AP Human Geography Unit 5 Test - Study Guide

Von Thunen Land Use Model

A model that shows balance between land cost and transportation cost as you get closer to the city where the price of land increases. The model also assumes that farmers want to maximize profits, land is flat with no physical boundaries, state is surrounded by wilderness, no roads, constant climate, and no external influences.

Diffusion of Plants and Animals from Their Hearths

Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation.

Identify the new method of harnessing energy that revolutionized the way machines and farm equipment operated during the 2nd Industrial Revolution.

Horsepower, Coal Power, Steam Power

Compare the concepts of intensive and extensive agricultural practices.

Intensive agricultural practices involve greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used, and extensive agricultural practices use fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the amount of space being used. However, they are the same because they are both farming techniques. They can also both be used to grow the same types of crops.

Extensive vs Intensive Farming

Intensive farming focuses on investing a lot of resources and labor into small tracts of land in order to increase yield. Extensive agriculture, on the other hand, employs larger tracts of land and lower quantities of labor and resources.

Pastoral Nomadism

A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals.

Bid Rent Theory

A geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases.

Mercator Map Projection

A map projection that accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size of land masses.

Commodity Chains

A process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers. It is a series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.

Green Revolution

A response to an exponential increase in the global human population (from 2.5 billion in 1950 to 6 billion in 2000) and advances in technology that allowed for the mass production of chemical fertilizers.

Which of the following environmental problems is most associated with the African Sahel? A. Desertification B. Deforestation C. Air pollution D. Flooding E. Water pollution

A. Desertification

Which of the following explains an impact of globalized agricultural commodity chains on consumers as compared to producers? A. Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food. B. The shift from subsistence farming to value-added agriculture by small farmers in developed countries causes a drop in profits for global agribusiness corporations. C. The imposition of government-imposed tariffs on specialty crops in order to protect domestic farmers causes a worldwide decrease in all farm products. D. Farmers in developing countries who are unable to gain access to global food markets to sell their goods protest, leading to global unrest. E. Agricultural production with a focus on monocropping cash crops creates more vulnerability in a country's exports if consumer preferences shift to a different commodity.

A. Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food.

Traditional labor-intensive agriculture often involves which of the following? A. Field terracing B. Mechanical plowing C. Hybrid seeds D. Use of pesticides E. High levels of debt

A. Field terracing

Which of the following developments is predicted by the von Thünen model of land use around cities? A. Large-scale growing of flowers and vegetables in the Netherlands B. Large-scale rubber plantations in Malaysia C. Large-scale commercial fishing in Japan D. Extensive cattle raising in northern France E. Very large dairy farms in Utah and southern Idaho

A. Large-scale growing of flowers and vegetables in the Netherlands

Which of the following best explains the importance of climate to agricultural practices? A. Midlatitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the United States and China. B. Agricultural crops are successful only in midlatitude climates, where any crop can be grown. C. Tropical climates support plant-based agriculture, but animal-based agriculture is not successful in tropical areas. D. The sparse vegetation in arid or semiarid climates does not support animal-based agriculture. E. Cold midlatitude climates are associated with plantation agriculture and pastoral nomadism.

A. Midlatitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the United States and China.

Green Revolution technology has resulted in which of the following in modern agriculture? A. The development of high-yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas B. The construction of new irrigation systems and a reduction in the use of fertilizers C. An increase in the circulation of investment capital to help the poorest farmers D. The loss of prime agricultural land and smaller yields from grain crops E. The end of famine in the world

A. The development of high-yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas

Which of the following best explains the potential impact of rising global temperatures on agricultural regions? A. The wheat belt will shift northward. B. Mediterranean agriculture will expand southward. C. Polar regions will dry out, making cultivation impossible. D. Nomadic herding will end as conditions become too harsh. E. Centers of market gardening will shift to the Arctic Circle.

A. The wheat belt will shift northward.

The industrialization and mechanization of agriculture in the United States during the past 70 years have resulted in A. a decrease in the number of farms and an increase in the size of farms B. an increase in the number of farms and a decrease in the size of farm fields C. an increase in the diversity of crops and animals grown on individual farms D. an increase in the economic viability of small towns in the agricultural regions E. a decrease in the tonnage of pesticides and herbicides used on cropland

A. a decrease in the number of farms and an increase in the size of farms

Nomadic pastoralism is an extensive agricultural system practiced A. in the dry regions of Africa and Asia B. in the tropical regions of Africa and Asia C. in the hinterlands of Australia D. by Native American buffalo hunters E. by people who shift location in pursuit of rain clouds

A. in the dry regions of Africa and Asia

Define agriculture.

Agriculture is the process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade.

Land Survey in the United States

Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels. township and range system.

Agricultural Regions

An area of similar farming which may be contiguous or may comprise several separate tracts of country.

Why have many family farms in North America been replaced by agribusiness farms since the 1980s? A. A decrease in the consumption of meat has resulted in less demand for cattle, which are mainly raised on family farms. B. Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale. C. Little available land for pasture farming has resulted in more concentrated agribusiness operations. D. More interest in genetically modified foods has led to an increase in agribusiness farms, which have greater access to advanced technology. E. Water shortages in regions where family farms were once common have led to a rise in agribusinesses in regions with more favorable climates.

B. Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale.

Which of the following is an explanation for the similar impact of large-scale commercial agriculture in developed countries and plantation agriculture in developing countries? A. Both farming practices stimulate local economies with the influx of profits from export-oriented crops. B. Both farming practices involve the consolidation of family farms and displacement of rural communities. C. Both farming practices provide an increased standard of living in rural communities from the many jobs created to run these large farms. D. Both farming practices enable local farmers to remain on their land rather than migrating to jobs in urban areas. E. Both farming practices guarantee that long-term sustainable farming methods will be incorporated in their production processes.

B. Both farming practices involve the consolidation of family farms and displacement of rural communities.

During the winter months in North America, the primary source of fruits and vegetables found in grocery stores is A. Uruguay B. Chile C. Nigeria D. Philippines E. Italy

B. Chile

According to the von Thünen model, which of the following economic factors determine the pattern of land use shown on the diagram? A. Accessibility of railroads and highways B. Costs of labor, transport, and land rent C. Size and distribution of urban populations D. Adoption of new farming techniques E. Type of transportation and land rent

B. Costs of labor, transport, and land rent

Which of the following explains why multiple early hearths of domestication and diffusion of plants and animals arose across the world in Central America, the Fertile Crescent, the Indus River valley, and Southeast Asia? A. Domestication of plants and animals began in Central America and the process diffused to other areas through the early explorers. B. Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals. C. Domestication of plants and animals began in Southeast Asia and the process diffused to other areas as nomadic warriors conquered other cultural groups and carried the new seeds and animals with them. D. Domestication of plants and animals began in the Fertile Crescent and the process diffused as pastoral nomads migrated to other areas. E. Domestication of plants and animals began in the Indus River valley and the process diffused to other areas across trade routes.

B. Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals.

In 2017 the Ivory Coast exported $5.6 billion worth of cocoa beans and cocoa-derived products, such as cocoa butter. This represented 55 percent of the country's exports and was worth four times the country's combined gold and oil exports in that year. Which of the following best explains the international trade economy of the Ivory Coast? A. High level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that increases national economic development and increases foreign direct investment B. High level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that increases national economic risks during times of global economic crisis C. Low level of dependency on primary-sector production and resource processing that will increase the country's level of development D. Low level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that decreases national economic risks during times of global economic crisis E. Low level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that increases national economic development and increases foreign direct investment

B. High level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that increases national economic risks during times of global economic crisis

Which of the following explains the significance of the similarities between Asia and sub-Saharan Africa in terms of the percent of women working agriculture? A. Women own or rent much of the land cultivated for plantation crops such as cacao, coffee, or tea. B. In the subsistence-based rural economies in these regions, female farmers produce much of the food that their families need for survival. C. In rural agricultural regions, women control the political and social lives of the community and consider farming as their primary role. D. In tropical regions soil and climate conditions are so favorable that little labor is required to farm crops. E. In the shifting cultivation found in rain forest regions, women do the work of claiming land and clearing the forest of trees.

B. In the subsistence-based rural economies in these regions, female farmers produce much of the food that their families need for survival.

Compare the two maps and examine the data for Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. Which of the following statements is supported by the comparison of the two maps? A. There is less food produced in these regions and therefore fewer women working in agriculture. B. Many women in these regions work on farms and grow food for their families, but not all are paid to do this work. C. Agriculture is considered a prestigious field in these regions, and they have the highest percentage of women working in agriculture. D. There is a strong correlation between countries with a large percentage of women in the paid workforce and women working in agriculture. E. Typically women in these regions work for agribusiness in the formal paid workforce.

B. Many women in these regions work on farms and grow food for their families, but not all are paid to do this work.

Which of the following best explains how the expansion of feedlots for raising cattle has affected environmental sustainability in rural areas? A. Concentrating large numbers of farm animals in small spaces has decreased the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. B. Runoff from animal waste has increased the pollution in local water supplies. C. Feed grains have eliminated potentially harmful invasive plant species from farmland. D. Land development has increased the available water supply for other farming practices. E. Composted manure has introduced valuable nutrients into previously depleted soils.

B. Runoff from animal waste has increased the pollution in local water supplies.

During the Green Revolution, agricultural practices from more developed countries diffused to less developed countries in Asia and Africa. Which of the following best explains the Green Revolution's highly variable level of success in increasing agricultural yields? A. The increased yield of the Green Revolution in sub-Saharan Africa decreased the incidence of famine, but the program was unsuccessful in India because of poor soil quality. B. Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the Green Revolution outside of urban cores. C. The Green Revolution was not successful in China because the strain of rice produced was prone to widespread crop failures, and China dropped out of the program. D. Rice production surpassed all other crop production in sub-Saharan Africa, but corn production in Mexico was less successful because of the negative impact on the environment. E. Persistent famine has occurred in India since new technologies associated with the Green Revolution were implemented because only the wealthy could afford the increased cost of the improved strains of rice.

B. Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the Green Revolution outside of urban cores.

Labor-intensive intertillage is often practiced in A. the Canadian wheat belt B. Southeast Asia C. the Turkish highlands D. the English countryside E. New Zealand

B. Southeast Asia

Von Thünen emphasized which of the following factors in his model of agricultural land use? A. Labor cost B. Transportation cost C. Fertilizer cost D. Machinery cost E;. Seasonal fluctuations in prices of farm products

B. Transportation cost

Agriculture practiced in California differs from forms practiced in other Mediterranean agricultural regions because in California A. grapes are grown for wine production B. farms use more irrigation C. farms are smaller D. farms rely on local labor E. wheat is grown in the winter as a cover crop

B. farms use more irrigation

Green Revolution in India and Mexico

Between 1950 and 1970, Mexico increased its production of wheat eight-fold and India doubled its production of rice. Worldwide, increases in crop yields resulted from the use of new crop varieties and the application of modern agricultural techniques. These changes were called the Green Revolution.

Subsistence agriculture is most common in which of the following regions? A. Great Plains of the United States B. Pampas of Argentina C. Amazon Basin D. The Outback of Australia E. The Ruhr Valley of Germany

C. Amazon Basin

Which of the following best explains the diffusion of plants and animals from their hearths of domestication? A. Animals were domesticated before plants and diffused rapidly from their hearth of domestication through contagious diffusion because they were mobile and moved easily from place to place. B. Domesticated plants spread through wind-borne dispersal of seeds from their original hearth, expanding slowly until a vast region was covered with new plants. C. Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism. D. The diffusion of plants and animals was limited to areas close to each hearth of domestication because the newly developed plants and animals could not readily adapt to different soil types. E. The diffusion of plants and animals was dependent on nomadic traders who traveled between agricultural villages because early farmers were sedentary and did not travel to other areas.

C. Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism.

Which of the following agricultural practices has the most significant long-term environmental impact in tropical regions? A. Clearing small patches of land to pasture dairy cows, which decreases water pollution from runoff B. Building terraces on sloping land to grow rice, which destabilizes hillsides C. Burning extensive areas of forested land to create pasture, which decreases biodiversity D. Burning small areas of forested land for subsistence farming, which increases biodiversity E. Moving livestock to higher pasture areas in the spring, which leads to soil degradation

C. Burning extensive areas of forested land to create pasture, which decreases biodiversity

Which of the following explains the role of commodity chains in the average size of farms? A. The spatial organization of agriculture has changed because of an increase in the number of farms as farmers join local commodity chains that regulate supply and demand for agricultural products and large profits can be realized. B. The spatial organization of agriculture has remained stable, but farm productivity has increased through technological innovations that are available to farmers through membership in local commodity chains. C. Commodity chains have led to changes in the spatial organization of agriculture from dispersed family farms to large corporate farms that produce, process, and distribute the products. D. Farms are increasing in size, but there is little change in the spatial organization of agriculture because of the instability of regional cooperatives and associated commodity chains that cannot meet the demand for new products desired by consumers. E. Commodity chains have had no effect on the spatial organization of agriculture because they operate only in areas of grain farming; dairy and meat products spoil rapidly and markets are too far away for safe and rapid transportation of those products.

C. Commodity chains have led to changes in the spatial organization of agriculture from dispersed family farms to large corporate farms that produce, process, and distribute the products.

The shaded areas on the map above most likely indicate regions that are affected or threatened by which of the following? A. Depopulation B. Deforestation C. Desertification D. Deindustrialization E. Devolution

C. Desertification

In less developed countries, pesticides are typically applied by hand, whereas pesticides are typically applied by tractors or aircraft in more developed countries. Which of the following best explains the risks associated with pesticide applications? A. Crop dusters are at risk when applying pesticides with aircraft in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries. B. Farm animals used to plow fields are at risk from pesticides in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk is less developed countries. C. Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries. D. Crops are at risk in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries. E. Contract harvesters are at risk in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries.

C. Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries.

Palm oil, an edible vegetable oil used in processing packaged food products, is obtained from the fruit of the oil palm tree, grown only in the tropics. Which of the following explains how global demand for palm oil has proved beneficial and detrimental for countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia? A. Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but increased government subsidies to palm oil farmers led to increased poverty in the two countries. B. Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the process led to high rates of unemployment for farmworkers at harvest time. C. Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries. D. Palm oil exports provided increased income to the governments of Indonesia and Malaysia, but the number of farmers employed on palm oil plantations decreased in the two countries. E. Palm oil exports aided in increasing the wealth of the two countries but also increased the diversity of plants in the two countries.

C. Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries.

Sheep production in New Zealand and poultry production in Arkansas produce food animals for human consumption. Which of the following best describes the differences in the agricultural practices and land use for these products? A. Sheep production is an example of intensive agriculture requiring large amounts of fertilizer, whereas poultry production is an example of extensive agriculture practiced mainly in more developed countries. B. Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of extensive agriculture practiced on large areas of land, but requiring different climates. C. Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors. D. Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of intensive agriculture practiced on small areas of land but requiring different amounts of labor and capital. E. Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture that is declining because of an insufficient supply of open land, whereas poultry production continues to be practiced on small areas of land.

C. Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors.

With the exception of Hawaii, the map shows the pattern of production for coffee beans by country. If the map was reproduced at the subnational state or provincial scale, as Hawaii is on the map, what changes in pattern would be expected in other parts of the world? A. The inland provinces of African countries would not show any production. B. Southeast Asian islands would not show any production. C. The states in northern Mexico and northern India would not show any production. D. The Amazon Basin and Congo Basin would show concentrated areas of production. E. Provinces in southern China would show concentrated areas of production.

C. The states in northern Mexico and northern India would not show any production.

With the exception of Hawaii, the map shows the pattern of production for coffee beans by country. Which of the following best describes the pattern of coffee bean production at the global scale? A. A core and periphery B. A hierarchical diffusion C. Within tropical latitudes D. Inside arid climate regions E. In more developed countries

C. Within tropical latitudes

Genetic engineering of agricultural crops has primarily increased the productivity of modern farming by A. converting annual plants to perennials, which do not require replanting B. increasing the size of fruits and grains C. increasing plants' drought resistance and resistance to pests D. cutting the cost of bulk seeds during planting seasons E. changing vegetable and fruit colors to suit consumer demands

C. increasing plants' drought resistance and resistance to pests

Subsistence agriculture is always characterized by A. double-cropping of specific grains B. extensive use of the land C. production only for family consumption D. production only for trade E. irrigation and inorganic fertilization

C. production only for family consumption

Production of agricultural products destined primarily for direct consumption by the producer rather than for market is called A. plantation farming B. hunting and gathering C. subsistence agriculture D. sedentary cultivation E. shifting-field agriculture

C. subsistence agriculture

2nd Agricultural Revolution

Coinciding with the Industrial Revolution, it used the increased technology from the Industrial Revolution as a means to increase farm productivity through mechanization. This caused exponential population increase.

Truck Farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities

Which of the following is the best example of extensive land use in agriculture? A. A cattle feedlot B. A greenhouse C. An egg-production facility D. A sheep ranch E. A backyard garden

D. A sheep ranch

Which of the following is the essential requirement of lowland rice production? A. Cheap labor B. Year-round growing season C. Proximity to market D. Abundant water E. Alluvial soil

D. Abundant water

Which of the following forms of agriculture would best be described as extensive farming? A. Citrus production and vineyards to produce table grapes B. Dairy and poultry farming C. Truck farming and hothouses to produce vegetables D. Cattle ranching and wheat farming E. Floral horticulture and tree nurseries

D. Cattle ranching and wheat farming

Corn (maize) was first domesticated in A. Northern Argentina B. the Tibetan plateau C. the Canadian prairie D. Central Mexico E. Central Australia

D. Central Mexico

Which of the following agricultural inputs were the most recent technological innovations employed in less developed countries during the Green Revolution? A. Metal plows and harvesting equipment B. Irrigated farm fields C. Seed hybrids and animal breeds D. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides E. Terracing in highland terrain

D. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides

The above map shows von Thünen's model applied to a map of the contiguous United States. Which of the following realities would NOT be accounted for by the theoretical predictions shown on the map? A. Wyoming is a major cattle-ranching area. B. Oregon has established a Forest Resources Institute. C. New Jersey's nickname is the Garden State. D. Florida's government has a Department of Citrus. E. The first cheese factory in the United States was near Rome, New York.

D. Florida's government has a Department of Citrus.

Based on the diagram of von Thünen's model of agricultural land use, which statement best explains the connection between land value and agricultural production regions? A. Land value increases as one moves away from the market town because rural land is more valuable to farmers. B. Market gardening materials require heavier applications of chemicals to produce greater profits, which reduces the land value near the market town. C. Pasture land is the most valuable land since more is needed to raise livestock in a ranching environment. D. Grain crops require extensive acreage and are grown on land that is less costly and farther away from the market than other agricultural land uses. E. Forested areas are the highest land value since they are often preserved for parks and natural activities.

D. Grain crops require extensive acreage and are grown on land that is less costly and farther away from the market than other agricultural land uses.

What kind of agriculture is primarily practiced in the dark-shaded areas on the map above? A. Shifting cultivation B. Pastoral nomadism C. Cattle ranching D. Mediterranean E. Plantation

D. Mediterranean

On the map above, the shaded area is most associated with which of the following types of agriculture? A. Truck farming B. Plantation agriculture C. Slash-and-burn cultivation D. Rice cultivation E. Dairy farming

D. Rice cultivation

Which of the following pairs of agricultural types occupies the largest percentage of the world's total land area? A. Plantation agriculture and specialized horticulture B. Cattle ranching and Mediterranean agriculture C. Wheat farming and dairying D. Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding E. Intensive rice cultivation and subsistence farming

D. Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding

Which of the following includes the world's earliest centers of plant domestication? A. British Isles, Scandinavia, United States B. Northeast Asia, Eastern Europe, South Africa C. Australia, New Zealand, China D. Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, Middle East E. Russia, China, Latin America

D. Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, Middle East

The images show devices developed during the Second Agricultural Revolution. Which of the following best describes the impacts of the Second Agricultural Revolution? A. Genetically modified crops and ever-increasing levels of mechanization, as shown in the images, drove productivity up and made hunger a thing of the past. B. Innovations such as crop rotations and hybrid selection, facilitated by the technology shown in the images, made agriculture productive enough to support the growth of urban centers and led to the creation of modern civilization. C. The adaptation of newly introduced crops such as potatoes and corn from the New World, which were planted and harvested using the technology shown in the images, made European farms more productive, which led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories. D. Technological innovations, such as the devices shown in the images, and increased agricultural productivity led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories. E. The Second Agricultural Revolution is ongoing, as engineers continue to improve agricultural machinery and scientists search for crops adapted to the drier, warmer climates predicted for the coming decades.

D. Technological innovations, such as the devices shown in the images, and increased agricultural productivity led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.

With the exception of Hawaii, the map shows the pattern of production for coffee beans by country. Which of the following explains the limitations of the map shown for identifying the agricultural production regions of coffee beans? A. The map does not identify whether the country is a major exporter of coffee beans or whether the country consumes much of what it grows. B. The map is thematic, identifying countries by type, instead of a choropleth map that classifies countries by the amount produced. C. The map uses the descriptors "major" and "minor" and should instead use the amount of coffee beans produced per capita of the country's total population. D. The map mainly identifies all land within a country, as opposed to the foothills and upland areas where coffee beans are grown. E. The map shows only coffee produced for the formal economy and does not account for informal or illegal production of coffee beans.

D. The map mainly identifies all land within a country, as opposed to the foothills and upland areas where coffee beans are grown.

The images shown illustrate a change that took place as the Second Agricultural Revolution coincided with the Industrial Revolution. Which of the following compares this geographic relationship between these revolutions? A. An increase in chemical farming practices let to more food being produced by farmers and then processed in factories B. The domestication of plants and animals allowed for factory farming practices where workers made the first canned foods C. An increase in the rural farming workforce lead to higher farm productivity, which resulted in more food for urban industrial workers D. The mechanization of farm work allowed many young people to migrate and join a growing urban industrial workforce E. The creation of sedentary societies, where farm work was done completely by machine, resulted in permanent settlements in town and cities

D. The mechanization of farm work allowed many young people to migrate and join a growing urban industrial workforce

The two images show different agricultural methods. In the context of the Second Agricultural Revolution, which of the following trends is represented in these images? A. The introduction of machines during the Second Agricultural Revolution resulted in many farmers being pushed off their land, leading to famine and starvation in the countryside. B. Although new farm machines were developed during the Second Agricultural Revolution, many farmers continued to practice agriculture in traditional ways because of cultural taboos associated with the adoption of modern farming techniques. C. During the Second Agricultural Revolution, many farmers continued to use traditional farming techniques that were more suited to the tropical environments they lived in. D. The mechanization of farming in the Second Agricultural Revolution resulted in more reliable crop harvests and healthier populations in areas where the mechanization was adopted. E. The developments associated with the Second Agricultural Revolution were applicable only to farmers growing grain in temperate regions of the world.

D. The mechanization of farming in the Second Agricultural Revolution resulted in more reliable crop harvests and healthier populations in areas where the mechanization was adopted.

Which of the following correctly explains the placement of an agricultural product within von Thünen's agricultural land-use model? A. Beef cattle are raised close to the market because meat spoils quickly. B. Grain is grown close to the market because it is bulky to transport. C. Firewood is harvested far from the market because the best agricultural land is closer to the market. D. Tomatoes are grown closest to the market because they spoil quicker than beef or grain. E. Beef cattle are raised close to the market because land is cheapest closer to the market.

D. Tomatoes are grown closest to the market because they spoil quicker than beef or grain.

Traditionally, the Ganges Valley and the Nile Valley have had comparatively high population densities because of their A. tropical climate B. heavy industrialization C. in-migration from neighboring arid areas D. intensive agriculture based on irrigation E. designation as sacred sites

D. intensive agriculture based on irrigation

Which of the following social or environmental impacts is most directly related to the use of chemicals in agriculture? A. A decline in insect-borne diseases and improved health at the global scale B. A decrease in the price of agricultural products due to lower labor costs associated with applying chemicals over widespread areas in one application C. An increase in the use of genetically modified crops D. An increase in profits that is limited to farmers in developed countries E. An increase in land and water pollution from agricultural runoff

E. An increase in land and water pollution from agricultural runoff

Which of the following activities is most likely to be found in the outermost zone of von Thünen's model of agricultural land use? A. Mixed farming B. Subsistence farming C. Specialty farming D. Dairying and market gardening E. Extensive grain or stock raising

E. Extensive grain or stock raising

Which of the following best explains why farmers would plant both strawberries and watermelons in the same field? A. Limited farmland encourages intensive farming and monocropping to produce high yields. B. Unlimited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields. C. Unlimited farmland encourages extensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields. D. Limited farmland encourages extensive farming with monocropping to produce high yields. E. Limited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.

E. Limited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.

Which of the following is a characteristic of shifting cultivation? A. Dependency on irrigation B. Sharecropping C. Production of cash crops for export D. Demand for wage laborers E. Multicropping

E. Multicropping

Which of the following best explains why the New England region, located in the northeastern United States, would specialize in market gardening agriculture rather than other types of agriculture, such as grain farming? A. Wheat farming would require more machinery, which conflicts with the environmental standards of many states in New England. B. Market gardening products can be easily transported to the primary market of California without spoiling. C. Farmers can specialize in market gardening products because of the rocky soil found in many New England states. D. Market gardening zones allow farmers the flexibility to grow market gardening crops along with other grain crops. E. Several large cities on the East Coast provide a growing market and shorter distances for transporting market gardening products.

E. Several large cities on the East Coast provide a growing market and shorter distances for transporting market gardening products.

In which of the following areas was wheat most probably domesticated earliest? A. Southern Italy B. Northern Libya C. The plateau of central Mexico D. Eastern China E. Southeastern Turkey

E. Southeastern Turkey

In which of the following world regions has the Green Revolution had the least impact on agriculture? A. East Asia B. South Asia C. Southeast Asia D. Central America E. Sub-Saharan Africa

E. Sub-Saharan Africa

In the South Asian country of Sri Lanka, tea is farmed as a monoculture. Which of the following best explains why tea plantations are common in Sri Lanka and tea exports are important to the country's economy? A. Sri Lanka's unique climate and terrain make it one of the only countries where tea plants thrive. B. Tea plantations are a traditional form of subsistence agriculture practiced by Sri Lanka's indigenous groups. C. Sri Lankans drink more tea per capita than any other nationality. D. The early hearth of tea plant domestication is located in Sri Lanka. E. Tea plantations were established in Sri Lanka by a former European colonial power.

E. Tea plantations were established in Sri Lanka by a former European colonial power.

Based on von Thünen's model of rural land use in an isolated state, which statement explains the most suitable place for a farmer to purchase a large parcel of land necessary for raising livestock? A. The ring closest to the market, because livestock are perishable goods and need to reach the market quickly. B. The ring closest to the market, because the land is more fertile for growing feed for livestock compared to other areas. C. The second ring, because livestock are heavy and more expensive to transport to market. D. The third ring, because the livestock would be closer to the suburban market areas with moderate transportation costs. E. The ring farthest from the market, because the land is less expensive and outweighs transportation costs to get the livestock to market.

E. The ring farthest from the market, because the land is less expensive and outweighs transportation costs to get the livestock to market.

Between 1950 and 1990, wheat production in India in average pounds per acre more than tripled, which allowed India to meet its population's need for food. Which of the following best explains this change? A. The elimination of poverty in India's rural regions B. The use of genetically modified seeds C. The increase in microloan programs that provide farmers with credit D. The use of large farm tractors and combine harvesters E. The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals

E. The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals

Identify the hearth of the 2nd Agricultural Revolution.

England/United Kingdom/Great Britain

Genetic Engineering

GMOs and/or crops whose genetic makeup has been altered to encourage some positive traits and eliminate some negative traits.

Formal Cultural Regions

Geographic regions where people share one or more cultural traits.

Environmental Impacts of the Green Revolution

It caused environmental harm, there was pollution from fertilizers and pesticides, water depletion from irrigation, and eutrification (when algae blooms).

Describe the way in which the 2nd Agricultural Revolution led to a change in demographics.

It involved the introduction of new crop rotation techniques and selective breeding of livestock. It also led to a marked increase in agricultural production. Advances in food production led to better diets, longer life spans, and an increase in population. People began leaving the countryside and moving to the cities to work in factories instead of farms.

Identify the climate and agricultural region that is illustrated in Map A.

Mediterranean

Cattle Farming

Rearing of beef cattle on a large scale.

Identify the unique 2nd Agricultural Revolution invention/ innovation that can be attributed to the illustration above.

Seed Drill (plants seeds)

Compare subsistence and commercial farming.

Subsistence farming is when farmers consume the crops that they grow and raise, usually using simple tools and manual labor. Commercial farming is when farmers focus on raising one specific crop to sell for profit in the modern era. There are economic differences between the two, and subsistence farming is often more rural while commercial farming is more urban. Commercial farming may have tractors and other machines while subsistence farming contains a lot more human labor/human input. They are the same because they both cultivate crops, both involve plants and animals.

Subsistence vs Commercial Agriculture

Subsistence: farming to produce enough food for yourself, occasionally a surplus can be traded. Commercial: farming to feed the masses and produce a profit.

Explain ONE factor that explains why agricultural land-use patterns today differ from those developed by von Thünen's model in 1826

Technology has improved since 1826, especially with the advance of the Green Revolution, which guarantees advances and overall improvements for agricultural land-use patterns today.

Agricultural Hearths

The "birthplace" of a crop, or where a crop is known to have originated before its spread throughout the world.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Describe the largest utilized type of extensive farming practice in the world.

The largest utilized type of extensive farming practice in the world is shifting cultivation. Shifting cultivation is a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers, usually in tropical climate regions, move from one field to another. It's also known as swidden agriculture and slash-and-burn agriculture.

Explain why the practices of monocropping and monoculturing are best suited for commercial rather than subsistence farming.

The practices of monocropping and monoculturing are best suited for commercial rather than subsistence farming because it brings in higher revenues. By growing monoculture plants, farmers usually benefit from higher profits. For example, cultivating a single kind of crop that is best suited to development in specific climate conditions allows the farmers to get better yields (and therefore get higher income). Monocropping is also a lot less beneficial for subsistence farming. This is because a family usually can't live off of one singular crop, that'd be a pretty dull lifestyle to live.

Soil Salinization

The process occurs when soil in an arid climate has been made available for agricultural production using irrigation.

Slash and Burn Agriculture

The process of burning a portion of forest so that the soil there can be used for agricultural purposes.

Agribusiness

The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes.

Theory of Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

Environmental Sustainability

The use of Earth's resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future.

Concept of Sustainability

This helps ecologists establish long-term conservation priorities.

Describe the underlying principles of von Thünen's agricultural land-use model to predict the locations of the activities shown in X and Y relative to a large urban area.

X is located close to the center of the von Thünen model which is the city or urban area. Cost, transportation, and the distance from the center of are based on the perishable that are grown there. Y is located farther away from a city or urban area, and it would be located in the outer ring of the von Thünen model where crops are less perishable.