AP Human Geography - End of Chp 2 (also the first like 15 terms are off the notes, rest is off the book!!!)
China's Population
- China's CBR has shrunk as it moves through the DMT - It's population is skewed because of it's restrictive child policy - As you go up China's Pop Pyramid, it widens, indicating a older population
stage 2 example
- Example: The Gambia One of Africa's smallest and poorest countries. As a colony of the U.K. until 1965, the gambia was in stage 1 of the dmt. The Gambia was in stage 1 of the demographic transition. The World Health Organization launched a program during the 1970s to immunize children in a number of countries, including The Gambia. This sent The Gambia into stage 2 because the CDR declined rapidly, whereas the CBR remained high, thus raising the NIR
Stage 5 Cause: Connections: EBOLA
- One of the newest pandemics to emerge over the past several decades and spread over through the process - the disease is named for the ebola river in the democratic republic of the congo, where the first known victim was identified in 1976. - Mabalo Lokela, the victim, returned to his home village of Yambuku, where he was the school headmaster, after a visit to the Ebola River 150 kilometers from the village. He was originally diagnosed with and treated for malaria.
Assume that a country is in stage 4 of the DMT. Describe it's population pyramid
- Smaller base (indicting a lower CBR) - As the chart goes up it widens (indicating life expectancy is higher) - You can assume this is an MDC Example: US
Assume that a country is in stage 2 of the DMT. Describe it's population pyramid
- Wide Base (indicates a higher rate of CBR/TFR/Lower level of women's education AND an LDC) (has a high CBR because of the Stage 2 social beliefs) - Life Expectancy is low because as the chart goes up, it narrows Example of this: Kenya
Population Pyramids / Age-Sex Pyramids
- the length of each bar represents the percent of the population in that age group - typically, male population is on the left, while female population is on the right - A country's stage in the DMT gives the population its distinct shaping/structure - the percentage of population in each group - the number of females and males in a population - the population is divided into 5 year age cohorts (ex: group 0-4, 5-9) - the youngest are at the bottom, older at the top - A wide base with a narrowing top means a younger population (indicating high TFR and CBR, meaning lower womens education levels, which also could indicate the country is in stage 2 or 3 of the DMT) - population pyramids also can tell you the history of a country - while CBR and Life Expectancy can be easily represented on a pop. pyramid, CDR cannot - reveals population structure - reveals whether a country is an MDC, LDC, or NDC facts to consider about this - Today's median age is 26 (globally) - Today's median age in the U.S. is 36 years of age - Latin America is 18 years to 25 years
Stage 5 Cause: Connections: AIDS
- the most lethal pandemic in recent years - Worldwide, 39 million people died of AIDS from the beginning of the epidemic through 2014, and 37 million were living with HIV - The Impact of AIDS has been felt most strongly in Sub-Saharan Africa, home to 26 million of the 37 million HIV-positive people - AIDS diffused from sub-Saharan Africa through relocation diffusion (by Africans and visitors) - AIDS entered the U.S. through FL, NY, and CA (not by coincidence, the 3 leading U.S. airports for international arrivals are located in these 3 states) - Though AIDS diffused to every state during the 1980s, these three states, plus Texas (a major port of entry by motor vehicle), accounted for half of the country's new AIDS cases in the peak year of 1993.
population pyramid
A population pyramid is a bar graph that displays the percentage of a place's population for each age and gender. The graph shows the percentage of the total population in five year age groups, with the youngest (0 to 4 years old) at the base and the oldest at the top.
Around ____ are "missing" every year in ___ and ___ , as a result of ___.
Around 700,000 female babies are "missing" every year in China and India, as a result of gender-based selection.
Sex Selection creates a large problem because
As the babies grow to adulthood, these countries are left with an enormous surplus of men who are unable to find women to marry.
How many stages are in the DMT? (Demographic Transition)
Authoritative demographic sources consider it to be 4, but other demographers expect a 5th stage
___, ___, and ___ are the best words used to describe a population pyramid
CBR, Population Growth, and Life Expectancy are the best words used to describe a pop pyramid
NIR can be linked with..
CBR, TFR, and IMR (not CDR because CDR DOES NOT follow the economics of a country)
stage 3 example
Colonial Mexico was in stage 1 of the demographic transition. Mexico entered stage 2 of the demographic transition during the twentieth century, through a combination of a lower CDR and a higher CBR (Figure 2-18b). The government of Mexico believed that higher birth rates would be good for the country's economic growth. A dramatic decline in the CBR and transition into stage 3 came after 1974, when a constitutional amendment guaranteed families the legal right to decide on the number and spacing of children, and the National Population Council was established to promote family planning through education
DMT (POSSIBLE): Stage 5: Decline
DMT (POSSIBLE): Stage 5: Decline - Very low CBR - Increasing CDR - Declining NIR ==== - demographers predict a possible stage 5 of the demographic transition for some developed countries - at this possibility, a stage 5 country would have relatively few young women aging into childbearing years. As those in the smaller pool of women each chooses to have fewer children, birth rates would continue to fall even more than in stage 4.
DMT: Possible Stage 5 Cause: Connections
DMT: Possible Stage 5 Cause: Connections - Pandemics have spread in recent decades through the process of relocation diffusion. As they travel, people carry diseases with them and are exposed to the diseases of others. Two IMPORTANT examples of this: - Aids - Ebola
DMT: Possible Stage 5 Cause: Evolution
DMT: Possible Stage 5 Cause: Evolution - Infectious disease microbes have continuously evolved and changed in response to environmental pressures by developing resistance to drugs and insecticides. - Antibiotics and genetic engineering contribute to the emergence of new strains of viruses and bacteria
DMT: Possible Stage 5 Cause: Poverty
DMT: Possible Stage 5 Cause: Poverty - Infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas than other places because unsanitary conditions may persist, and people can't afford the drugs they need for treatment.
Industrial Revolution, Death Rates, and Pandemics (EDT: Stage 2 continued)
Death rates did not decline instantly during the early years of the industrial revolution. Poor people crowded into rapidly growing industrial cities which had especially high death rates - Cholera: became a virulent epidemic in urban areas FIXED: because of the construction of water and sewer systems (it was gone by the late 19th century in Europe + N.A.)
stage 4 example
Denmark, like most other European countries, has reached stage 4 of the demographic transition (Figure 2-18c). Denmark's CDR has actually increased somewhat in recent years because of the increasing percentage of elderly people. The CDR is unlikely to decline unless another medical revolution, such as a cure for cancer, keeps elderly people alive much longer.
Why is aging and younger populations a problem?
Governments have to deal with these population problems differently based on the status of their country. Ex: Kenya has a younger population. This requires public education along with better healthcare. Opposite Ex: Denmark has a rapidly aging population. Their government needs to be concerned with healthcare for the elderly.
Hemorrhage & other common causes of maternal death (in poorer countries)
Hemorrhage Excessive or profuse bleeding (In this case, a type of disease during live birth that kills many women during child birth) According to the United Nations, the most common cause of maternal death in poor countries is obstetrical hemorrhage, followed by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Developed countries have medical facilities, advanced technologies, and trained personnel to limit the incidence of life-threatening conditions during childbirth.
An Essay on the Principle of Population
In An Essay on the Principle of Population, published in 1798, Malthus claimed that the population was growing much more rapidly than Earth's food supply because population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increased arithmetically.
Stage 5 Cause: Evolution - EXAMPLE
Malaria was nearly eradicated in the mid-twentieth century by spraying DDT in areas infested with the mosquito that carried the parasite. However, malaria caused an estimated 118,648 deaths worldwide in 2014, including 30,918 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. A major reason is the evolution of DDT-resistant mosquitoes
Non productive and productive groupings
Non Productive YOUNG: 0-14 years (LDC problem) Productive: 15-64 years Non Productive OLD: 65+ years (MDC problem)
Lowering CBR through education and health care
One approach to lowering birth rates emphasizes the importance of improving local economic conditions. A wealthier community has more money to spend on education and health-care programs that promote lower birth rates. According to this approach: - Women will be able to learn employment skills and gain more economic control over their lives - Women would better understand their reproductive rights, make more informed reproductive choices, and select more effective methods of contraception - IMRs would decline through improved healthcare programs (improved prenatal care, counseling about STDs, and child immunization) - with the survival of more infants insured, women would be more likely to choose to make more effective use of contraceptives to limit the number of children
DMT: Stage 1
Stage 1: Low Growth - Very high CBR - Very high CDR - Very low NIR ---- (On actually chart, cbr and cdr are flowing almost evenly, no significant drops or highs) - Today, no country remains in stage 1 - at least every nation is in stage 2 For most of this period people depended on hunting and gathering for food. - When food was easily obtained, a region's population increased - the population declined when people were unable to locate enough animals or vegetation nearby - KEEP IN MIND: Climate, disease, and accidents also all play a role in this! Best example: the black plague (wiped out 60% of europe)
EDT: Stage 1
Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine - Infectious and Parasitic diseases were principal causes of human deaths, along with accidents and attacks by animals and other humans. - Thomas Malthus called these causes of death, "natural checks," on the grwoth of the human population in stage 1 of the dmt history's most violent stage 1 epidemic: Black (bubonic) Plague
DMT: Stage 2
Stage 2: High Growth - High CBR - Rapidly declining CDR - Very high NIR ---- (on chart, cbr flows, cdr drops, nir increases) - At least all countries are in stage 2 - Rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates produce very high natural increase rates. ================== - Europe and North America entered stage 2 of the DMT after 1750, as a result of the Industrial Revolution ----> Industrial Revolution: major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market - resulted in unprecedented levels of wealth, some of which was used to make communities healthier places to live. ============== - Stage 2 of the DMT did not diffuse to Africa, Asia, and Latin America until around 1950 - The late 20th century push of developing countries into stage 2 was caused by the medical revolution - Medical technology invented in Europe and N.A. has diffused to developing countries, enabling people to experience longer and healthier lives.
EDT: Stage 2
Stage 2: Receding Pandemics Stage of RECEDING Pandemics due to: - improved sanitation - improved nutrition - improved medicine ^ all during the industrial revolution
EDT: Stage 3
Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases - decrease in deaths from infectious diseases - increase in chronic disorders associated with aging important chronic disorders: - cardiovascular diseases (eg: heart attack) - various forms of cancer ( The global pattern of cancer is the opposite of that for stage 2 diseases )
DMT: Stage 3
Stage 3: Moderate Growth - Rapidly declining CBR - Moderately declining CDR - Moderate NIR =============== - A country moves from stage 2 to 3 of the dmt when CBR begins to drop sharly. - The CDR continues to fall into stage 3 but at a much slower rate -Population continues to grow because CBR is still greater than CDR - The rate of NIR is more modest because the gap between CDR and CBR narrows - A society enters stage 3 when people have fewer children - this is partly a delayed reaction to a decline in mortality - Economic changes people see in this stage include: - People living more in cities than countryside - to work in offices, shops, or factories > farms ========= - Most countries in Europe and North America moved from stage 2 to 3 of the dmt during the first half of the 20th century. The movement took place during the 2nd half of the 20th century for other places like Asia, Latin America, and Mexico.
DMT: Stage 4
Stage 4: Low Growth - Very low CBR - Low or slightly increasing CDR - Zero or negative NIR ------- - When CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches zero. This condition is called zero-population growth (ZPG), a term often applied to stage 4 countries - ZPG may occur when CBR is still slightly higher than CDR because some females die before reaching their childbearing years, and the number of females in their childbearing years may vary. - To account for these discrepancies, demographers more precisely define ZPG as the TFR that results in a lack of change in the total population over a long term. - A TFR of approx. 2.1 produces ZPG - Social customs explain the movement to stage 4 - Increasingly, women in stage 4 societies enter the labor force rather than remain at home as full-time homemakers. - People who have access to a wider variety of birth-control methods are more likely to use some of them
EDT: Stage 4
Stage 4: delayed degenerative diseases Omran's epidemiologic transition was extended by S. Jay Olshansky and Brian Ault to stage 4, the stage of delayed degenerative diseases. The major degenerative causes of death—cardiovascular diseases and cancers—linger, but the life expectancy of older people is extended through medical advances. Through medicine, cancers spread more slowly or are removed altogether. Operations such as bypasses repair deficiencies in the cardiovascular system. Also improving health are behavior changes such as better diet, reduced use of tobacco and alcohol, and exercise. On the other hand, consumption of non-nutritious food and sedentary behavior have resulted in an increase in obesity in stage 4 countries
Life Expectancy Rates can be linked with..
TFR, CBR, IMR, low hospital beds, low physicians, and low government healthcare spendings (put simply, why your country has highs and lows)
If a pyramid's right side extends farther than the left side, what is that evidence of?
That there are more women in a particular age group(or in select age groups) then men
Dependency Ratio Examples
The dependency ratio is 47 percent in Europe, compared to 85 percent in sub-Saharan Africa.
The four-stage demographic transition is characterized by two big breaks with the past. What are those breaks?
The first break—the sudden drop in the death rate that comes from technological innovation—has been accomplished everywhere. The second break— the sudden drop in the birth rate that comes from changing social customs—has yet to be achieved in many countries.
Global Distribution of IMRs
The global distribution of IMRs follows the pattern that by now has become familiar. Lower IMRs are found in countries with well-trained doctors and nurses, modern hospitals, and large supplies of medicine. The IMR is 4 in European countries in stage 4, compared with 64 in subSaharan Africa. In other words, before reaching their first birthday, 1 in 15 babies die in sub-Saharan Africa and 1 in 250 babies die in Europe. Even if they survive infancy, children remain at risk in developing countries. For example, 17 percent of children in developing countries are not immunized against measles, compared to 7 percent in developed countries. More than one-fourth of children lack measles immunization in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
The MMR of the ___ is higher than in other ___ countries. Elaborate on this statement ^
The maternal mortality rate in the United States (28) is higher than in other developed countries. The higher rate is attributable to difficulties faced by low-income people in the United States in gaining access to health care. In addition, the United States is one of the few countries that do not mandate paid leave for mothers of newborn infants.
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
The maternal mortality rate is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes)
Lowering CBR through Contraception
The other approach to lowering birth rates emphasizes the importance of rapidly diffusing modern contraceptive methods. Economic development may promote lower birth rates in the long run, but the world cannot wait around for that alternative to take effect. Putting resources into family-planning programs can reduce birth rates much more rapidly. In developing countries, demand for contraceptive devices is greater than the available supply. Therefore, the most effective way to increase their use is to distribute more of them cheaply and quickly. According to this approach, contraceptives are the best method for lowering the birth rate.
MMR Examples - Africa and Asia? - European countries?
The rate exceeds 100 deaths per 100,000 mothers (in other words, 1 percent) in much of Africa and Asia, compared to fewer than 10 (0.1 percent) in most European countries
Thomas Malthus
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) - started debate on overpopulation and resources - an English economist, a professor of political economy - demographer and clergyman - it seemed as if population was increasing to him NOTE: He lived during the 2nd Stage of the DMT His Theory: He believed that through preventative checks and positive checks, the population would be controlled to balance the food supply with the population level.
According to Malthus, these growth rates would produce the following relationships between people and food in the future:
Today: 1 person, 1 unit of food; 25 years from now: 2 persons, 2 units of food; 50 years from now: 4 persons, 3 units of food 75 years from now: 8 persons, 4 units of food 100 years from now: 16 persons, 5 units of food
Two crucial demographic differences underlie this process of "DMT"
Total population. The total population of the country is much higher in stage 4 than in stage 1. CBR and CDR. At the beginning of the demographic transition, the CBRs and CDRs are high (35 to 40 per 1,000), whereas at the end of the process, the rates are very low (approximately 10 per 1,000)
DMT: Possible Stage 5 Cause: Poverty - EXAMPLE
Tuberculosis (TB) is an example of an infectious disease that has been largely controlled in developed countries but remains a major cause of death in developing countries (Figure 2-42). An airborne disease that damages the lungs, TB (often called "consumption") spreads principally through coughing and sneezing. TB is more prevalent in poor areas because the long, expensive treatment poses a significant economic burden.
Ways to lower CBR
You can lower CBR through... - Women's Education Levels - Healthcare - Contraception
The percentage of different age groups helps to understand
a country's distinctive health challenges
On a population pyramid, a broader base indicates what?
a higher percentage of young people - higher CBR and TFR
The Demographic Transition
a process of change in a society's population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population.
A high dependency ratio derives from having..?
a very high percentage of young people Ex: Sub-Saharan Africa Young dependents outnumber elderly ones by more than 14:1 in sub-Saharan Africa, whereas the numbers of people under 15 and over 65 are roughly equal in Europe. The large percentage of children in sub-Saharan Africa strains the ability of these relatively poor countries to provide needed services such as schools, hospitals, and day-care centers. When children reach the age of leaving school, jobs must be found for them, but the government must continue to allocate scarce resources to meet the needs of the still growing number of young people.
Malthus concluded that population growth would press against..?
available resources in every country unless "moral restraint," produced lower CBRs or unless disease, famine, war, or other disasters produced higher CDRs
Population Pyramids can be for any ____.
can be for any grouping. (a city, country, county, region, etc. etc.)
One of the reasons Life Expectancy is so high in MDCs is..
because these countries spend more money per capita
IMR is usually expressed as the number of
deaths among infants per 1,000 births rather than as a percentage (per 100)
A country's stage of the demographic transition determines the percentage of people in...?
different age groups ex: A country in stage 2 of the demographic transition typically has a relatively high percentage of young people, whereas a country in stage 4 has a relatively high percentage of elderly people.
Pandemic
disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
The larger the dependency ratio, the greater the..?
financial burden on those who are working to support those who do not
epidemiologic transition
focuses on distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition. Epidemiologists rely heavily on geographic concepts such as scale and connection because measures to control and prevent an epidemic derive from understanding its distinctive distribution and method of diffusion. The concept was originally formulated by epidemiologist Abdel Omran in 1971
the IMR reflects a country's
health-care system
In nature, typically more ___s are born than more ___s. Although, __s have a shorter ___ than ___s.
in nature, typically more boys are born than more girls.. although, males have a shorter life expectancy than females.
Sex Ratio
is the number of males per 100 females in the population
Dependency Ratio
is the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years. (The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force) Example: Stage 2 DR = 1:1 Stage 4 DR = 1:2 (for every dependent, you have x amount of workers) dependent = people under age 15 and over age 65
By convention, males are shown on the ___ side of the pyramid and females are shown on the ____.
males on the left, females on the right
the "graying" of the population places a burden on developed countries to
meet their needs for income and medical care after they retire from jobs.
The more children a women has, the
more likely something is going to go wrong
sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have the lowest incidence of cancer, primarily because
of the relatively low life expectancy in those regions
Per Capita means..
per person
The number of new AIDS cases has dropped sharply because of the
rapid diffusion of preventive methods and medicines such as AZT. The rapid spread of these innovations is an example of expansion diffusion rather than relocation diffusion.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births
Epidemoiology
the branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a particular time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected place
Thomas Malthus argued that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning what?
the development of food supplies
elderly support ratio
the number of working-age people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older The world's elderly support ratio is currently around 9, meaning that there are 9 people of working age for every elderly person. In 2050, the ratio is expected to decline to around 4, meaning that there will be only 4 people of working age available to support elderly people who have retired from work. Thus, as the ratio gets smaller, fewer workers are available to contribute to pensions, health care, and other support that older people need.
the length of the bar represents the percentage of
the total population contained in that group
A country that has reached stage 4 of the demographic transition has in some ways completed a cycle, which can be described as..?
—from little or no natural increase in stage 1 to little or no natural increase in stage 4.