, manufactures, mistakes, and shift
functional zonation
division of a city into different regions or zones (i.e. residential/industrial) for certain purposes or functions (housing/manufacturing)
*subfamilies
divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent
*What is an example of an NGO?
doctors without borders
jihad
doctrine within Islam commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standard set by the Qu'ran; an Islamic holy war
*Guiness
dominant Irish beer company, global brewing corporation
*Second Agricultural Revolution
dovetailing with and benefitting from the Industrial Revolution; witnessed the improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce
*secondary hearth
early adopter of a cultural practice/trait that becomes central locale from which the practice or trait further diffuses
secondary hearth
early adopter of a cultural practice/trait that becomes central locale from which the practice or trait further diffuses
*primary economic activity
economic activity that involves the extortion of economically valuable products from earth, including *agriculture, ranching, hunting and gathering, fishing, forestry, mining, and quarrying*
informal economy
economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's GNP; as opposed to a formal economy
*capitalism
economic model wherein people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit
informal economy
economy that is not taxed and is not counted toward a country's gross national income
*distance decay
effects of distance on interaction, generally greater distances leads to less interaction
location theory
element of contemporary human geography that seeks answers to a wide range of questions-some of them theoretical, others highly practical; *logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated*
*Schengen Agreement
eliminated border controls between countries in the EU
agricultural surplus
enables the formation of cities; agricultural production in excess of that which the producer needs for his/her own sustenance and the sustenance of his/her family and which is then sold for consumption by others
social stratification
enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige
*agribusiness
encompassing term for businesses that provide a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry
desertification
encroachment of desert conditions on moister zones along desert margins, where plant cover and soils are threatened by desertification through overuse, in part by humans and their domestic animals, and, possibly, in part because of inexorable shifts in Earth's environmental zones
*landlocked
entirely surrounded by land...no sea or ocean access; *ex: Bolivia and Paraguay*
*neocolonialism
entrenchment of colonial order, such as trade and investment, under a new guise; whereby major world power continue to control economies of poorer countries, even though poorer countries are now politically independent states; **concept that LDCs are still economically dependent upon MDCs for their economic livelihood**
*quotas
established limits by governments on number of immigrants who can enter a country each year
*Parsi
ethnic group, fled to India (mostly in western India in Mumbai)
*Robert Ardery
author of "The Territorial Imperative," which said that humans have shown consistent pattern of collecting and securing territory
*Shintoism
ethnic religion located in Japan, which is related to Buddhism and focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship
*What are the 5 statistical measurements of segregation?
evennes, exposure, concentrated, centralized, and clustered
*What are the different types of cultural diffusion? (5)
expansion diffusion, contagious diffusion, hierarchical diffusion, stimulus diffusion, and relocation diffusion
*chloropleth map
express the geographic variability of a particular theme using color variations; a type of thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area
situation
external locational attributes of a place; its relative location or regional position with other nonlocal places
*What do dead ends on the language tree represent?
extinct languages
Carl Sauer
famous U.C. Berkley geographer studied how material expressions of culture show on the landscape
arable
farmable
agro-pastoralists
farmers who raise crops and livestock
What is a fundamental characteristic of the Mormon cultural landscape?
farmsteads and houses clustered together in the plains to form farming villages
Homer
father of geography; his literary works "The Illiad" and "The Odyssey" have many descriptions of places around the Mediterranean
*core region of Europe
core region includes countries that are considered most industrialized; ex: Eastern France, Switzerland, Great Britain, West Germany, North Italy https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Blue_Banana.svg/700px-Blue_Banana.svg.png
*Tata Family
corporation; members of Parsi religion, followers of Zoroastrianism; own many business in India and the world
primate city
country's largest city, always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive
*primate city
country's largest city, always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive (i.e. London, Mexico City)
*sector model
created by *Hoyt* based on Chicago
*round up
created by Monsanto; polluter, kills weeds
cash crop
crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by grower (i.e. cotton)
root crops
crops that are reproduced by cultivating either roots or cutting from plants (such as tubers, including sweet potatoes)
*genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods
*What system does Nigeria follow? What law do Northern states follow and why?
federal system; Northern states follow Shari'a law (legal systems based on traditional Islamic laws) because they are more Muslim, while Southern states are more Christian and do not follow Shari'a law
*gated communities
fenced-in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people and automobiles
Sudan
fighting (civil war) in Darfur region has generated thousands of refugees
life expectancy
figure indicating how long on average a person may be expected to live
*child mortality rate
figure that describes the number if children that die between the 1st and 5th years of their lives in a given population
*infant mortality rate (IMR)
figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population
*Von Thünen model
first effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity (graphic on p. 376 of book is slightly different)
Carl Ritter
first professor of geography at the University of Berlin; advocated searching for the interconnections among things; pushed geography towards scientific observation and advocated that geographers study the earth as the home for humanity
*How do most geographers see identities?
fluid, intertwined, and context dependent rather than as neatly nested
*forum
focal point of ancient Roman life combining functions of Ancient Greek Acropolis and agora
forum
focal point of ancient Roman life combining functions of Ancient Greek Acropolis and agora
Marxism
focuses on issues of inequality that they felt were caused by the capitalist system, such as poverty
*What did colonizers commonly force upon colonized during colonization?
forced them to speak the language of the colonizer
*Where were the Kurds of North Iraq forced to flee to as a result of the Gulf War (1991)?
forced to flee across the Turkish-Iraqi border
*centrifugal
forces that tend to divide a country-such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences
*centripetal
forces that tend to unify a country-such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared idealogical objectives, and a common faith
centripetal forces
forces that tend to unify a country-such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and common faith
What are some of the factors leading to poverty issues?
foreign corporations dominate economy of poor countries, farms are unproductive, and a gendered legal system
*hierarchical diffusion
form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among most connected places or peoples
*contagious diffusion
form of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals and places are affected
*permafrost
frozen soil; contains methane
*religious extremism
fundamentalism carried to the point of violence
animal domestication
genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control
Alexander von Humboldt
geographer who helped bridge the gap between the work of the past and modern geography; Humboldt current named after him; current provides a lot of fish, but it is affected by global warming
Carl Ritter
geographer who helped bridge the gap between the work of the past and modern geography; first professor of geography at the University of Berlin; advocated searching for interconnections among things
*isogloss
geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs, but such a boundary is rarely a simple line
context
geographical situation in which something occurs; the combination of what is happening at a variety of scales concurrently
*What is the basis of Feng Shui?
geomancy
*heartland theory
geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by British geographer *Halford Mackinder* during the first 2 decades of the 20th century, that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world. Mackinder further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler would command the vast "heartland"/pivot area to the east
*What did the government of Kenya do to stimulate tea production?
give bonuses to men who owned title to land (even though women were ones working it)
*What are the 4 scales?
global, national, regional, and local
cognitive map
image of a portion of Earth's surface that an individual creates in his/her mind; can include knowledge of actual locations and relationships among locations as well as personal perceptions and preferences of particular places
agora
in Ancient Greece, public spaces where citizens debated, lectured, judged each other, planned military campaigns, socialized, and traded
*Wailing Wall
in Jerusalem
*How do identities affect each other?
in and across scales; the ways places and peoples interact across scales simultaneously affect identities within and across scales
*Dowry Deaths
in context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some extreme cases, led to the death of the bride
*authenticity
in context of local cultures or customs, accuracy with which single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs
*rank-size rule
in model urban hierarchy, idea that population of city/town will be inversely proportional to its rank in hierarchy
rank-size rule
in model urban hierarchy, idea that population of city/town will be inversely proportional to its rank in hierarchy
official language
in multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the court and government
ability
in the context of political power, the capacity of a state to influence other states or achieve its goal through diplomatic, economic, and militaristic means
*What are the costs of economic development?
industrialization (EPZs, maquiladoras, SEZs), agriculture (desertification), tourism
malaria
infectious disease spread by mosquitoes that carry the parasite in their saliva
*What are the three ways to measure development?
infrastructure (transportation and communication), productivity, and *dependency ratio*
*livestock fattening
injecting cattle with hormones and antibiotics or giving them large quantities of food to obtain the greatest quantity of high-quality meat
First Urban Revolution
innovation of the city, which occurred independently in 5 separate hearths
*perceptual region
intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena in human geography; ex: Fig. 1.20 on p.27
site
internal physical attributes of a place; including its absolute location, spatial character, and physical setting
*nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
international organization that operate outside of formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues
*geopolitics
interplay among geography, power, politics, and international relations on Earth's surface; used between 19th and 20th century to help determine foreign policy
*Operational boundary disputes
involve neighbors who differ over way border should function; dispute over the way it should function; ex: different limits on migration between 2 countries
rescale
involvement of players at other scales to generate support for a position or an initiative
*relocation diffusion
involves the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation, and who carry it to a new, perhaps distant, locale, where they proceed to disseminate it
*Singapore
island state, city state, micro state, entrepot (a port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution), sovereign state
*Madagascar is linguistically and culturally closer to _________________ than Africa.
islands on the East Coast of South Africa
*Why didn't the U.S. join the League of Nations?
isolationists in the Senate opposed joining it
*What is unique about the Griffin-Ford model?
it recognizes gentrification and disamenity sectors
*What produce a measure of a settlement's centrality?
its functions and economic reach
*female infanticide
killing of baby girls to avoid future dowries and bc of disempowerment of women
*hinterland
land behind city
*Nostratic
language believed to be the ancestral language, not only of Proto-Indo-European, but also of Kartvelian languages of southern Caucus region, the Uralic-Altaic language, Dravidian language of India, and Afro-Asiatic language family; discovered by Russians; language spoken before PIE
*Germanic languages
languages *(English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish)* that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to west and south
*Romance languages
languages *(French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese)* that lie in the areas that were once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed
*Slavic languages
languages *(Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian)* that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day rain close to 2000 years ago
*popular culture
large, incorporates heterogenous population; usually urban and experiences quickly changing cultural traits; cultural traits like dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western societies
*Academie Fracaise
law passed by French government in 1975 that banned the use of foreign words in advertisements, television and radio broadcasts, and official documents, unless no French equivalent could be found
*immigration laws
laws and regulations of the state designed specifically to control immigration into state
formal economy
legal economy that is taxed and monitored by government and is included in government's GNP; as opposed to an informal economy
*Definitional boundary disputes
legal language of boundary agreement; how they function
zoning laws
legal restrictions on land use that determine what type of building and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas
*Immigrant Reform and Control Act (1986)
legislation that gave amnesty and permanent residence to 2.6 million migrants who had been living in the U.S. for a long period of time; *under Reagan*
*Are goods offered in smaller central places more or less specialized?
less
*Is Peru a more or less mobile society? Is there a pattern of internal migration? If so, is the movement from rural to urban or urban to rural?
less mobile society; yes, there is a pattern of internal migration; rural to urban (ex: Lima)
stationary population level (SPL)
level at which national population ceases to grow
*What type of village consists of pasturelands and farms that lie just beyond a house and outbuildings, surrounded by a small garden?
linear village
*Land is farmed/used most extensively for...
livestock and cattle
structural adjustment loans
loans granted by international financial institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund to countries in periphery and semi-periphery in exchange for certain economic and governmental reforms in that country
*Which type of survey pattern is used in Louisiana-Mississippi Delta?
long-lot system
*Has there been a loss or increase in productive farmland?
loss
topophilia
love of place
*conquest theory
one major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe; holds that early speakers of PIE spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues
*Mexicali
one of the largest groups of Chinese in Mexico can be found just outside city of Mexicali; was uncontested center of Chinese life in the region for decades; although not a lot of Chinese live in Mexicali today, there is still evidence of Chinese influence there
Prince Henry the Navigator
one of the most important people in the history of geographic discovery; employed cartographers, geographers, astronomers, and other experts near his home close to the Portuguese city of Lagos; financed money-making expeditions to Africa; his experiments improved navigation through compasses and astrolabes and led to caravel
*Hinduism
one of the oldest religions in the modern world, dating back over 4,000 years, and originating in the Indus River Valley of what is today part of Pakistan; unique among world's religions in that it does not have a single founder, single theology, or agreement on its origins; one god (Brahman) with others as a variety of expressions of Brahman; follow Vedas
Eastern Orthodox Church (EOC)
one of the three major branches of Christianity; arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian into 4 governmental regions: 2 western regions centered in Rome and 2 eastern regions center in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). In 1054 CE, Christianity was divided along that same line when the EOC, centered in Constantinople, and the RCC, centered in Rome split
Roman Catholic Church (RCC)
one of the three major branches of Christianity; claims the most adherents of all Christian denominations (more than 1 billion); centered in Rome; teachers the infallibility of the Pope in interpreting Jesus' teachings and in formulating ways to navigate through the modern world
Protestant
one of the three major branches of Christianity; many adherents to RCC began to question the role of religion in their lives and opened the door to the Protestant Reformation; challenged many of the fundamental teachings of the RCC
slash-and-burn agriculture
one specific kind of shifting cultivation; reflects central role of controlled use of fire in places where the technique is used
*What did world cities play key roles in?
organizing space beyond their own national boundaries
Ellsworth *Huntington* and C.W. *Cushing*
originators of environmental determinism; suggested that the climate is the critical factor in how humans behave
*suburb
outlying , functionally uniform part of urban area, usually adjacent to central city
*What is the greatest challenge for ethnic neighborhoods?
outsiders migrating into their neighborhood
*How many refugees did the Iraqi War (2003-2014) generate? Where did they go?
over 2 million; to Syria and Iran
Maps to look at
p. 174 p. 178 p.181 (soda vs pop vs coke) p. 182-183
*modernization model (also known as ladder of development)
model of economic development most closely associated with work of economist *Walter Rostow*; maintains that all countries go through 5 interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of consumption
*structuralist theory
model of economic development; holds that difficult-to-change, large-scale economic disparities among countries or regions as result of historically derived power relations within global economic system; **imperialism; critique of modernization model**
*Urban realms model
model of the North American city in which each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework
*Paul Ehrlich
modern-day Malthus; said the same as Malthus; world population increasing too quickly and outpacing our food production
*remittances
monies migrants send home to family; money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often cash, forming an important part of the economy in poorer countries
*Is Christianity mono- or poly- theistic?
monotheistic
*Is Islam mono- or poly- theistic?
monotheistic
*Is Judaism mono- or poly- theistic?
monotheistic
*Are women becoming more or less prevalent in the government?
more
*What percentage of Americans live in cities?
more than 50%
*How many languages are there in India? Africa?
more than 600 in India; over 2,000 in Africa
T-O map
most common map of world; depicts round world w/ 3 continents separated and surrounded by water
*What limitations are placed on women in SubSaharan Africa?
most don't have legal title to their land, traditional banks do not lend money to rural women, land titles are not usually awarded to women, and young women do not get awarded with education because of fees and male supremacy throughout the families
Peru
most recent, 6th urban hearth, dating to 900 BCE
*nomadism
movement among a definite set of places-often cyclic movement; takes place according to travel patterns and are repeated; ex: people who permanently belong to the circus
*Sunbelt
movement from North to South or East to West; occurred widely in the last part of the 20th century
deterritorialization
movement of economic, social and cultural processes out of the hands of the states
Sun Belt Phenomenon
movement of millions of Americans from N and NE states to S and SW regions (sunbelt) of U.S.
*second urban revolution
movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing
cyclic movement
movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally
periodic movement
movement that involves temporary, recurrent location
*demographic transition
multistage model based on Western Europe's experience of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization
demographic transition
multistage model based on Western Europe's experience of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization
*model minority myth
myth that Asians are considered good, hardworking people who, despite their suffering through discrimination, harassment, exclusion, have found ways to prosper through peaceful means; stereotype as data shows people experience different levels of economic success
stateless nation
nation that does not have a state
unitary
nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state
*Why was there resistance to the EU and its creation?
nationalism
*Livestock ranching vs. livestock fattening
need more space for livestock ranching
*ethnic neighborhood
neighborhood, typically situated in larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs
*McMansions
new mansions that are supersized and have a similar look
*Eritrea
new state next to, and previously a part of, Ethiopia; Muslim
caravel
new type of ships with large sails and a pointed front to cut through the water; allowed for longer expeditions down the African coast and eventually into the Atlantic
*Do Parsis marry outsiders who aren't Parsi?
no
*Does rank-size rule apply to primate cities?
no
*Did Hinduism emerge with a prophet? book of scriptures?
no; no
*In the future who is expected to be the minority?
non-Hispanic whites
luxury crops
non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco
Why is it an issue when there is more older people than younger people?
not enough workers to pay for retirement and medical care of older people
*Rodney King riots
not just localized reactions to police brutality but reflected sweeping economic, political, and ethnic changes in South Central LA and beyond. The region in 1970 was 90% black. Now it is split almost evenly between black and Hispanic
*Columbian Exchange
not sure what will be asked, but hafter said there are questions on it, so I guess just study the picture (it's on slide 24)
global-local continuum
notion that what happens at a global scale that has a direct effect on what happens at a local scale, and vice versa; the idea posits that the world is comprised of an interconnected series of relationships that extend across space
*crude death rate
number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in a population
*crude birth rate
number of live births yearly per 1,000 people in a population
*majority-minority districts
packed districts in which a majority of the population is from the minority; reapportionment as a result of black people having voting rights; created districts where the majority of the people were minorities and were drawn to favor a minority
*ergot
parasite that results from wet grain
*hexagonal hinterlands
part of CPT; hexagons chosen by Christaller because circles would overlap or leave out certain areas
*region
particular areas; an area on earth's surface that is marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon
*What did the Tuareg of the Sahara who migrate to the higher lands in the summer and the valleys in the winter follow?
pastoral nomadism
*Peace of Westphalia
peace negotiated in 1648 to end the Thirty Years' War, Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion; contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined border, and guarantees of security
*What is the most expensive of UN activities/objectives?
peacekeeping
*What must be done to gain an authentic sense of place?
people need to experience the COMPLEXITY of a place DIRECTLY rather than the stereotype of a place
*Why is cultural appropriation a major concern for local cultures?
people outside the local culture often privatize the cultural knowledge of a local culture to accumulate wealth or prestige
*gravity model
predicts the interaction between places on the basis of population size and the distance between them; assumes that spatial interaction (such as migration) is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them; multiplication of two populations divided by the distance between them
*intervening opportunity
presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away; ex: Great Migration
*Where are Petroleum reserves in the Middle East concentrated?
primarily along the Persian Gulf states
megacities
primate cities in developing countries where the city has a large population, vast territorial extent, rapid in-migration, and strained, inadequate infrastructure
*sovereignty
principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic and political matters should rest with legitimate rulers of independent states; having recognized right to control a territory politically and militarily; power or control over a territory
*cultural appropriation
process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefits
*critical geopolitics
process by which geopoliticians deconstruct and focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians; emphasized deconstruction of spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of leading politicans; ideas were used to manipulate public opinion
*suburbanization
process by which lands that were previously outside of urban environment become urbanized as people and businesses from city move there
*succession
process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups
*assimilation
process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture; used to describe immigration adaption to new places of residence
*commodification
process through which something is given monetary value; process through which something that was previously not regarded as an objective to be bought or sold becomes an object that can be bought, sold, and traded in the world market
*selective immigration
process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds (i.e. criminal records, poor health, etc.) are barred from immigrating into a country
*core
processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world-economy
*periphery
processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less tech; and generate less wealth than core processes in the world-economy
*organic agriculture
production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers
*plantation agriculture
production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations established within tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives
one-child policy
program established by Chinese government in 1979 to slow population growth in China
microcredit program
program that provides small loans to poor people, especially women, to encourage development of small businesses
*What does modern development imply?
progress (usually technological and economic progress, but not in other senses (i.e. The Gods Must be Crazy (Bushmen)))
*Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
prohibited all immigration of Chinese laborers
*The 15th Amendment
prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." It was ratified on February 3, 1870, as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments
*mercantilism
promotion of commercialism and trade, protectionist policy of European states during 16th-18th century that promoted a state's economic position in the contest w/ other countries. the acquisition of gold and silver and the maintenance of a favorable trade balance (more exports than imports) were central to the policy; emerged with the colonial period
mercantilism
promotion of commercialism and trade;
*refugees
people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion; person who flees across international boundary because of well-founded fear of of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion
internally displaced persons
people who have been displaced within their own counties, but they do not cross international borders as they flee
*great migration
period of time after WWII when African Americans migrated North in large numbers to urban centers because of industrialization
voluntary migration
permanent movement undertaken by choice
sharecropper
person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops
*spatial
pertaining to space on the Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography
*Confucianism
philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of *Confucius* and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chines culture
spatial distribution
physical location of geographic phenomena across space; can be 1st step to understanding a phenomenon; how something is distributed across space
*island of development
place built by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure
*islands of development
place built by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure; places within a region or country where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated
*toponym
place name
sacred sites
places of spaces people infuse with religious meaning
gendered
places seen as being appropriate for women or for women; whether the place is designed for or claimed by men or women
*activity space
places we travel to routinely in our rounds of daily activity
*semiperiphery
places where core and periphery processes are both occurring
seed crops
plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds, more complex process, involving seed selection, sowing watering, and well-timed harvesting
hearth
point of origin
Russification
policy that sought to assimilate all the people in the soviet territory into Russian culture
federal
political-territorial system wherein a central government represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests--defense, foreign affairs, and the like--yet allows these various entities to retain their own identities and to have their own laws, policies, and customs in certain spheres
*state
politically organized territory with a permanent population, defined territory, and a government
*geometric boundary
poltical boundary defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) as a straight line or an arc; *ex: U.S. and Canada*
*What shape would the population pyramid of a poorer country be in? Wealthier Country?
poorer: bell shaped wealthier: rectangle shaped
*Do poorer countries have a higher IMR or lower? Wealthier countries?
poorer: higher wealthier: lower
natural increase
population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths; the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths
Samuel Huntington
posited the idea of an "Islamic World"
*Irish Potato Famine
potato was a major food staple in Ireland; potato crops failed (were rotten because of crop disease), so many Irish moved to NE U.S. (like Boston, Massachusetts)
*Segregation often occurs in areas with high rates of _________.
poverty
What are the major causes of malnourishment?
poverty, failure of food distribution systems (where food reaches needy, it's price may be unaffordable), and cultural and political practices that favor some groups over others
*blockbusting
practice where realtors would solicit white residents of neighborhoods to sell homes under the guise that neighborhood was going downhill because a black person or family moved in
guest workers
workers who migrate to more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs; migrants whom a country allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go "home" once the labor need subsides; have short term work visas and sent remittances to their home country
*How has the region of Southeast LA changed?
working-class white neighborhood (home to many large corporations) to Hispanic region (as corps. closed and whites fled)
*unilateralism
world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process
*pandemic
worldwide outbreak of a disease
Alvin Toffler
wrote ***"Future Shock"***; suggested we are entering an era characterized by the "end of geography"
Ptolemy
wrote complex geography go the world; felt Asia extended farther to the west from Europe than it actually does
Ptolemy
wrote complex geography of world; felt Asia extended farther to west form Europe than actually does
*What is most commonly grown in upper SE Asia?
yams, teas, citrus, rice, and beans
*Is Christianity a conversion oriented (proselytism) religion?
yes
*What is the symbol of Taoism?
yin-yang
*Islam
youngest of the major world religions; based on the teachings of Muhammad, born in Mecca in 571 CE. According to Islamic teaching, Muhammad received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations during which Muhammad spoke verses of Qu'ran (Koran), the Islamic holy book
*What is the major problem with the modernization model/ladder of development?
provides no larger context to development, dismisses forces that can influence development decisions within individual country
Goodes-Homosoline projection
pseudocylindrical, equal-area, composite map projection used for world maps. Normally it is presented with multiple interruptions. Its equal-area property makes it useful for presenting spatial distribution of phenomena
Homer Hoyt
published his *sector model*, partly as an answer to the limitations of the Burgess model; argued that the city grows outward from the center, so a low-rent area could extend all the way from CBD to city's outer edge
*Is diffusion occurring quicker or slower? Why?
quicker; social media
livestock ranching
raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts such as leader and wool
blockbusting
rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting outmigration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of properties
population explosion
rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase
*township-and-range system
rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmland of U.S. interior
*What is the prevailing survey system of the U.S.?
rectangular survey system
*gerrymandering
redistricting for the advantage, or the practice of dividing areas into electoral districts to give one political party an electoral majority in a large number of districts while concentrating the voting strength of the opposition in as few districts as possible; technique used by legislators when they redraw district boundaries for their party's advantage
*Four Asian Dragons
references highly free-market and developed economies of *Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan*; have exceptionally high growth rates
Bid-rent theory
refers to how the price and demand for real estate changes as the distance from the Central Business District (CBD) decreases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city centre. This is based upon the idea that retail establishments wish to maximize their profitability, so they are much more willing to pay more money for land close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area.
*time-space compression
refers to social and psychological effects of living in world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached high level of intensity; the likelihood of diffusion depends upon the connectedness (transportation and communication) among places
Mesopotamia
region of great cities (ex: Ur & Babylon) located between the Tigirs and Euphrates Rivers; chronologically 1st urban hearth, dating back 3500 BCE and founded in the fertile crescent
*epidemic
regional outbreak of a disease; disease particular to region or locality
*gentrification
rehabilitation of houses in older neighborhoods
*agricultural village
relatively small, egalitarian village where most of the population was involved in agriculture. people began to cluster in agricultural villages 10,000 years ago as they stayed in one place to tend their crops
*Christianity
religion based on the teachings of Jesus. According to Christian teaching, Jesus is the son of G-d, placed on Earth to teach people how to live according to G-d's plan
*Taoism
religion believed to have been founded by Lao-Tsu and based upon his book entitles "Tao-te-chin," or "Book of the Way." Lao-Tsu focused on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature
*Buddhism
religion founded in 6th c. BCE and *characterized by belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, esp. self-knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person* | splintered from Hinduism as a reaction to the strict social hierarchy maintained by Hinduism
*Judaism
religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one good. According to Jewish teaching, Abraham and G-d have a covenant in which the Jews agree to worship only one G-d, and G-d agrees to protect his chosen people, the Jews
universalizing religions
religions that actively seek converts because they view themselves as offering belief systems of universal appropriateness and appeal
*What were cities centered around before colonization?
religious core
*theocracy
religious government; combination of religion and state
*religious fundamentalism
religious movements whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy; taking sacred text literally, leads to extremism
reverse remittances
remittances from foreign lands to the U.S. when a smuggling migrant asks friends/family at home for money *ex: immigrants from Mexico may be underpaid and not make enough money to support their family in U.S., so their family in their home country sends them money
*Five Pillars of Islam
repeated expressions of the basic creed, frequent prayer, a month of daytime fasting, almsgiving, and, if possible, at least one pilgrimage to Mecca in one's lifetime
scale
representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization; the ratio of map distance to ground distance; indicated on a map as a bar graph, representative function, and/or verbal statement
Galactic City model
represents the post-industrial city with its several, dispersed business districts. This model represents a distinct decentralization of the commercial urban landscape as the economy has transitioned to services as the leading form of production. Manufacturing has declined significantly and become specialized.
*What does the sector model focus on?
residential patterns
*Boundaries often divide ___________.
resources
*What is most commonly grown in India?
rice and beans, palms (trees), hemp
territorial integrity
right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states
*greenbelts
rings of open space surrounding European cities like London to combat sprawl
*Sales of organic foods is on the _____
rise (esp. in Europe)
Huang He (Yellow) and Wei (Yangtze) Valleys
rivers in present-day China; at confluence of Huang and Wei Rivers where 4th urban hearth established around 1500 BCE
*Most cities were located on...
rivers/sea banks
colonialism
rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place; creates unequal cultural and economic relations
*What is the #1 migration flow in the world?
rural to urban
Fred Kniffen
said that housing was a good reflection of cultural heritage, fashion, functions and the environment: used American Housing; identified three hearths
*How did families in poor countries see young women? What did this lead to? Where did many of them go?
saw them as financial supporters; the migration of these women; many SE Asian women go to Middle East to do domestic work where they may get caught up in sex slavery
*Greece is a _______________ __________ that diffused _________________.
secondary hearth; urbanization
*Lamaism
sect of Buddhism in Tibet; Dalai Lama
*sequent occupance
sequential imprints of occupants, whose impacts are layered one on top of the other, each layer having some impacts on the next
*commodity chain
series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the market
*tertiary economic activity
service industries that connect producers to consumers and facilitate commerce and trade or help people meet their needs *(i.e. bankers, lawyers, doctors, nurses, teachers, sales people, clerks, and secretaries)*
*dialect chains
set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are more closely related
*language
set of sounds and symbols that is used for communication; allows us to use vast vocabularies to describe new experiences, ideas, and feelings; a set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication; *the crucial element in language is vocalization*
asylum
shelter from danger or hardship; right to protection from the first country in which the refugee arrives
Is doubling time growing or shrinking?
shrinking
*diaspora
signifies the spatial dispersion of members of any ethnic group
*What were the first tools used by humans?
simple clubs
*cartogram
simplified geometries to represent real world places; type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit w/ the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area
*What are factors that affect the development of cities and towns?
site and situation
*What percentage of people live in urban areas?
slightly more than 50%
*folk culture
small, incorporates a homogeneous population; typically rural, cohesive in cultural traits | cultural traits such as dress codes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities
*Which sports are the most popular worldwide?
soccer and rugby
*What are the indicators of sustainable development?
social cohesion, environmental responsibility, and economic efficiency **look at graph on slide 54**
space
social relations stretched out
*Agricultural villages formed as a result of ___________ _____________ and _________________ ____________.
social stratification and agricultural surplus
*vector
source of a disease
*export processing zones (EPZs)
special manufacturing export zones which offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to foreign firms
*Mediterranean agriculture
specialized farming that occurs only in areas where dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails; farming is intensive and highly specialized; a variety of crops are raised
*quaternary economic activity
specialized services concerned with information or the exchange of money or goods *(i.e. doctor, consultation, education, financial planning)*
*quinary economic activity
specialized services tied to research or higher education *(i.e. government, science, universities, nonprofit, healthcare, culture, and the media)*
*special economic zones (SEZ)
specific area within country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment
sense of place
state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character
*sense of place
state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with certain character
multinational state
state that contains 2 or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities
multi-ethnic state
state that contains more than one ethnicity
*Describe China's infrastructure's strength and weakness. How is China working to fix their weakness?
strength: more public rails in Shanghai than anywhere else in the world weakness: water and sewer lines; spending $60 billion to build a canal system (*South-North Water Transfer Project*)
Alexander von Humboldt
stressed careful observation of nature in the support of science and helped pave way for societal appreciation of scientific inquiry
*caste system
strict social segregation of people-specifically in India's Hindu society-on the basis of ancestry and occupation
*concentric zone model
structural model of *American central city* that suggests the existence of 5 concentric land-use rings arranged around a common center
*dependency theory
structuralist theory that offers critique of modernization model of development; based on idea that certain types of political and economic relates (esp. colonialism) between countries and regions of world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop; **critique of modernization model**
population composition
structure of population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status and education
Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford
studied South American city; *Griffin-Ford model/Latin American city model*; found S. Am. cities blend traditional elements of S. Am. culture w/ forces of globalization
*Louis Wirth
studied and created patterns for suburban areas
T.G. McGee
studied medium-sized cities of SE Asia and found that they exhibit similar land-use patterns; created *McGee model*
urban morphology
study of physical form and structure of urban places
*urban morphology
study of the physical form and structure of urban places
*Most of the world is involved in what type of agriculture?
subsistence agriculture
*What are the assumptions of the central place theory?
surface of ideal region would be flat and have no physical barriers, consistent soil fertility, population and purchasing power evenly distributed, region would have uniform transportation system, and *good/service cold be sold in all directions to a certain distance*
immigration waves
swells in migration from one origin to the same destination
*metes and bounds survey
system of land surveying East of the Appalachian Mountains; relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees; abandoned by U.S. Land Office Survey in favor of the rectangular survey system because of metes and bounds survey's imprecise nature
primogeniture
system where the eldest son in the family--or in exceptional cases, daughter--inherits all of a dying parent's land
territorial representation
system wherein each representative is elected from a territorially defined district
*genocide
systematic killing of a racial or cultural group; defined in the 1948 Convention on Genocide as acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group
ethnic cleansing
systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation
*Which societies more commonly have an official or standardized language?
technically advanced societies
*deep reconstruction
technique using vocab of an extinct language to recreate the language that proceeded the extinct language
What are the factors that are leading to a declining crude death rate?
technology in disease, more food, sanitation, industrialization
*fair trade
term for something that emphasizes small businesses
*maquiladoras
term given to zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to U.S. market. The low-wage workers in primarily foreign-owned factories assemble important components and/or raw materials and then export finished goods
*edge cities
term introduced by American journalist Joel Garreau to describe the shifting focus/urbanization in the U.S. away from CBDs toward new loci of economic activity at the urban fringe; characterized by extensive amounts of office and retail space, few residential areas, and modern buildings
commercial agriculture
term used to describe large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and latest technology
*Zoroastrianism
the 1st monotheistic religion; root of Judaism and Christianity
per capita GNI
the GNI of a given country divided by its population
*What was the first book printed using the printing press?
the Gutenberg bible
*hajj
the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad
*Martin Luther King Jr. toponyms are more common in ________, especially _________.
the South; Georgia
*What group took control of Afghanistan? How many Afghanis fled to Iran when this group came to power?
the Taliban; 2.5 million
pilgrimage
the act of travel when adherents voluntarily travel to a religious site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site
*cartography
the art and science of making maps, including data compilation, layout, and design
*Feng Shui
the art and science of organizing living spaces in order to channel the life forces that exist in nature in favorable ways
*material culture
the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by group of people
animistic religions
the belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers, and other elements of the natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth
*environmental determinism
the belief that the climate determines human behavior/human behavior is determined by its physical surroundings
*The official language of a country is usually the language of ___________.
the colonizer
synekism
the conditions that derive from dwelling together in a particular home, place, or space
time-distance decay
the declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source
connectivity
the degree of linkage between locations in a network
*residential segregation
the degree to which 2 or more groups live separately form one another, in different parts of an urban environment
*pattern
the design of a spatial distribution (e.g. scattered or concentrated); particular distributions
central business district (CBD)
the downtown heart of a central city; marked by high land values, concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings
*Barrioization
the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood
accessibility
the ease of reaching one location from another
*globalization
the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact; set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and accelerating interdepence across the national border
deportation
the expulsion from a country of an undesirable alien
Homer
the father of geography; wrote "The Illiad" and "The Odyssey" which describe many places around Mediterranean
*What is the pattern of religion in Nigeria?
the further North, the more Muslims; the further South, the more Christians
plant domestication
the genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention
*What did industrialization encourage?
the growth of cities near industrial resources
*What led to the end of absolutist monarchial rule?
the growth of the middle and merchant class
*What is a unique characteristic of the Indus River Valley?
the houses were equal in size (egalitarian/communial); leadership class but no evidence of class separation/difference on the cultural landscape
democracy
the idea that people are the ultimate sovereign-that is, the people, the nation, have the ultimate say over what happens within the state
*redlining
the illegal practice of denying services, either directly or through selectively raising prices, to residents of certain areas based on the racial or ethnic makeups of those areas
*secularism
the indifference to or rejection of formal religion; separation of church/religion from state/government
*landscape
the material character of a place, the complex of natural features, human structures, and other tangible objects that give a place a particular form; the overall appearance of an area. Most landscapes are comprised of a combination of natural and human-induced influences
distance
the measured physical space between 2 places
*movement
the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet
*Gross national income (GNI)
the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country
spatial interaction
the movement of people, goods, and ideas within and across geographic space; depends on the distances between places
*devolution
the movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state
*saltwater intrusion
the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers, which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources and other consequences.
*Zionism
the movement to unite the Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land
*aging index
the number of people aged 65 years and older per 100 children aged 0-14 years in a given population
*physiologic population density
the number of people per unit area of arable land
*What led to a lot of refugees coming from Afghanistan?
the outbreak of a civil war/the Soviet invasion
Subsaharan Africa
the part of Africa south of the Sahara Desert
*colonization
the physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land
*nativism
the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants
*arithmetic population density
the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square km's/mi's that make up the unit
*absolute locations
the position or place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude
*reapportionment
the process by which district are moved according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people
glocalization
the process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes
splitting
the process by which the majority and minority of populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts, as opposed to the result of majority-minority districts
Balkanization
the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or uncooperative with one another
commodification
the process of placing a price on a good, service, or idea and then buying, selling, and trading that item
*counterurbanization
the process when people move away from the CBD due to dissatisfaction with the urban policies and lifestyle
*What is the biggest concern of climatologists?
the rapid expansion of the Sahara Desert
*relative location
the regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places; the location of a place in relation to other human and physical features
*possibilism
the rejection of environmental determinism; the belief that the choices that society makes depend on what its members need and on what technology is available to them
*human-environment interaction
the relationship between humans and the physical world; reciprocal relationship between humans and the environment
*How is vitamin D related to race?
the same ultraviolet radiation intercepted by darkly pigmented skin also stimulate the body's production of vitamin D
*What improved food production and created a larger agricultural surplus?
the second agricultural revolution
neolocalism
the seeking out of regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to uncertainty of the modern world
activity space
the space within which daily activity occurs
*physical geography
the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of Earth's natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography
*cultural diffusion
the spreading of a culture; the process of dissemination when ideas, people, or goods move across space; the expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area
fieldwork
the study of geography by visiting places and observing the people that live there and how they react with the changes there
medical geography
the study of health and disease within a geographic context and from a geographic perspective. Among other things, medical geography looks at sources, diffusion routes, and distributions of diseases; mapping distribution of a disease
*human geography
the study of humans and their cultures, activities, and landscapes; how people make places, how we organize space and society, how we interact with each other in places and across space, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our localities, regions, and the world; the spatial analysis of human populations, it's cultures, activities, and landscapes
political geography
the study of the political organization of the world
ethnic cleansing
the systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation
*gross domestic product (GDP)
the total value of all goods and services produced within a country during a given year
*backward reconstruction
the tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language
*standard language
the variant of a language trait a country's political and intellectually elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life
*cultural landscape
the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape
*Where is Celtic still spoken?
the western edges of Eur like Breton in western Fr but is lost on the rest of the continent.
dot map
thematic maps that use points to show the precise locations of specific observations or occurrences, such as crimes, car accidents, or births
*world-systems theory
theory originated by *Immanuel Wallerstein* and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world
world-systems theory
theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world
*central place theory
theory proposed by *Walter Christaller* that explains how and where central places in urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another
central place theory
theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another
*Queer Theory
theory that highlights the contextual nature of opposition to the heteronormative and focuses on the political engagement of "queers" with the heteronormative
*What happened in Montserrat (Caribbean island)? Where did people immigrate to?
there was a huge volcano eruption that destroyed half of the island; went to North part of the island (wasn't destroyed) or to the U.S.
*What makes the Hutterites unique from other anabaptist groups? How do they differ from the Amish?
they are the only ones that live communally; they accept modern technology
*Where did the Chinese migrate throughout in the late 1800's and early 1900's? Why?
throughout SE Asia; to work in trade, commerce, and finance **map on p. 97
*doubling time
time required for a population to double in size
*What is the principal benefit of the self-sufficiency approach?
to promote balanced growth of all economic sectors but self-sufficiency policies have encouraged inefficient industries
*Monsanto
top agribusiness that produces GMOs
*minarets
tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier calls Muslims to prayer
*Which land pattern shows rectangular land division?
township-and-range
*Karma
transferability of the soul and reincarnation (rebirth of a soul in a new body)
commercialization
transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity
*basic infrastructure
transportation, communication, services (water and sewer)
kinship links
types of push/pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family or friends have already found success
regional scale migration
when migrants go to a neighboring country to take advantages of short-term economic opportunities, to reconnect with their cultural group across borders, or to flee political conflict of war
pidgin language
when parts of 2 or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary
*reterritorialization
when people within a place start to produce aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in context of their local culture and making it their own
*language convergence
when peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and the two languages collapse into one
*How did rust belts form? Where did they form?
when plants were abandoned; West from Pennsylvania to Chicago
*Bodhi Tree
where Buddha taught
*dollarization
whereby country's currency was abandoned in favor of the dollar
*Allocational boundary disputes
who gets what; ex: oil in subsoil, international boundaries at sea
*Colonial cities were characterized by....
wider streets and lower population density
developing
with respect to a country, making progress in technology, production, and socioeconomic welfare
reterritorialization
with respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own
*gender differences at home
women do most of cooking and cleaning and child care (for no pay)
*Are there more men or women in rural areas of SubSaharan Africa? Why?
women; men migrate to cities for work
*What is an exception to the modernization model?
Israel
*What determines population shifts in the U.S.? What has been found?
census; shifts to the Sunbelt is giving more representatives to the South; affects House of Representatives
*glyphosate (might only need to know for FRQ)
chemical in Roundup that has been linked to cancer
Eratosthenes
chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria; calculated planet's circumference (was only 15% off actual circumference)
*Distinguish which economic activities are more common in the core and in the periphery.
core - tertiary is more common than primary periphery - primary is more common than tertiary
map scale
"absolute" form of the scale concept; The ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on Earth's surface (large-scale map is one w/ ratio that is a comparatively large real number; small-scale map is one w/ a ratio that is a comparatively very small real number)
*Possible FRQs
*Hearths and Diffusion of Religion* - human IMPRINT (must include the word "imprint") on Earth's surface left by religions - p. 224-234 - slide 2 of Religion in the Cultural Landscape PowerPoint idk what else but there are going to be 5 options (we only have to choose one)
*isoline map
- a thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value - most common example is a topographic map, where each line represents a constant elevation - lines spaced close together indicate a rapidly changing value, whereas lines far apart indicate little change over space - isolines can be used to show other values that vary continuously over space such as temperature or population density
*What are the 5 things women in developing countries lack?
- access to school (no feeling of empowerment - legal rights - political power - wealth (access to loans) - land ownership rights
**POSSIBLE FRQ'S**
****From slide 24: Compare and contrast Rostow's ladder of development with Wallerstein's three-tier structure of the world economy.**** *****HDI***** - definition - millennium development goals (don't need to know all 8, only the first 3-4) - why ^^ goals weren't met (Wallerstein process still in action that affect goals (core doesn't want to give up power) ****Core-Periphery**** - factors that are present within core that make it core - factors within periphery that make it periphery - how did countries become core - how did countries become periphery - make sure to mention examples & imperialism (one country's domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country), colonialism (the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically) *Modernization Model* - assumptions of model (in quizlet) - critique it (also in quizlet (as major problem of model)) - what it leads to - example of country that doesn't follow this model: Israel (i.e. began trying to trade when it first became state (doesn't fit first stage)) *Classical Liberalism, Progressivism, and Neoliberalism* - **slide 15 - classical liberalism ---> current conservatives (believe in less government) - progressivism ---> current liberals *Barriers to Economic Development* - list and describe 4 barriers - mention Syria (being bombed by Russia, affects Turkey) *Vectored Diseases* - definition of ^ - malaria (def. and examples of it) - other diseases besides malaria (i.e. zika virus) *Commodity Chain* - define ^^ - how core countries extract material with high profits in mind bc periphery country has low costs and low taxes - harms sustainable development
*Backward reconstruction vs Deep reconstruction
*Backward* - focuses on consonants; reconstructs language from based based on sound shifts *Deep* - looks at vocab for commonly used words *BOTH* find origin
*What is an example of fundamentalism in Christianity? Judaism? Islam?
*Christianity* - Second Vatican Council began to liberalize the Catholic Church - *Mel Gibson* - part of the Holy Family Church which does not recognize the Pope and is not recognized by the Vatican; opponents of the second Vatican Council *Judaism* - *Rabbi Kahane* - extremist; banned from Israel; Islamophobic; linked to anti-Islamic terrorism *Islam* - jihad used by terrorists to promote a Holy War and a fight against the west (esp. U.S.) - Wahhabi Islam: extremist Muslims, view the West as enemies of Muslims
*POSSIBLE FRQ'S*
*Colonialism and Effect on Languages* - slide 15 - colonizers forced their language *Toponyms* - define toponym - give 4 different types of toponyms (describe them) with a local example for each - Descriptive: Haulover (mail guy had to *haul* mail from Golden Beach over rocks to Sunny Isles) OR Miami (Native American term for "sweet water") - Associative: Mineola (Mineola orange) - Commemorative: St. Petersburg, Fort Lauderdale - Shift: Naples *Theories behind discovering the hearth of PIE* - slide 20 - Where is the hearth and how it spread? - dispersal hypothesis (define and describe) - conquest theory (define and describe)
*Possible FRQ's
*GMOs/Third Agricultural Revolution* - definition of GMOs and Third Agricultural Revolution - look at links on website - glyphosate - Monsanto handouts *Bee Colony Disorder/Colony Collapse Disorder* - causes - look at links on website - might be a part of Climate Change FRQ instead of its own FRQ, I'm not sure *Climate Change* - background info - causes - BCD/CCD might be a part of this instead of its own FRQ, I'm not sure - effects - permafrost - saltwater intrusion - look at links on website *Cattle* - slides 43-46 - where cattle exists - livestock fattening - ergot - industrial agriculture - cattle and culture - Meatrix and Veggie Wars notes *Von Thünen Model* *assumptions: - cost of transportation increases as the distance from the center increases - perishables are grown closer to the center - no barriers to transportation to market - terrain was flat - soils and other environment conditions are the same everywhere - agriculture is for commercial purpose *critiques: - outdated because after WWII, more technology in transportation allowed for more perishables to travel longer distances - i.e. doesn't work in India because mostly subsistence farming in India, not commercial
*Possible FRQ's
*Hearths of Urbanization* - 6 hearths of urbanization - different characteristics of hearths (i.e. existence of and presence of leadership class on cultural landscape, types of homes, walls, etc.) *Urbanization* - definition of urbanization http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/06/urbanisation/html/urbanisation.stm - ^^ Three Questions from these maps: 1. How has the world's urban population changed in the last 50+ years? 2. Where does urban growth appear to be growing the fastest? 3. What might we be unable to see about urban population growth in these maps? - urban population changes in past ___ years - include environmental impact (Anthropocene: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/03/age-of-man/kolbert-text *Urban Revolutions* - compare the first urban revolution with the modern revolution - second urban revolution and/or second agricultural revolution ^^IS EITHER COMBINED WITH OR SEPARATE FROM... *Industrial Revolution* - industrial revolution and the consequences of it - know where, what, when, why - know about second agricultural revolution *City Models* - recognize look, describe model, and give an example of a city for each model - split up into region - urban realm model is most complex model and why (CBD is surrounded by central city surrounded by haphazardly created municipalities/realms with edge cities) *Urban Land Use* - bid-rent theory definition - land values and rent go up as you go closer to the CBD - ex: gas near Disney & Universal, South Beach, Sawgrass - agglomeration definition - deglomeration definition - maybe gravity model
*Possible FRQ's
*Local and Popular Cultures (slide 11)* - definition of each - find 1-3 concrete examples *Ethnic Neighborhoods (slide 23)* - definition - examples of ethnic neighborhoods: Hassidic Jews (NY), Little Italy (NY), Little Sweden (Kansas), Little Havana (FL), Little Haiti (FL), Chinatown (NY) - choose one example & describe the traditions, customs, and traits that set the ethnic group and its neighborhood apart from the popular culture - internal and external threats to the local culture of the ethnic neighborhood ex: outsiders migrating into neighborhood, marrying outsiders of ethnic neighborhoods *Authenticity (slide 31)* - What is the last place you went to or the last product you purchased that claimed to be "authentic?" What are the challenges of defending the authenticity of this place or product while refuting the authenticity of the other similar places or products? *Reterritorialization (slide 40)* - Think of your favorite local bands. In what ways do the music, attitudes, styles, and lyrical references of the band reflect local culture? In what ways does the band attempt to reterritorialize popular culture in the local context? - can be about hip hop - Phish, Dave Matthews, and Merchants of Cool (Look-Look)? - hip hop can also be any of the thinking geographically questions from the powerpoint
Thomas Malthus
*Malthusian theory*; warned that world's population was increasing faster than food supplies needed to sustain it; reasoned that food supplies grew linearly, wheres population grew exponentially; assumed food production is confined spatially; theory did not hold true bc he didn't foresee how globalization would aid the exchange of agricultural goods across world
POSSIBLE FRQ'S
*Movement* - difference between cyclic movement and periodic movement - know definitions of each and examples of each - similarity: both involve returning home - D.C. commuters can travel up to 100 miles in any direction - 10 million Americans are a part of the military - read about in textbook (p. 82-85) *American Immigration Policies/Laws* - starting in the late 19th century with Chinese - more liberal after WWII - policies of Carter (more liberal) vs. Reagan (more discriminatory) (already in quizlet) - selective immigration - controversy with 11 million illegal immigrants - American immigration policies focus on terrorists after 9/11 - quotas - selective immigration - read about in textbook (p. 108-110) look at "Thinking Geographically"s in PowerPoint
*Who was the founder of Buddhism?
*Prince Siddhartha* (also known as Buddha or the Enlightened One)
*What are the top ten language in the United States (besides English)? *focus on top 3 or 4*
*Spanish, Chinese, French, German,* Tagalog, Vietnamese, Italian, Korean, Russian, and Polish
*unitary government vs. federal system
*Unitary* - designed to ensure central parts of the government's authority on all parts of state - capital city = focus of power - suppresses regional subcultures/does not encourage diversity - ex: France *Federal* - state systems - regions have some control - shared power system - ex: U.S.
*three-tier structure
*Wallerstein's* division world into core, periphery, and semiperiphery that helps explain interconnections between places in global economy
Ernest Burgess
*concentric zone model* based on his studies of Chicago
Walt Rostow
*modernization model*: maintains that all countries go through 5 interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of consumption *you might have to know the stages
Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman
*multiple nuclei model*; their model recognizes CBD losing its dominant position as single nucleus of urban area
*Creole language
*pidgin language* that has developed a more complex structure and vocab and has become the native language of a group of people
Von Thünen
- Von Thünen model - nearest the town, farmers produced commodities that were perishable and commanded high prices (i.e. dairy products and strawberries). In the next ring crops were less perishable and bulkier (i.e. wheats & other grains). Still farther out, livestock raising began to replace field crops.
*POSSIBLE FRQ's
*starting with this test, FRQs now need a thesis statement* *Boundaries* (p. 272-275) - Thinking Geographically: People used to think physical-political boundaries were always more stable than geometric boundaries. Through the studies of many places, political geographers have confirmed that this idea is false. Construct your own argument explaining why physical-political boundaries can create just as much instability as geometric boundaries. - ^^ p. 274 OR - know definitions of boundary, geometric boundary, and physical political boundary (in quizlet) - types of boundary disputes (in quizlet) - how boundaries are established (in quizlet) *Devolution* (p. 265-272) - Thinking Geographically: Choose an example of a devolutionary movement and consider which geographic factors favor, or work against, greater autonomy (self-governance) for the region. Would granting the region autonomy strengthen or weaken the state in which the region is currently situated? OR - spatial devolution: devolution forces enhanced by distance and remoteness (i.e. Hawaii and other islands) - definition of devolution (in quizlet) - examples of countries that have experienced devolutionary pressures (in quizlet) *Supranationalism* (p. 278-286) - definition of supranational organization - examples of supranational organizations and regional supranational organizations - evolvement of UN and of EU - supranationalism affect on state
*What are some characteristics of Judaism?
*synagogue (place of worship)*, domes, menorahs, yarmulke
*sustainable development
*the idea that resources should be conserved so people living today can meet needs without limiting the ability of future generations to do the same*; seeks to relieve poverty, create equitable standards of living, satisfy the basic needs of all peoples, produce sustainable economic growth and establish sustainable political practices all while taking the steps necessary to avoid irreversible damages to natural capital in the long term in turn for short term benefits by reconciling development projects with the regenerative capacity of the natural environment
*Church of Holy Sepulcher
*tomb of Christ*; site of Christ's first miracle; in Jerusalem
Immanuel Wallerstein
*world-systems theory*: 1. The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. 2. Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy. *3. The world economy has a three-tier structure (core, periphery, and semi-periphery)*
*How many waves of colonialism were there? When? What did each focus on?
- 2 waves - 1st wave: 1500-1800; focused on decolonization of the Americas - 2nd wave: 1850-1945; focused on decolonization of Africa and Asia
*What are the characteristics of the multiple nuclei model?
- CBD is losing its dominance as the single nucleus of a city - Neighborhoods develop their own markets and function almost as independent cities - Universities surrounded by pizza restaurants, fast-food restaurants, and coffee shops. - Most of the urban areas of the United States follow the MNM - MNM most likely associated with edge cities
*What are the characteristics of the concentric zone model?
- CBD is the focus of the city's social, commercial, and civic life - Zones grow in circle over time - As city spreads Zones develop - Land near center most valuable (bid-rent) - suggests that the farther a neighborhood is from the central business district, the greater its wealth is
*shapes of states
- COMPACTED (small and centralized) ex: France, Brazil, Poland - ELONGATED (long and narrow) ex: Chile, Russia - FRAGMENTED (separated by a physical or human barrier, i.e. group of islands) ex: Indonesia - PRORUPT/PROTRUDED (has a long extension, or an extended arm of territory) ex: Thailand - PERFORATED (state that completely surrounds another) ex: South Africa surrounds Lesotho, Senegal surrounds The Gambia
*What are the urban functions?
- Centers of Political Power - Higher education - Technological innovation - Modern Culture - Great Markets - Specialization
*reference map
- a map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigation -used to navigate between places and include topographic maps, atlases, road maps, and other navigational maps
*Toponyms change....
- after decolonization - after a political revolution - to memorialize people or events - to commodify or band a palce
*What are the levels of development?
- First World: industrialized, service-based economies - Second World: Communist/centrally planned economies - Third World: mainly agricultural, resource-based economies - Fourth World: Third World states that have experienced some sort of economic crisis. - Fifth World: Third World states that lack a functioning economy and have no formal national government.
*GPS vs. GIS
- GPS: an integrated network of satellites that orbit the earth, broadcasting location information, in terms of latitude and longitude, to handheld receivers on the earth's surface - GIS: software program that allows geographers to map, analyze, and model spatial data; uses thematic layers, consisting of individual maps that contain specific features such as roads, stream networks, or elevation contours
*List the leading colonial influences and their colonies. (map p. 260-261)
- Great Britain: U.S., Canada, parts of Africa, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Burma, Malaysia, Belize - France: parts of Africa - Italy: Libya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia - Portugal: Brazil, Angola - Spain: Mexico, South America, Central America, Western Sahara - Dutch (Netherlands): Indonesia, Suriname
*What are the characteristics of the sector model?
- Grow out in pie Shape - Sectors grow along interstates, rivers etc. - *Focus on residential patterns* - urban growth conforms to sectors radiating out from the downtown along such transportation routes as bus and train lines
*What are the features of African cities?
- Imprint of European colonies visible in African Cities - Have Prominent urban centers - Can have 3 CBD's: European, Informal, and Formal
*What can be found from looking at the world from a northern polar projection?
- LDCs appear to be located in peripheral locations - Northern Hemisphere is mainly MDCs
*Cities in communist Europe are marked by...
- Multi story concrete apartment buildings - Microdistricts, with a huge dominant square at the center of a city and wide, radiating avenues fronted by ugly apartment blocks (i.e. Bucharest, Romania)
*Major religious regions of the United States
- New England: Catholic - South: Baptist - Upper Mid West: Lutheran - Pennsylvania: German Lutheran - Mountain West (Utah, Idaho, etc.): Mormon - Southern Louisiana: French Catholic
*Which ethnic group from Yugoslavia is with which religion?
- North (Slovenia): Catholic - Croatia: Muslim - Serbia: Eastern Orthodox, Cyrillic alphabet - Montenegro: Eastern Orthodox, Cyrillic alphabet - Kosovo: Albanian Muslim
*Italy
- Northern League: organization that wants independence from Italy; wants Padania near Po River; represents well developed, wealthier, industrial region - Souther Region (Mezzogiorno): agricultural - core-periphery conflict (North = core, South = periphery)
*What are some features of Southeast Asian cities?
- Rapidly urbanizing - Focal point is the old port (colonial) - No Formal CBD's - Western Commercial Zone and Chinese merchant zones - Promoted economic growth through Western investment and trade - squatter areas in subrubs
*What are some features of Latin American cities?
- Rapidly urbanizing - Thriving CBD (traditional and traditional market) - High rise sector - Commercial Spine - Disamenity Sectors
*boundary origin
- SUBSEQUENT: created as a result of a long term process - SUPERIMPOSED: boundary forced upon those who live there - RELICIT: boundary that ceases to exist - ANTECEDENT: created before the present day cultural landscape developed
*What can the gravity model be used to estimate?
- Traffic Flows - Migration between two areas - The number of people likely to use one central place
*What are some countries that experienced devolution? From where?
- UK: Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales - France: Basque, Corsica - Spain: Basque, Catalonia, Galicia - Italy: Padania, Sardinia, South Tyrol - Belgium: Walloons and Flemish - Netherlands: Fryslan - Sweden: Scania - Norway: Finnmark (Saamia) - Romania: Transylvania - Ukraine: Russian sphere, Crimea (now part of Russia) - Canada: Quebec - *U.S.: Hawaii* - *China: Tibet*
*Suburban areas in U.S. vs. Europe
- US suburban areas: relatively low crime rates and good schools - European suburban areas: more crime and poorer schools than in the cities.
*Azimuthal projection
- planar projections, meaning they are formed when flat piece of paper is placed on top of the globe and a light source projects the surrounding areas onto the map - typically, the North Pole or South Pole is oriented at the center of the map, giving an impression of looking up or down at the earth - Shows the Earth so that a straight line from the central point to any other point on the map corresponds to the shortest distance between two points - sizes and shapes are distorted
*Mercator projection
- preserves accurate compass direction but distorts area of landmasses relative to each other - landmasses become increasingly distorted, or large in size, at high latitude near the North and South Poles - originally created by projecting the earth's features onto a cylinder, which results in lines of latitude becoming parallel rather than intersecting leading to tremendous distortion at the poles
*What are some concerns of suburban areas?
- privatization of public spaces - they do nothing to break down the social conditions that create social ills of the cities - they work against urban sprawl - Stores, workplaces, and services not within walking distance
Ernst Ravenstein
- proposed *laws of migration* to answer the question of why people voluntarily migrate: 1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration. 2. The majority of migrants move a short distance. 3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations. 4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. 5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults. - posited inverse relationship between volume of migration and distance between source and destination (early observation of gravity model)
Gearoid O'Tuathail and John Agnew
- refer to international "actors" in the most powerful states, the core states, as "intellectuals of statecraft" - O'Tuathail focused on American geopolitical reasoning--examining speeches and statements by U.S. intellectuals of statecraft; drew attention to American leaders spatializing politics by using "us" and "them"
Torsten Hagerstrand
- revealed how time, as well as distance, affects individual human behavior and the diffusion of people and ideas (time distance decay) - developed a model of diffusion
topographic map
- show the contour lines of elevation, as well as the urban & vegetation surface w/ road, building, river, & other landscape features - maps that use isolines to represent constant elevations
*site vs situation
- site: absolute location/static location - situation: relative location; city's place in region and world around it
*site vs. situation
- site: refers to the physical and cultural features of a place, independent of other places around it - situation: describes a place's relationship to other places around it
*Cultural landscape of a village reflects...
- social stratification - differentiation of buildings
*Shenzhen, China
- special economic zone (SEZ) in China - was rural fishing village that grew rapidly and became urban and major metropolitan in 25 years
*state vs nation
- state: country; legal term; politically organized territory with a permanent population, defined territory, and a government - nation: culturally defined term; people within a state's borders (i.e. people who live in Germany); a group of people who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history, and who seek some degree of political-territorial autonomy
George Perkins Marsh
- studied relationship between humans and the environment - focused primarily on local and regional changes
Jon Beaverstock and Peter Taylor
- studied which cities provide producer services (Integral to the processes of globalization) in the areas of banking, law, advertising, and accounting - produced an inventory of world cities; delineated 10 Alpha, 10 Beta, and 35 Gamma world cities (Alpha cities: London, Paris, NY, Tokyo, Chicago, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, LA, Milan, and Singapore)
*What are some characteristics of Mesoamerica?
- temples - theocratic (rulers had divine authority)
Walter Christaller
- wrote classic urban geography study to explain where cities, towns, and villages are likely to be located - *central place theory* - attempted to develop a model to predict how and where central places in the urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed - assumptions (probably, hopefully, don't have to know this, but just in case): surface of ideal region would be flat and have no physical barriers, soil fertility would be same everywhere, population and purchasing power would be evenly distributed, region would have uniform transportation network to permit direct travel from each each settlement to the other, and, from any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance
*What are the zones of the concentric zone model?
- zone 1: CBD - zone 2: transition - zone 3: blue-collar labor force homes - zone 4: middle-class homes - zone 5: suburban ring
**How many people in the world are malnourished?
1 billion people or 1/7 of the world (most are women and children)
*1 in _______ marriages end in divorce in India?
1,000
*What are the steps to establishing a boundary?
1. *define* boundary in a *legal document or treaty* 2. *delimit* boundary by *drawing it on a map (done by a cartographer)* 3. *demarcate* boundary by *marking it on the ground (i.e. fence, wall)* 4. administrate borders; *done by state efforts* (part of demarcating the boundary)
convergence of cultural landscapes
1. Particular architectural forms and planning idea have diffused around the world. Ex: skyscrapers 2. Individual business and products have become so widespread that they now leave a distinctive landscape stamp on far flung places Ex: Hard rock café in Germany 3. The wholesale borrowing of idealized landscape images Ex: The Venetian Hotel on the Las Vegas strip is built to resemble Venice, Italy
*What are the top 5 urban sprawl cities in U.S.? (be able to recognize what isn't a top urban sprawl city)
1. Riverside-San Bernardino, CA 2. Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC 3. Raleigh-Durnham, NC 4. Atlanta, GA 5. Greenville-Spartanburg, SC
*What are the 3 points of the World Systems Theory?
1. World economy has one market & global division of labor 2. Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within context of the world economy (since 1900) 3. The world economy has a three-tier structure (core, periphery, semiperiphery)
Housing is influenced by...
1. building materials available ex: log cabins, sod homes, adobe homes versus popular housing which will move the material and architecture without emphasis on environment. 2. social/environmental customs of the people ex: in South Central Java the front door faces south the direction of the South Sea Goddess who holds the key to the Earth, Houses on the Charleston Battery are slanted towards the breeze coming from the Atlantic Ocean. Florida homes have shutters on the Hurricane force side of the building.
*What is the urban hierarchy in terms of size?
1. hamlet 2. village 3. town 4. city 5. metropolis 6. megalopolis
*Language diffused through
1. human interaction 2. *print distribution* (print press; most important one) 3. migration
*What are the 5 stages of demographic transition?
1. low growth 2. increasing growth 3. population explosion 4. decreasing growth 5. declining population
*What are the five stages of demographic transition?
1. low growth *(high CBR and high CDR)* 2. increasing growth 3. population explosion 4. decreasing growth 5. declining population *(low CBR and low CDR)*
*What are the stages of the modernization model/ladder of development?
1. society is *traditional*, dominant activity is *subsistence farming*, rigid social structure, tech = slow to change 2. *preconditions of takeoff*: *new leadership class* moves country toward greater flexibility, openness, and diversification 3. *takeoff*: *country experiences something like industrial revolution* and sustained growth takes hold; urbanization increases, *industrialization* proceeds, and technological and mass-production breakthroughs occur 4. *Drive to maturity*: *tech diffuses*, *industrial specialization occurs*, and international trade expands; modernization in key areas, population growth slows 5. *high mass consumption*: *high incomes and widespread production of many goods and services*; majority of workers enter service sector of economy
*How many Americans are a part of the military?
10 million
*The 1st urban revolution was around ________ years ago.
10,000
*How old is farming?
10,000 to 12,000 years old
*D.C. commuters can travel up to ______ miles in any direction.
100
*How many illegals are in the U.S.?
11 million
*How old is fishing?
12,000 to 15,000 years old
*Around when did capitalism emerge? What did it mark?
1450; the end of the medieval period and the beginning of modern
*How many principal language families are there in the world?
15
*Most countries in the western hemisphere gained independence between _______ and ________.
1750-1939
In what year did the world population reach 1 billion?
1820
*What percentage of Latin America is sparsely populated hinterlands?
80%
*As of 2006, how many countries are in the UN?
192
*In the ______ (<---year) election in __________________ women were able to gain more legislative seats.
1994; South Africa
*When did Scotland establish its own parliament?
1997
*Benelux
1st REGIONAL supranational organization; consisted of *Be*lgium, *Ne*therlands, and *Lux*embourg; emphasis on/encouraged free trade and limited tariffs; origin of the EU
*Friedrich Ratzel
1st political geographer; German professor that created the organic theory of politics (lebensraum (living space; used by Hitler to justify his actions))
*League of Nations
1st supranational organization; proposed by President Woodrow Wilson
*What is the necessary TFR to reach replacement levels (to keep the population stable over time without immigration)?
2.1
*What is the average annual rainfall in regions with high concentrations of cattle?
20 inches
*What is the approximate total number of countries and territories in the world?
200
*In the U.S., a village becomes a town when the population reaches ________.
2500 people
Nile River Valley
2nd urban hearth, dating to 3200 BCE
*____% of all websites are in English.
85%
What percentage of India is Hindu??
85%
*98% of Egypt's population lives on ___% of land.
3%
What is Bangladesh's rural population?
3-5 thousand (dense country)
*What percentage of Haiti's GNP comes from remittances?
30%
*When did people start living in cities?
3500 BCE
Indus River Valley
3rd urban hearth, dating to 2200 BCE
*What percentage of Africa is urban?
40%
China and India's population are equal to what percentage of the world's population growth?
40%
*How many language are there in the world?
5,000-7,000
*How many languages are spoken in Nigeria?
500
Mesoamerica
5th urban hearth, dating to 200 BCE
*On average Americans move every ___ years.
6
After 1948, when land was divided into 2 states (Israel and Palestine), ___________ Palestinian Arabs fled or were pushed out of newly-designated Israeli territories.
600,000
*What percentage of AIDS is in Subsaharan Africa?
68%
*_____% of internet content is in English.
68%
*How many women were victims of dowry deaths in 2001?
7,000
*Women in SubSaharan Africa produce ___% of the regions food?
70%
About ____________ Jews migrated to then-_____________ between 1900-1948.
700,000; then-Palestine
*What is the percentage of the population of India that is involved in the farming industry?
76%
*Who was the founder of Judaism?
Abraham
*HIV/AIDS rates are highest for women in urban areas who are sex workers except in ____________, where rates were lower for women>
Accra, Ghana
What percentage of people live in urban areas in Asia? Europe?
Asia: 40-50% Europe: 70%
*What is the leading political party in South Africa?
African National Congress
*Which provinces in Canada have the most Hutterites?
Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba
*Which countries are members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)?
Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela
*Which countries had policies of forced assimilation during the 20th century?
America, Canada, Australia, Russia, and New Zealand
*Norman Borlaug
American biologist, humanitarian and Nobel laureate who has been called *"the father of the Green Revolution"*
*Carl Sauer
American geographer who focused attention on how ideas, specifically the innovation of agriculture, spread and established that MesoAmerica independently invented agriculture, adding it to the hearths of agriculture in Europe, Africa, and Asia
*Peters projection
An equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally. - cylindrical projection that retains accurate sizes of all the world's landmasses - reveals how large landmasses near the equator actually are - often viewed as a political statement--an attempt to focus attention on the world's poorest countries
*What is the dominant North African language?
Arabic
*Where does cattle exist/is more prevalent?
Argentina (Argentine Plain Region; feed lots), U.S. (Midwest and Great Plains), Mongola, UK, India, Europe (map sl. 43)
*Where can nomadism still be found? Give examples. Is nomadism increasing or dwindling?
Asia and Africa; dwindling Ex: Berbers in North Africa Bedouins in the Middle East Gypsies in Europe
*The predominant lang spoken on Madagascar belongs to the ______________ family.
Austronesian
*Which place is a refuge for Hindu holymen? Why?
Bali; Islam took over Java
*Which area has the lowest rate of residential segregation for Hispanics/Latinos and Asians in the U.S.?
Baltimore, Maryland
*________________ marginalized Khoisan language family which is now confined to __________.
Bantu migrations; SW Africa
*What ARBITRARILY split up Africa?
Berlin Conference
*What is the location of the Buddhist pilgrimage?
Bodh Gaya, India
*Where were the bulk of slaves sent? Where were the least amount of slaves sent?
Brazil and Caribbean (British and French); British North America and Danish Caribbean map p.86
*What does the term "black" refer to in the following countries/regions: Britain, Russia, and Latin America (esp. Brazil)?
Britain: refers to Africans, Afro-Carib, and Indians Russia: Caucasians (people in Caucus Mountains) Latin America (esp. Brazil): poor people in lowest class are considered "black"
*What is the only country in the Western hemisphere that had a serious refugee problem before 2000?
Colombia (3.4-4.9 million)
*Ernst Ravenstein
British demographer who studied internal migration in England and propose the laws of migration; also created gravity model; look at: http://www.slideshare.net/geographyalltheway/geography-ravensteins-laws-of-migration
*What are 2 current examples of absolute monarchies?
Brunei and Saudi Arabia
*Who was the first religious leader to criticize the caste system?
Buddha
*Which eastern religion seeks converts?
Buddhism
*stupa
Buddhist shrine; stupa in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
*pagoda
Buddhist temple or sacred building, typically a many-tiered tower, in India and East Asia.
*What is the most segregated large metropolitan area for Asians in the U.S.?
Buffalo/Niagara Falls, New York
*What is the next tier of countries from which most refugees come from?
Burundi and Sudan
*What is the difference between cyclic movement and periodic movement? How are they similar? Give examples of each. POSSIBLE FRQ
CYCLIC: movement away from home for a short period of time; movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally; ex: commuting, seasonal movement (snow birds from north coming south to places like Florida), nomadism, vacations PERIODIC: movement away from home for a longer period of time; movement that involves temporary, recurrent location; ex: migrant labor, transhumance, military service SIMILARITY: both involve returning home
immigration policies of Carter vs. Reagan
Carter: more liberal policies towards Haitians and Cubans Reagan: more discriminatory policies. Coast Guard would stop boats, interrogate them to see if leaving for fear (favored Cubans who left because of Castro, while Haitians left for economic hardship); wet foot-dry foot policy
*What is the hearth of the Indo-European language?
Caucus Mountains/Eastern Turkey
*What is driving the economy of East Asia and the rest of the world in the 21st century?
China
*Which country has the most SEZs?
China
*What is the largest and most widely dispersed religion?
Christianity
*What is the largest proselytizing religion in the world?
Christianity
*Which faiths cross over country boundaries?
Christianity, Islam, Judaism
*What are the universalizing regions?
Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism
*What is the largest religion? the 2nd largest religion?
Christianity; Islam
global language
Common language of trade and commerce used around the world
*Which city in Chile is on the ring of fire and is prone to earthquakes?
Concepcion
*What is the hearth of Eastern Orthodox Christianity?
Constantinople
*multilingual states
Countries in which more than one language is in use
*monolingual states
Countries where almost everyone speaks the same language
*Fidel Castro
Cuban dictator; expelled more than 125,000 Cubans in the "Mariel Boatlift" (most went to Miami)
*What are 2 examples of sequent occupance?
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Zanzibar
other stuff hafter told us in the beginning of class
Dave Matthews Band college and in university of Virginia - contagious at first and then hierarchical mixed martial arts popular in Brazil led to ufc in U.S. North America (movies, TV), Western Europe (fashion, art), Japan (children's tv and toys and electronics), India (movies), and South Korea (tv dramas and music) = greatest influence on pop culture (slide 53) Fred Kniffen said that housing was a good reflection of cultural heritage, fashion, functions and the environment types of homes: middle Atlantic, lower Chesapeake, and New England
*What is the Islamic city that has best captured the idea of globalism with modern skyscrapers and trade advantages?
Dubai
*In the Benelux countries is there a greater attachment to their actual state or to the EU?
EU
*What are the three (3) largest population clusters in the world?
East Asia, South Asia, Eurasia
*Is Ethiopia Eastern Orthodox or Roman Catholic?
Eastern Catholic
*Did other Eastern European countries accept or reject the Soviet Union's places to put central planning in place? Why or why not?
Eastern European countries rejected the Soviet plan because they had experienced central planning before; did not have efficient agricultural practices; had to import food from other regions, orders sent from the government were often not put into effect, much pollution
*What is an example of dollarization?
El Salvador in 2001: colon was abandoned in favor of dollar
*Where did Industrial Revolution/second urban revolution occur first?
Great Britain
What was the hearth of industrialization?
Great Britain (1800s)
*By which country was Northern Ireland partitioned? Who did this country support?
Great Britain; the Protestant majority
*Which language is becoming the global language, especially as technology improves?
English
*Who created the concentric zone model? Which city is the model based off?
Ernest Burgess; Chicago
*What are areas of armed conflict based on ethnic and religious differences?
Greece and Turkey, Yugoslavia, Northern Ireland
*What are some examples of interfaith boundaries and conflicts? Intrafaith boundaries and conflicts?
Israel/Palestine, Nigeria, and former Yugoslavia; Northern Ireland (Protestants vs. Catholics)
*Which region is home to the most large animal domestication?
Eurasia
*Where is secularism on the rise?
Europe
*What is the language of the Basque in Andorra Mountain Region?
Euskera
*What is the difference between forced and voluntary migration?
FORCED MIGRATION: for safety, environmental issues, starvation, or warfare; ex: Jews out of Israel, African Salve trade,Trail of Tears (1830's), Vietnamese boat people (after Vietnam war), Irish Potato Famine (1930's and 40's), convicts from UK to Australia, Haitians, and Afghans VOLUNTARY MIGRATION: because of push and pull factors; human migration flows in which the movers respond to perceived opportunity, not force; ex: for jobs or more freedom
*What are the dominant languages of Belgium?
Flemish and French
*Standard Italian is the version of the language spoken in ___________ and _____________.
Florence and Tuscany
**What are the methods of measuring development?**
GNP, GDP, GNI
*Lee Liu
Geographer who studied the spatial pattern of agriculture production in China. Found: - farmers living in a village farm both lands close to the village and far away intensively - methods varied spatially-resulting in land improvement (by adding organic material) close to village and land degradation (lots of pesticides and fewer conservation tactics) farther from village.
*Which country are some members of the EU jealous of/concerned about? Why?
Germany; concerned that Germany will dominate EU
*What is the first Subsaharan African colony to become independent?
Ghana (1960)
What are some of the malnourished countries?
Guatemala, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Bolivia, the Congo, Chad, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Ethiopia, Yemen, Niger, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, Madagascar, Mocambique, Armenia, Sudan, South Sudan, India, Pakistan, Mongolia, North Korea, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Camaroon, Togo
*What is the least developed country in the Northern and Western Hemispheres?
Haiti
*What is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere?
Haiti
*What are exceptions to the idea that the Northern Hemisphere is mainly MDCs?
Haiti, Central America (i.e. Guatemala), South Asia (i.e. Bangladesh)
*multiple nuclei model (MNM)
Harris & Ullman
*What are some examples of ethnic neighborhoods?
Hassidic Jews (NY), Little Italy (NY), Little Sweden (Kansas), Little Havana (FL), Little Haiti (FL), Chinatown (NY)
*What are the language groups of Nigeria?
Hausa, Yoruba, and Ibo
AIDS (Acquire Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
Immune system disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which over a period of years, weakens the capacity of the immune system to fight off infect so that weight loss and weakness set in and other afflictions such as cancer or pneumonia may hasten an infected person's demise
*Indic language family
Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Panjabi, and Bengali
*Angkor Wat
Hindu relic found in Cambodia; being neglected because there are not a lot of Hindus
*What is the dominant religion of India?
Hinduism
*What is the largest polytheistic religion?
Hinduism
*What is the oldest of the major religions?
Hinduism
*What religion did Buddhism splinter from?
Hinduism
*Important structures of each religion
Hinduism - temples and towers (India) Judaism - Wailing Wall and synagogues (Jerusalem) Buddhism - temples, pagodas, stupas (SE Asia) Shinto - shrines and torii (Japan) Christianity - churches and cathedrals Islam - mosques and minarets Sikhism - gurdwara
*What are the 2 major religions in Indonesia
Hinduism and Islam
*Which languages do not grow out of PIE?
Hungary (Uralic), Finland (Finnish), and Turkey (Altaic)
*Where are most Shiites? Sunnis?
Iran; rest of Middle East
* Which *countries* are most refugees coming from?
Iraq and Afghanistan **map p. 104-105
*What is the religion with the largest amount of converts?
Islam
*What is the youngest major religion?
Islam
*What is the hearth of Buddhism?
India
Which country is expected to be the most populous/largest population cluster by 2030?
India
*What is the relationship between cattle and culture in India?
India has the highest concentration of cattle, but they do NOT eat cow because the cow is holy (cow's milk allows for reincarnation to occur)
*What are countries where Buddhism is common?
India, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Korea, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, and other countries in SE Asia
*Which animal is a ceremonial animal, beast of burden, and weapon of war
Indian elephant
*What are the language families of India?
Indo-European, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetan, Austro-Asiatic, Andamanese
*What is the largest Islamic state outside the Middle East? Why?
Indonesia; trade routes
What helped the food process and the curing of diseases?
Industrial Revolution
*What are some examples of festival landscapes?
Inner Harbor in Baltimore, the Skydome in Toronto, the Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta, Central Park in New York City, Bayside in Miami, Riverwalk in San Antonio, and Faneuil Hall in Boston.
*What is an example of genocide that is occurring now?
Janjaweed committing genocide against non-Arab, Muslim, darker-skinned Africans in Darfur
*What is the hearth of Shintoism?
Japan
*Which country has the lowest IMR among countries with a large population?
Japan
*What are the 2 nation-states that are considered to be "pure" nation-states (not multination state)?
Japan and Denmark
*Who is the founder of Christianity?
Jesus
*Sephardim
Jews who scattered across North Africa and into the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)
*Ashkenazim
Jews who went north into central Europe
*What is the Star of David a symbol of?
Judaism
*Which ethnic religion is not spatially concentrated? Why?
Judaism; diaspora
*What is the hearth of Sikhism?
Kashmir (NW India)
*What is the best example of a stateless nation?
Kurdistan
*Oil in the Rumaylah Oilfield (source of conflict) between __________ and _________ led to the Persian Gulf War.
Kuwait and Iraq
*What is the main area of diffusion of the Eastern Orthodox Church?
Russia
*Who was the founder of Taoism?
Lao-Tau/Laotsu
*Which country/region has the largest debts?
Latin America
*Where has the greatest migration flow into California and Southwestern U.S. come from?
Latin America and the Caribbean (esp. Mexico)
*What is the capital of Peru?
Lima
flow-line map
Lines of varying thickness to show the direction and volume of a particular geographic movement patterns (i.e. people, goods)
*What are 2 former Communist states that are now members of the EU?
Lithuania and Poland
*What are the hearths of modern industrialization?
Liverpool, Manchester, and Birmingham
*What are some examples of commodification?
Lost City (mystical images of Africa described in legend); Sun City, zoo, Animal Kingdom (commodification of nature); Branson, Missouri (capitalizes on local culture)
Which states in the U.S. have the highest and lowest Infant Mortality Rates? Why?
Low: Washington and Massachusetts because of free state wide medical care High: Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana
*What is the average GDP for a more developed country (MDC)? Less developed country (LDC)?
MDC: $27,000 LDC: $4,000
*Which 3 countries in Central America have low mother indexes?
Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala
*Which states experience out migration in the 1990s and immigration from 2000-2004?
Maine, Maryland, and Wyoming
*What is an example of a government created island of development?
Malaysia; Malaysian government built a new, ultramodern capital at Putrjaya to symbolize the country's rapid economic growth
*Where are the highest concentrations of same-sex households located in NYC?
Manhattan and Queens
*What is the hearth of Islam?
Mecca, Saudi Arabi
*What was the first urban hearth?
Mesopotamia
*What are the 6 urban hearths?
Mesopotamia (p.d. Iraq), Mesoamerica (p.d. South America), Nile River (p.d. Egypt), Huang He & Wei Valleys (p.d. China), Indus River (p.d. India), and Peru
The vast majority of legal agricultural workers in Canada are ___________
Mexican
*What is the most residentially segregated area for African Americans in the U.S.?
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
*What is the dominant language family in SubSaharan Africa?
Niger-Congo
*Who was the founder of Islam?
Muhammad
*Why is there controversy over Turkey joining the EU?
Muslim background, Turkey's human rights record, and conflict between Turkey and Greece (Greece is part of EU)
*mosque
Muslim place of worship; *adopted Roman models of design, minarets, calligraphic, geometric designs, glazed tiles on domes and roofs*
*Taj Mahal
Muslim tomb in Agra, India
*What country in SE Asia has the largest number of refugees (country of origin)?
Myanmar (Burma)
*What are 2 supranational organizations that are primarily economic (besides EU)?
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement: economic agreement between U.S., Canada, and Mexico that lowers tariffs) and WTO (World Trade Organization)
What are the three hearths of housing identified by Fred Kniffen?
New England, Middle Atlantic, Lower Chesapeake
*Which states in the U.S. promote bilingualism through bilingual policies?
New Mexico and Hawaii
*Which region was the first to domesticate cattle, sheep, and goats?
North Africa, Ethiopia
*Where would you most likely find mosques?
North Africa, Indonesia, Middle East
*Where is Islam strongest?
North Africa, the Middle East, and Indonesia
*NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; American alliance with Western Europe in an effort to contain communism
*What ended the Kosovo War?
Oslo Accords
*Which country has the largest natural gas reserves?
Russia
*What marked the beginning of the modern state system?
Peace of Westphalia
*Eastern Orthodox Cathedral
St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow; many Eastern Orthodox churches are highly elaborate
*What is an example of a corporate-created island of development?
Port Gentile, Gabon
*What is the holy book of Islam?
Qu'ran or Koran
*Who defined territoriality?
Robert Sack (*his definition is bolded definition in territoriality)
*Which sect of Christianity has the most adherence?
Roman Catholic Church
*Which country is the 1st country where women held more than 50% of legislative seats?
Rwanda
*Where did the domestication of plants begin?
SE/S Asia and SW Asia (Fertile Crescent) (early domestication of root crops; planting roots and cuttings)
*Where did Judaism originate?
SW Asia
*Cohen's Shatterbelt Theory
Sal Cohen; predicted that armed conflicts after 1950 would likely occur in areas within the Inner Crescent or Middle East.; claimed the Shatterbelt Region is the inner crescent; predicted that U.S. would go to war with Soviet UNion in the inner crescent; similar to pivot area from Mackinder
*What is the country with the largest oil reserves in the world?
Saudi Arabia
*What is the best example of a polytheistic religion?
Shintoism
*What is the ethnic religion of Japan?
Shintoism
*gurdwara
Sikh place of worship; more common in India
*_______ desire an autonomous state separate from India.
Sikhs (are discriminated against in India)
*What is an example of a core country that wasn't a classical colonial power?
Singapore
*microcities
Small parts of cities that include housing, industry, business and schools...limiting the need for travel
*What are some examples of core countries in the Southern Hemisphere?
South Africa, South Pacific (i.e. Australia, New Zealand)
*Which realm (region) is most affected by refugees?
South Asia and North Africa
*Where has there been a growing Korean population?
South Central LA
*Which region is considered the resource frontier of the world? Why?
Southwest Asia; because of its oil reserves
*What led to the civil war in Afghanistan (1979)?
Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan
*Who spread Roman Catholicism to the U.S.?
Spanish Jesuits/missionoaries
*What are some examples of language divergence?
Spanish and Portuguese, Quebecois and French., Spanish and Quechuan in Peru, English and Filipino in the Philippines
*What was Mackinder's worry after WWII?
Stalin would take over heartland; wanted to stop him, which led to containment (U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War to prevent the Soviets from gaining more land, esp. heartland) and the formation of NATO
*Some parts of the world that have resisted Christianity and Islam because of Shamanism include:
SubSaharan Africa, Native America, Southeast Asia, and East Asia
*What *regions* generate the most refugees?
Subsaharan Africa (Rwanda), North Africa and Southwest Asia (Sudan & Somalia, Afghanistan), South Asia (India, Sri Lanka), Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam), Europe (Yugoslav Republics)
*Which countries are most susceptible to malaria?
Subsaharan Africa, Congo, Central African Republic, Burkina, Senegal, Gambia
*What is the lingua franca used in East Africa?
Swahili
*Torsten Hägerstrand
Swedish geographer who studied how time and distance affects cultural diffusion; revealed how time, as well as distance, affects individual human behavior and the diffusion of people and ideas
*Which states in the U.S. have 60% or more people who speak another language besides English?
TX, NM, AZ, FL, AK (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Florida, and Arkansas)
*Which islands did the Chinese migrate to? Which did they not migrate to?
Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesian islands (Myanmar (Burma), Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi); East Timor and Taiwan
*_____ voted to partition Palestine in the wake of WWII (late 1940's).
The UN
*core-periphery
The pessimistic viewpoint about a lack of economic development in certain locations on the globe can be *attributed to their lack of foreign investment* & exploitation by core of periphery
Demographic transition model
The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
*What is the holy book of Judaism?
Torah
*______ wants to be independent from China?
Tibet
*What is the largest megalopolis?
Tokyo-Yokohama-Kawasaki in Japan
*Which country has the largest coal reserves?
U.S.
Where are extreme sports mainly popular?
U.S.
*What are the nuclear countries?
U.S., Russia, China, Great Britain, France, *Israel, India, Pakistan, North Korea, and possibly Iran*
*Which country in the EU doesn't use the euro?
UK
*UNCLOS
United Nations Clause on the Laws of the Seas; created exclusive economic zone; 200 nautical miles across the water from coast of a country is their territory
*Where in the world would you find pubs created by the Irish Pub Company? Where wouldn't you find them?
US, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, one in South America (Buenos Aires); none in Africa
*What is the dominant language of Pakistan? Iran?
Urdu; Farsi
*What are some examples of monolingual states?
Uruguay, Japan, Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, and Lesotho
*Gravity model
Uses size of location and distance as factors for travel; takes into account population size of 2 places and their distance; says that larger places attract more people
*What is the hearth of Hinduism?
Varanasi; Indus River in India
*The longest place name is a city in ________.
Wales
*Do cities in the west or cities in the east have a larger population in suburbs?
West
*Where is the center of the U.S. population gradually moving? What was the center of the U.S. population in 1850?
West and South; Charleston, West Virginia
*According to Wallerstein, what was the integrating/uniting force of the world?
capitalism
*The collapse (devolution) of _________________ in the 1990s produced the largest refugee crisis (over ___________________ refugees) in Europe since the end of WWII (before Syria 2011-2015).
Yugoslavia; 6,000,000
new technological advancements
caravel, compasses, and astrolabes
*What is the hearth of Confucianism?
Yellow River in China
*What is the prime example of a multination state?
Yugoslavia
*Which country had the most violent devolutionary pressures?
Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War
*What is suburbanization most affected by?
cars
*stimulus diffusion
a form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place
*bid-rent theory
a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate changes as the distance from the CBD increases; states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center; based upon the idea that retail establishments wish to maximize their profitability, so they are much more willing to pay more money for land close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area; based upon the reasoning that the more accessible an area (i.e., the greater the concentration of customers), the more profitable
*nation
a group of people who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history, and who seek some degree of political-territorial autonomy
geocaching
a hunt for a cache (treasure), gps coordinates which are placed on the internet by another cache; like a treasure hunt using GPS with clues left on the Internet
*festival landscape
a landscape of cultural festivities; designed in urban planning to be a site for concerts and festivals as well as focal points for informal human interactions
*lingua franca
a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce
extinct language
a language without any native speakers
contour lines
a line on a map joining points of equal height above or below sea level; lines that show elevation, relief and slope on a topographic map
*mental map
a map in your head
map resolution
a map's smallest discernible unit
*population density
a measure of total population relative to land size; assumes an even distribution of the population over the land; a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
remote sensing
a method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments (e.g. satellites) that are physically distant from the area or object of study
*Sikhism
a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak; cross between Hinduism and Islam
multistate nation
a nation that stretches across borders and across states
*What is the difference between a pandemic and a epidemic?
a pandemic is worldwide, but an epidemic is regional
*mutual intelligibility
ability of 2 people to understand each other when speaking
*What can language reveal?
about the way people and cultures view reality
*What is a major asset of the Eastern European region?
abundant reserves of many raw materials
*First Agricultural Revolution
achieved plant domestication and animal domestication; dates back 10 thousand years
*Every Greek city had a(n) _____________ and ________
acropolis and agora
immigration
act of a person migrating into a new country or area
repatriation
act of returning to country of origin
*secondary economic activity
activity that takes a primary product and changes it into something else *(i.e. toys and other manufactured goods, ships, processed foods, chemicals, and buildings)*
*Shiites
adherents of one of the 2 main divisions of Islam; represent the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali
*Sunnis
adherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox/traditionalist. believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems; differ from Shiites in accepting the traditions (sunna) of Muhammad as authoritative
*trade areas
adjacent to every town and city within which its influence is dominant
trade areas
adjacent to every town and city within which its influence is dominant
*The 13th Amendment
adopted in 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime
*The 14th Amendment
adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. The amendment grants: 1) citizenship rights 2) due process 3) equal protection of the laws to the freedmen
Clifford Geertz
advanced the current view of culture as a system of meaning, not just a set of acts, customs, or material products
*ethnicity
affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture
city
agglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics
*North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and U.S. in December 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994, to eliminate barriers to trade in, and facilitate cross-border movement of goods and services between countries
*What are the two factors that enable the formation of cities?
agricultural surplus and social stratification
*What does the modernization model assume?
all countries follow similar path to development/modernization
*rectangular survey system
also called Public Land Survey; used by U.S. Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains; divides land into series of rectangular parcels
*Self-sufficiency model
also known as balanced growth; says a country should spread investment as equally as possible across all sectors of its economy and in all regions
leadership class
also known as urban elite; consisted of a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources, and often lives, of others
culture
an all-encompassing term that identifies not only the whole tangible lifestyle of peoples, but also their prevailing values and beliefs
*total fertility rate (TFR)
average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years
*What are the big 3 sports in the U.S.?
baseball, football, and basketball
folk housing
based on the influence of one's environment; Buildings erected without architect or blueprint, diffuses slowly through migration, clustered distributions, isolation/lack of interaction breeds uniqueness
*Confucian Classics
basis of Confucianism; sacred scripture
*Most Islamic states require men have _________ in order to serve on the court.
beards
*How have parts of South Africa and Zimbabwe changed because of women?
become demographically feminized due to migration of males to urban and mining jobs
perceptions of places
belief or "understanding" about a place developed through books, movies, stories, or pictures
*polytheistic religion
belief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in the universe
*monotheistic religion
belief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe
indigenous religions
belief systems and philosophies practiced and traditionally passed from generation to generation among peoples within an indigenous tribe or group
*racism
belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race
*nonmaterial culture
beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people
*Thomas Malthus
believed that the population increased at geometric rate (steep angle) and food supply grew linearly (more horizontal); population was increasing faster than the food supplies needed to sustain it
What are the factors that are leading to a declining crude death rate?
better technology in disease prevention, more food, sanitation, industrialization
*frontier
beyond boundary...uninhabited
*interfaith boundaries
boundaries between the world's major faiths
*physical-political boundary
boundaries that follow an agreed-upon feature in the natural landscape, such as the center point of a river or the crest of a mountain range; *ex: Alps (Switzerland, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein)
*intrafaith boundaries
boundaries within a single major faith
*Who was brick-making done by in Bali?
boys and women
*What is most commonly grown in lower SE Asia?
breadfruits, jackfruits
urban
built up space of the central city and suburbs; includes city and surrounding environs connected to city; non rural and nonagricultural
*What are some characteristics of the Huang He (Yellow) and Wei (Yangtze) River Valleys?
built walls around the centers of city and they built temples and palaces for the leadership class (evidence on cultural landscape of a leadership class)
de facto
by choice
*How do groups in Northern Ireland and gangs in major U.S. cities create "exclusive" areas? How does this apply to Belfast, Ireland?
by graffiti demarcating territories ; certain religious groups such as Protestant Catholics paint murals or graffiti on buildings to define certain neighborhoods and exclude the others
de jure
by law
Eratosthenes
calculated the planet's circumference was 28,700 miles (was only 15% off)
*gross national income (GNI)
calculates the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country minus income payments to other countries around the world
**POSSIBLE FRQs**
choose one *Identity* - **How do places affect identity, and how can we see identities in places? (slide 23) - discuss ways in which identities are constructed (i.e. identifying against) - highlight issues such as multiple identities, identifying against and the impact of scale in your discussion - def: identity is how we make sense of ourselves; how people see themselves at different scales - identity is a complex and dynamic concept - identifying against: constructing an identity by first defining the "other" and then defining ourselves as "not the other" - identities across scales *Race* - definitions of race and racism - racial history - constitution counted black people as 3/5 of a person - reconstruction amendements (13, 14, 15) - 3 points of Amendment 14: granted citizenship rights, due process, and equal protection of laws to the freed men - sharecropping, tenant farmer, crop-lien system, convict leasing - Emancipation Proclamation provided the foundation for freeing slaves after Civil War, but did not actually free them - apartheid in South Africa (need to know definition of apartheid, too) - racism in relation to colonialism - blacks experimented on while slavery was going on *Ethnicity* - def: affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture - implied ancient relations among people over time - ethnic identity is affected by scale and place - cultural groups invoke ethnicity when race cannot explain differences and antagonism between groups - ethnicity and conflicts (slide 27) - ethnicity is reserved for a small, cohesive culturally linked group of people who stand apart from the surrounding culture - examples of ethnicity? *Gender* - women in SubSaharan Africa (farming, etc.) - gender roles at home and society - women get paid less $0.75 to every $1 man makes - women in legislative seats (Rwanda) - dowries and dowry deaths - migration of men into cities, leaving women to take care of and support themselves and children
*pull factors
circumstances that effectively attract a migrant to certain locales from other places, the decision of where to go; factors that attract a migrant and make them want to come to a certain place
*What is the biggest critique of the concentric zone model?
cities do not look this nice and neat
world cities
cities that function at a global scale, beyond the reach of state borders, functioning as service centers of the world economy
*Oakland, California
city in Alameda County, CA that segregated Chinese residents during the 1910s even as economy grew; segregation of the Chinese in Oakland was the result of "white only" zoning laws
*Little Sweden
city in Kansas; place where Swedish culture is celebrated every day
*Desertification is caused by
climate change, human activities, and overgrazing of pasture areas in arid climates
*What is the major reason for Paris success?
cohesive community and the maintenance of cultural practices
*geographic information systems (GIS)
collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user
*Why are women having fewer children in developing countries?
combination of government and nongovernment organizational programs encourage women to have fewer children
*What purpose does the UN serve?
committing states to international standards of behavior
*military service
common form of periodic movement involving as many as 10 million U.S. citizens in given year, including military personnel and families, who are moved to new locations where they spend tours of duty lasting up to several years
*shinto shrine
common in Japan
*What does the locational interdependence theory suggest?
competitors, trying to maximize sales, will seek to limit each other's territory as much as possible by locating close to each other in the middle of their combined customer base. If both sellers are equidistant from their potential customers, neither has a greater advantage.
*What was the first model of a city?
concentric zone model
self-determination
concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
*push factors
conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place; factors that make a migrant want to leave a place
*Maritime boundaries
conferences of League of Nations on it laid groundwork for final resolution of size of territorial seas
*Classical liberalism ---> current ______________ (believe in _________) Progressivism ---? current _____________
conservatives (believe in less government control); liberals
*identifying against
constructing an identity by first defining the "other" and then defining ourselves as "not the other"
*Music can have both _____________ and ______________ diffusion.
contagious (at first) and then hierarchical
*Quebec
contains areas dominated by non-French speaking minorities, the govt. passed laws banning or controlling the use of non-French languages in advertisement, allows inclusion of both Eng and Fr in signage but Fr letters are twice the size of other lang., peoples of the north speak Algonquin and Inuit languages, the Cree and Mohawk expressed a desire to remain part of Canada should Quebec decide to secede.
*Irish Pub Company
designed pubs throughout the world
Alfred Weber
developed basic model explaining where industries would cluster; helped develop locational studies in economic geography by focusing on location of manufacturing facilities; *least cost theory* (location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of 3 critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration)
*Griffin-Ford model
developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford; model of *Latin American city* showing traditional elements of Latin American culture with forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene
*laws of migration
developed by Ernst Ravenstein; predicts flow of migrants 1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration. 2. The majority of migrants move a short distance. 3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations. 4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. 5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults. people are attracted to larger places
*five themes (of geography)
developed by Geography Educational National Implementation Project (GENIP); location, human-environment interaction, region, place, and movement; derived from geography's spatial concerns
*McGee model
developed by T.G. McGee, model showing similar land-use patterns among medium sized cities of *SE Asia*
Köppen climate classification system
developed by Wladimir Köppen, system for classifying world's climates on basis of temperature and precipitation
*new urbanism
development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with diversity of housing and jobs
*Idi Amin
dictator of Uganda in the 1970's; expelled 50,000 Asians from Uganda in 1972
*distance decay
diminishing in appearance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin; shorter distance, more likely to move; longer distance, less likely to move
*culture complex
discrete combination of traits; a related set of cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils
*redlining
discriminatory real estate practice in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods
endemic
disease that is particular to a locality/region
*genetic or inherited diseases
diseases caused by variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in a human
vectored diseases
diseases spread by one host (person) to another by an intermediate host or vector
*infectious diseases
diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites
*Spacial patterns of homes in the U.S. is...
dispersed
*long-lot survey system
distinct regional approach to land surveying found in Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals (standard lot, corner lot, long lot)
Balkanized
divided into small, quarrelsome, ineffectual state
*functional zonation/specialization
division of a city into different regions or zones (i.e. residential/industrial) for certain purposes or functions (housing/manufacturing)
Millennium Development Goals
goals created by UN that represents a fairly high degree of consensus about the key conditions that need to be changed if economic development is to be achieved 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. 2. Achieve universal primary education. 3. Promote gender equality and empower women. 4. Reduce child mortality. 5. Improve maternal health. 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases. 7. Ensure environmental sustainability. 8. Develop a global partnership for development.
eugenic population policies
government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others
restrictive population policies
government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase
expansive population policies
government policies that encourage large families and raise the rates of population growth
*Difference between the gravity model, laws of migration, and distance decay
gravity model: predicts the interaction between places on the basis of population size and the distance between them laws of migration: predicts the flow of migrants distance decay: diminishing in appearance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
*Makkah American Indians
group of American Indians; because whaling is a part of their culture they are allowed to hunt whales, but must use .50 caliber rifles (is more humane because it would lead to a quicker death)
culture
group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people; sum total of knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by members of a society
*language families
group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin
local culture
group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve traits and customs to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others
subsistence agriculture
growing only enough food to survive
*How is popular culture diffused?
hierarchically
*Which areas have higher growth rates? Lower growth rates?
higher: Sub-Saharan Africa; lower: wealthier countries (ex: U.S., Canada, Europe, S. Africa)
*location
highlights how the geographical position of people and things on Earth's surface affects what happens and why; geographic situation of people and things
*What are some examples of reterritorialization?
hip hop diffused abroad; ex: MC Solaar in France and Jovanotti in Italy
*teardowns
homes intended for suburban demolition
*What are cattle often injected with? Why?
hormones and antibiotics; to "plump them up" (part of industrial agriculture)
*squatter settlements
housing for poor migrants that contains very few services
*identity
how we make sense of ourselves; how people see themselves at different scales
*megalopolis
huge urban agglomerations; term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world; used to refer to Boston-Washington multi metropolitan corridor
*What do LDCs depend on for production? How do they finance development?
human and animal power; borrow from commercial banks
forced migration
human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate; permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors
*international migration
human movement involving movement across international borders; implied sense of permanence; map p. 80
*internal migration
human movement within a nation or state, such as ongoing westward and southward movements in the U.S.; implied degree of permanence; figure 3.5 on page 84
What is causing glaciers to melt?
human-induced climate change
*What was the first form of agriculture in human history?
hunting and gathering
*dispersal hypothesis
hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from PIE were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukranian plains and on into the Balkans
World Areas of Agricultural Innovations
identified by Carl Sauer 1. Upper SE Asian mainland 2. Lower SE Asian mainland and Malaysia 3. Eastern India and Western Myanmar 4. Southwestern Asia (NW India-Caucuses) 5. Abyssinian and East African Highlands 6. Mesoamerican Region (Southern Mexico to Northern Venezuela 7. North Central China (including the Central Asian Corridor) 8. Mediterranean Basin-Classical Near Eastern Fringe 9. Western Sudan Hill Lands and their Margins 10. Andean Highlands and their Margins 11. Eastern South America (centered on Eastern Brazil)
*race
identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor
nationality
identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there
*What is the principal asset of the Four Asian Dragons to promote development?
low labor costs
*What are the barriers to economic development?
low levels of social welfare (i.e. trafficking is barrier), foreign debt, political instability, widespread disease (i.e. malaria)
nationalism
loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality
*What is most commonly grown in Meso America?
maize, avocado, tomato
*chronic or degenerative diseases
maladies of longevity and old age, such as heart disease
Dominant Land Survey Patterns in U.S.
map on p. 382
preference map
map that displays individual preferences for certain places
thematic map
map that expresses a particular subject and does not show land forms for other features; a type of map that displays one or more variables--such as population, or income level--within a specific area
Dr. John Snow
mapped cases of cholera in London's Soho District; identified water pumps as a source of cholera
*reference maps
maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features
*thematic maps
maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon
dot maps
maps where one dot represents a certain number of phenomenon, such as population
*What is an example of a functional region?
market area
*demarcation
marks boundaries on ground
What are some examples of things that can be commodified?
material culture, jewelry and clothing, food and games
*range
maximum distance people will travel for a good or service (economic reach)
*Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
measure of gender equality
*Mother index
measure of the health of adult females
*gross national product (GNP)
measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year
*Human Development Index (HDI)
measurement of development created by UN; goes beyond economics and incorporates the "three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, knowledge and decent standard of living"; *includes: per capita GDP, literacy, school enrollment rates, and life expectancy*
What is the 4th largest population cluster?
megalopolis in N. America that includes Washington D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, NYC, and Boston
*What is skin color based on?
melanin
Are men or women more mobile? Why?
men are more mobile than women because men have more job opportunities and higher pay
*How does cattle affect the climate?
methane (leading greenhouse gas)
global-scale migration
migration across the globe
*chain migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of same nationality previously migrated there
*step migration
migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages; ex: migration of Brazilian peasants
*What is most commonly grown in eastern India?
millet
*What is most commonly grown in Ethiopia?
millet, melons, beans, peas
*threshold
minimum number of customers needed to keep a business running
*de Blij model
model of Subsaharan African cities
*spatial perspective
observing variations in geographic phenomena across space, studying a multitude of phenomena ranging from political electrons and urban shantytowns to gay neighborhoods and folk music
*language divergence
occurs when spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks down and language fragments first into dialects and then into discrete tongues
*deglomeration
occurs when the high cost of a downtown location now outweighs the advantages of locating near other like industries
*place
unique human and physical characteristics
place
uniqueness of a location; constitutes a reflection of human activities, ideas, and tangible durable creations
place
uniqueness of a location; particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together, over time, in that particular location
*terra incognita
unknown lands that are off-limits
shantytowns
unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and pieces of cardboard that develop around cities
*urban sprawl
unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land with little concern for urban planning
acropolis
upper fortified part of an Ancient Greek city, usually devoted to religious purposes
*Is Latin America more urban or rural?
urban
central city
urban area that is not suburban; get really older and original city that is surrounded by newer suburbs
*What is the most complex model? Why?
urban realms model; CBD is surrounded by central city surrounded by haphazardly created municipalities/realms with edge cities
How was longitude found?
used clock to determine that the sun moves 15º every hour
*What is unique about the central city in African cities?
usually has 3 CBDs (colonial (European), traditional (African), and market zones)
*dialects
variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines; has distinctive grammar and vocab; based on vocab, syntax, pronunciation, cadence, and pace of speech
*What is the process of splitting existing plants and replanting both parts?
vegetated planting
*boundary
vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below (i.e. mineral deposits), and the airspace above the surface
*disamenity sector
very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords
*Were the assumptions of the central place theory realistic or unrealistic?
very unrealistic
*cultural landscape
visible imprint of human activity and culture on landscape; layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequentially imprinted on the landscape by activities of various human occupants
*population pyramids
visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each age group (generally 5-year increments) is represented by a horizontal bar length of which represents its relationship to total population
population pyramids
visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each age group (generally 5-year increments) is represented by a horizontal bar length of which represents its relationship to total population
*What is the most important distinction marking a dialect?
vocabulary
*What is the crucial element of language?
vocalization
geographic concept
ways of seeing the world spatially that are used by geographers in answering research questions
*Where is the demand for organic agriculture more prevalent: poor or wealthy countries?
wealthier countries
*What did Norman Borlaug use to initiate the Third Agricultural Revolution?
wheat
*What is most commonly grown in SW Asia and Caucus region?
wheat, barley, lentils, beans, peas
trafficking
when adults and children fleeing poverty or seeking better prospects are manipulated, deceived, and bullied into working in conditions that they would not choose; when a family sends child or adult to a labor recruiter in hopes that labor recruiter will send money, and family will earn money to send home
*expansion diffusion
when an innovation or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward
*What are factors that lead to the extinction of languages?
when descendants perish or choose another language.
