AP Human Geography Chapter 13

What is meant by the statement: the "periphery of U.S. cities looks like "Swiss cheese"?

Pockets of development and gapes of open space land.

What are the causes of squatter settlement?

Population increase and migration from rural areas for jobs; housing shortage for large number of urban immigrants.

What are the advantages of living in the inner-ring near the city center?

Proximity to shops, restaurants, cafes & cultural facilities.

Suburbanization of consumer services.

Retail increased.

How is "land use" distributed within a typical skyscraper?

Retail on the ground floor, and office buildings on the top.

Homer Hoyt in 1939; model of internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors/wedges radiating out from the CBD

Sector Model

Progressive spread of development over a landscape.

Sprawl

Area in a city in an LDC where people illegally establish residences on land they don't own or rent.

Squatter Settlements

Why are these shops decreasing in the CBD?

They are being trampled by high threshold stores/ cheaper to relocate to suburbs.

Law that limits the permit deduses of land and maximum density of development in a community.

Zoning Ordinance

"Inner cities in the United States contain concentrations of _______ people with a variety of physical, _____, and ______ problems very different from the faced by _____ residents."

low-income social economic suburban

Percentage of public housing in the U.S.

1%

List and brief describe four specific social problems of the underclass.

1. deteriorated schools 2. lack adequate police protection 3. unable to compete for jobs 4. lack technical skills

What has prevented the peripheries of European cities from looking like Swiss cheese?

Building new houses is restricted/greenbelt around cities.

Problems peripheral areas have

Sprawl and segregation that characterize many suburbs.

Colonial cities often contained a new "European sector" to the side of the pre-colonial city. Contrast their various elements in the table below. "Old Quarters" - pre-colonial city "European district" -colonial addition

"Old Quarters"- pre-colonial city -Narrow winding streets -little open space -cramped residences "European district" - colonial addition -greed street plan -church or central plaza -walls around houses -wider streets -lower population density

What three types of days are reported by the U.S. Census Bureau regarding the population of each census tract?

-# of non-whites -median income -% of adults who finish high school.

List four ways demand for congested roads is being reduced.

-Congestion charges -tolls -permits -bonds

Who builds & maintains public housing?

-Housing authority establish by local government builds public housing. -Federal government maintains it.

List four characteristics of a typical CBD.

-Less than 1% of urban land area -Accessible -Contains large % public, business, and consumer cervices -Focal point of region's transportation network

List three points about the conditions of European suburbs, where the poor live.

-Long commutes on public transportation -Poorer shops and schools -Crime, violence & drug dealing

identity two ways in which the U.S. Government has encouraged the use of motor vehicles by its citizens.

-Pay 90% of cost of limited access highway. -Supports police.

Reasons high-rise public housing is unsatisfactory.

-elevator frequently broken -juveniles terrorize people in hallway -drug use/crime rates are high

What three groups are attracted to gentrified areas and why?

-single people -couples without children -people working downtown

In what two ways has the density gradient changed in recent years?

1. fewer people live in the center 2. fewer differences in densities in Urban Areas

Buses

Also drastically reduced.

The process of legally adding land area to a city.

Annexation

Another type of shop in the CBD are those which provide services to downtown workers. Give three examples.

Apple Macy's Dillard's

In the past, why did peripheral areas desire annexation?

Because the city offered better services.

What is the Megalopolis from Boston to D.C. called?

Boswash Corridor

Describe how the intense land use of CBDs has created expansion of the CBD "above" and "below" in order to maximize the small space of the downtown?

CBDs can't leave downtown area so they expand underground and above ground.

Urban settle meant that has been legally incorporated into an independent self governing unit.

City

Model of internal structures of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings; E.W. Burgess 1- CBD 2- zone in transition- industry and poorer quality housing 3- zone of working class homes 4- zone of better residences 5- commuters' zone- beyond continuous built up city area

Concentric Zone Model

List the elements of an urban area according to the peripheral model.

Consists of an inner city surrounded by a large suburban residential and business areas that live together by a bell way or ring road.

Briefly explain ways cars may become more energy efficient in the future.

Different energy sources better for earth.

Define the term CBD in one word.

Downtown

What is redlining and its result?

Drawing lines on a map to id areas where banks won't loan out to.

Nodes of services around beltway.

Edge City

Describe the elite spine sector developed in Latin American cities.

Elite residential sector with offices, shops, & amenities for wealthy people; water & electricity readily available.

Cities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America resemble European cities in their structure. This is not a condense because...

European colonial policies helped develop cities in LCDs.

Area of a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain.

Food Desert

Process by which middle class people move into deteriorate city neighborhoods and renovate housing.

Gentrification

Why has gentrification been criticized?

Gentrification is forcing low income families out of their houses because they can no longer afford property tax.

How are recent public housing projects different?

Government has cut spending on public housing now its mostly nonprofit funding.

Specialist, with customers that don't come regularly ex: Wedding dress store, custom tailor

High Range

A store accessible to many people ex: Target, Sears, Macy's

High Threshold

______ and _______ discourage ______ and _______ in the CBD.

High rents land shortage Industrial residential

Suburbanization of business services and factories.

Increase in offices that don't need face-to-face interaction, lower rents, avoid traffic, more space, truck access.

Spine (commercial or residential), tradition fuses with globalization impact, combines sector and concentric zone model, want to live along spine connecting to CBD

Latin American City Model

Describe series and amenities in a typical squatter settlement.

Latrines designated by settle meant leaders; water carried from a well; electricity stolen by running wire to power line.

What are the three basic characteristics of a city?

Locally elected officials, ability to raise taxes, and responsibility for essential services.

What is the strongest criticism of U.S. suburbs?

Low-income people unable to live there because of high housing cost and unfriendliness of est. residents.

What is required before an area can be annexed by a city?

Majority of residents in affected area vote in favor of annexation.

Greed word that means "great city"

Megalopolis

What is the functional area of a city?

Metropolitan statistical area

Rapid Transit (subway & fixed rail line)

Mostly in Chicago and Boston and NY, increased.

Harris and Ullman in 1945; city is a complex structure including more than one center around which activities revolve; nodes include universities and airports

Multiple Nuclei Model

Give three examples of some thriving CBDs that have been revived and explain why they're doing well.

Navy Pier- converted to shops and attractions South Street Seaport- old fish market with retailing and recreational activities Harbor Place- tourist attractions, hotels, and cultural facilities

List five ways that a European CBD differs from a North American CBD.

Not as commercial Low rise structures Minimal noter vehicles Many residents Rents are higher due to less land

Describe the density gradient of an urban area.

Number of houses per unit of land diminishes as the distance from the center of the city increases.

What two things can we deduce by combining all three models rather than considering them independently?

-People tend to reside in contain locations depending on particular personal characteristics. -People prefer to live near others who have similar characteristics.

What does the MSA include?

-Urbanized area with a population of at least 50,00 -Country that city is located in -Adjacent countries with high population density and large % residents wording in CBD.

What two things are happening to homeowners who have been unable to repay their subprime loans?

-foreclosure -debt

List four ways in which public transportation is better than an automobile.

-mass transit -less carbon foot print -fast/efficient -less time

In what two ways are suburban areas segregated?

1. Segregated social casses. 2. Segregated land uses.

explain the two choices a city has in order to solve this problem.

1. reduces services 2. raise tax revenues

What is rush hour and how much of a city's traffic does it account for?

4 consecutive minute periods that have heaviest traffic.

Urban areas that contain about 5,000 residents + correspond to neighborhood boundaries.

Census Tracts

Cooperative agency

Council of Government

Trolleys

Declined and replaced with buses.

How are "smart growth" laws being designed in Oregon & Tennessee?

Defined growth boundaries with in which new development must occur.

What financial crisis does the high proportion of low-income residents in the inner city create?

Demand services by can't pay taxes for them.

What is the ultimate result of this process?

Deteriorating and vacant houses develop which rents become less than maintenance costs.

How are "smart growth" laws being designed in Maryland?

Discourages the state from funding new highways and other projects that would extend suburban sprawl and destroy farmland.

How is the underground utilized in cities?

Garages, loading docks, pipes; anything you wouldn't want to see.

Why are these shops increasing?

Most business people work in the CBD, so they are likely to shop there during breaks.

What is the only major U.S. city without skyscrapers?

Washington D.C.

Regarding residential uses - identify a factor pushing them out of the CBD and another that is pulling them elsewhere. Pushing Pulling

Pushing Pulling High rents Large homes

What has changed?

Resident prefer to organize their own services rather than pay city taxes for them.

Legislation and regulations to limit suburb sprawl and preserved farmland.

Smart Growth

Comparing people of similar living standards, ethnic background and lifestyle within an urban area.

Social Area Analysis

What is the major problem faced by inner-city residents?

The poor condition of the housing.

Describe the inner-city process known as filtering.

The process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of lower income people.

Problems peripheral areas lack

The severe physical, social, and economic problems of inner city neighborhoods.

What is happening to the old manufacturing districts in American CBDs?

They are getting turned into tourist attractions.

"Inner-city residents frequently are referred to as a permanent _____ because they are _____ in an unending ______ of economic and social _____.

Underclass trapped cycle problems

Urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants.

Urbanized Area