AP Human Geography Chapter 8 Political Geography Notes
Hezbollah
A radical Shiʿite Muslim organization in Lebanon engaged in guerrilla warfare against Israel
Force Theory
Government emerged when all the people of an area were brought under the authority of one person or group.
locational boundary disputes
is when the definition is not in dispute but the interpretation is. Ex. Saudi Arabia and Yemen/Oman/UAE
Colonialism
one country controlling another politically, economically, and culturally Send their people to colonize area
Problem Defining States: Korea
one state or two?; Japan's colony until after WWII; Soviet spnsored North vs US sponsored South; 1950 North invade South
African Union
organization formed in 2002 to promote unity among African states and to foster development and end poverty
Economic Systems
organized way a society provides for the wants and needs of its people
civil divisions
Divisions that separate citizens.
Divine Right Theory
God created the state and that God had given those of royal birth a "divine right" to rule
Democracy
A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
When was gerrymandering first termed?
1812 because of Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry; helped Democratic-Republican party over the Federalists
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved
Constitutional Monarchy
A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.
Allocational Boundary Dispute
A boundary dispute that involves conflicting claims to the natural resources of a border region.
relic boundary
A boundary no longer observed but that still affects the present-day area (e.g. border between West and East Germany in Berlin)
Imperialism
A country taking control over another country AND taking their land
Anocracy
A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types.
Federal Government
A form of government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local governments; what doesn't go to central gov't goes to state gov't
Dictatorship
A form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
colony
A group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere.
Berlin Conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa
Iron Curtain
A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
Fascism
A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition
commonwealth
A self-governing territory associated with another country that benefits both parties
Landlock State
A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.
microstate
A state that encompasses a very small land area.
Absolute Monarchy
A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power
Communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. Everyone's equal. Political and Economic system
Social Contract Theory
A voluntary agreement between the government and the governed
Sovereignty
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
terrorism
Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population
State Sponsored Terrorism: Yemen
Al-Qaeda cells
Unitary Government
All powers held by the government belong to a single, central agency; strong, national government
Warsaw Pact
An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO
state
An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.
enclave/exclave
An enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or wholly lying within the boundaries of another country (Lesotho). An exclave is a country which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory (Azerbaijan).
unitary state
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials
United Nations
An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.
United Nations
An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation; 1945: 51 members after WWII; 2011: 193 members
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
An international organization linking together the 10 most important countries of Southeast Asia
European Union
An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members; currency - Euros
border/boundary
An invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory
Irish Republican Army
An unofficial nationalist military force seeking independence for Northern Ireland from Great Britain
colonialism
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
Europe: Pre and Post WWI - 1914-1918
Austria-Hungary, and Germany attacked neighbors for more land; Austria-Hungary split apart; Poland created from part of Russia and Germany;Germany had to pay a lot of money; 1930s=Great Depression-money was worthless-Germany inflation
3 Caucasus states (Soviet Union)
Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia "Caucas Are Almost Good"
3 Eastern European States (Soviet Union)
Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova Europeans Bite Ur Mum"
Problem Defining States: China and Taiwan
Communist vs Nationalists; Nationalists fled to Taiwan bc they wanted Democracy
balance of power
Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.
Operational Boundary Dispute
Conflict over the way a boundary should operate or function, such as the conflict over allowing migration across the border
Decentralization
Degree to which decision-making authority is given to lower levels in an organization's hierarchy.
What is one exampple of a nation-state?
Denmark - 90% Danish, 10% minorities; nearly all Danes live in Denmark
3 Baltic States (Soviet Union)
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania "Baltic Eat Little Latkes"
Cultural Boundaries
Geometric: arbitrary (random) line drawn at a latitude Ethnic: divide diff. ethnicities Religious: divides religions (ex: Israel & Palestine) Language: diff speaking regions
Evolutionary Theory
The early family was the first form of government. Evolved as clans grew larger. Settled on land once agriculture developed.
Heartland Theory
Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.
territoriality
In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended.
NATO vs COMECON
NATO vs. Colletive Security Treaty Organization (led by Russia)
Rimland Theory
Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.
NATO vs Warsaw Pact
North Atlantic Treaty Organization vs. communist states during Cold War
State Sponsored Terrorism: North Korea
Nuclear Weapons
American Terrorists: Timothy J. McVeigh
Oklahoma City 1995
supranational organization
Organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives.
Gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
Europe: Pre and Post WWII - 1939-1945
September 1st, 1939, Germany and Russia attacked the Jews of Poland; then Germany attacked Russia; Russia pushed Germany back to original land; Russia got land back; Germany split to West Germany, Democracy, and East Germany, Communist; Iron Curtain=countries between Soviet Union (communist) and West (democracy)
Fragmented Shape of State (5 boxes)
Shape: broken, small pieces Describe: disconnected pieces of land Benefit: more land available for the country Obstacle: difficult to manage separate pieces EX: Japan
Compact Shape of State (5 boxes)
Shape: circle Describe shape: distance from center to edge is uniform Benefits: efficient for travel and trade Obstacles: compactness does not guarantee peace EX: Iceland / Poland
Perforated Shape of State
Shape: circle with cut out piece Describe: can cause problems witth import/export of goods Benefit: possible protection form surrounding state Obstacle: can cause problems with import/export of goods EX: South Africa w/ Lesotho
Elongated Shape of State (5 boxes)
Shape: long stick shaped Describe: long country length Benefit: usually long coastline, access to ocean resources Obstacles: Potential isolation and Poor communication from end to end EX: Chile
What is one example of a multinational state?
Soviet Union - 1917 Bolshevik Revolution against Emperor Nicholas II; communists came to powe from 1917-1991; largest multinational state until 1991
Problem Defining States: Western Sahara
Spanish owned until 1976; both Morocco and Mauritania claim region; Morocco currently controls it
State Sponsored Terrorism: Afghanistan
Taliban
Domino Theory
The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.
Annexation
The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.
territorial waters
The area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction
Irredentism
The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state.
organic theory
The view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth, maturity, and old age.
5 Central Asian States (Soviet Union)
Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikstan, Uzbekistan "The Kid Kills The Umbrella"
State Sponsored terrorism: Iran
US hostages in 1979
American Terrorists: Theodore J. Kaczynski
Unabomber; UNABOM: University and Airline BOMber
EEZ
Under the law of the sea, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources.
UNCLOS
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones.
Autocracy
a system of government by one person with absolute power.
State Sponsored Terrorism: Iraq
Weapons of Mass Destruction; Biological, Nuclear Radiation, Nerve Gas
Ku Klux Klan
White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties in USA
Boko Haram
a Nigerian militant Islamist group that seeks the imposition of Shariah law throughout all 36 states of Nigeria
superimposed boundary
a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern placed by a higher authority
subsequent boundary
a boundary that developed with the evolution of the cultural landscape and is adjusted as the cultural landscape changes...
antecedent boundary
a boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area...
capital city
a city that is the governmental center of a country or region
city-state
a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.
Political Cleavage
a deep and lasting salient dimension of political conflict and competition within a given society, such as religion, ethnicity, ideology, or other forms of identity.
Hamas
a militant Islamic fundamentalist political movement that opposes peace with Israel and uses terrorism as a weapon from Palestine
Socialism
a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the government. Some companies owned by the government. High taxes
autonomous region
a political unit with limited self-government
Shatterbelt Regions
a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals
frontier
a zone where no state exercises complete political control
What are the 2 qualifications of a nation-state?
almost all of that ethnic group live in the nation-state & globally, mostly all live in that state
Confederate Government
an alliance of independent states; weak, national government, but strong regional gov't
Capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
nation-state
country with territory occupied by an ethnic group
Cracking Gerrymandering
dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority
self-determination
idea that an ethnic group hast the right to self govern
Packing Gerrymandering
merges pieces of the majority party in its weak districts into a single, strong district
Physical Boundaries
mountains, deserts, water difficult to cross, natural barrier
stateless nation
nation that does not have a state
4 characteristics of a state
population, territory, sovereignty, government
Totalitarian
referring to a form of government in which one person or party holds absolute control EX: North Korea
Prorupt Shape of State (5 boxes)
shape: square w/ sticking out strip Describe shape: mostly compact state with large protruding extension Benefits: provide access to resources and to separate other countries Obstacles: may be difficult to manage protruding edge EX: India / Namibia
Oligarchy
small group of leaders
State Sponsored Terrorism: Libya
sponsored attacks in Europe; Lockerbie plane attack in 1988
Multinational states
state with more than one ethnic group
ISIS
terrorist group from Syria and Iraq
demarcation
the marking of boundaries or categories
high seas
the parts of the ocean in which no government has sovereignty
democratization
the process of creating a government elected by the people
boundary evolution
the technical wording of a treaty that legally defines where a boundary should be located
Devolution
the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states
devolution
the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states
global commons
those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility--the atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries
Delimitation
when borders are put on the map
