AP Human Geography Unit 6
What factors fuel urbanization?
- transportation (helped to centralize people in certain areas) - communication (through communication urban ideas are spread and people are drawn to urban areas from hearing about it) - population growth (as population grows rapidly so does urbanization) think to DTM as population explodes people move to cities and start having less kids because they are a burden - migration/economic development (manufacturing or tourist city)/government policies
What is a primate city?
-A city that has a population at least 2 times as large as the 2nd largest city -Center of economic, political, and cultural influence for the country -Everything gets consolidated there -Model that illustrates disproportionate population distribution within a state -One particular city is extremely large in terms of population size AND economic, cultural and political influence -Typically indicates relatively uneven development within a state
What is a megacity?
-By rule has to have minimum 10 million population -Have high population growth and large amount of immigration since world war II -Have problems such as chaotic growth with no pattern, pollution problems, and poverty -Often have slums present
In the Gravity model what is interaction dependent on?
-Interaction is dependent on population size and distances between the two places -Larger cities are more likely to interact with larger cities farther away than closer cities -Can be used to calculate the likelihood of places interaction Population 1 x Population 2 Distance Squared
What is a metacity?
-Just like a megacity but the population is even larger - 20 million people -Much of the same problems but can be even more compounded by the significantly larger population
What type of networks do world cities have between each other to drive their services?
-Manufacturing and trading networks -Transportation networks -Banking networks -Communication networks
What are world cities connected through?
-Means of interconnection and globalization, networks between world cities. -Diffusion of new ideas, goods, services. --Manufacturing and Trading ---Multinational corporations -Transportation -Banking -Communication -Popular culture and tourism --Olympics, fashion week, times square, buckingham palace -Spread their culture to other areas
What are the negative effects of suburbanization and sprawl?
-Placelessness, lack of identity or culture -Dependence on automobiles results in pollution and traffic congestion -Economically exclusive - often those who remain in the city are in poverty and do not pay enough taxes to sustain the urban core. This leads to economic decline, urban decay. Government investment in continued suburban growth resulted in a lack of investment in inner cities.
What is an exurb?
-a ring of prosperous communities beyond the suburbs that are commuter towns -emerged in the 1970s as a response to urban problems -typically attracts the wealthy; larger homes on larger plots of land
Processes of suburbanization, sprawl, and decentralization have created new land-use forms including . . .
... edge cities, exurbs, and boomburbs- and new challenges.
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6.2
6.4 Start
6.4 Start
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Which of the following businesses/services is most likely to have the smallest range? a. burger king b. cancer treatment center c. international airport d. radio station e. shopping mall
A
Which of the following settlements has the largest threshold? a. city b. town c. village d. hamlet
A
What is a world city?
A world city is a dominant city for its role in the globe - not the most populated, or the one that makes the most - it is the city where it has a tremendous amount of power and influence over the world economy
Which of the following best explains a metacity? a. an urban area with more than 20 million people residing within it b. a city that has over 10 million people residing within it c. a large city located outside of a megacity that has a fast growing population d. a settlement that has its own economic district that is connected to other settlements by a beltway
A.
How do absolute location and relative location connect with site and situation factors?
Absolute location is traditionally site factors while relative location is traditionally situation factors.
What has happened as a response to urbanization and the growth of cities?
As a response to urbanization and the growth of cities people have spread outward and this has resulted in some problems of their own.
What are the assumptions in the central place model?
Assumptions in the model -Evenly distributed population that can purchase in all directions -All settlements are equidistant exist in a triangular pattern -Flat surface with no barriers and no change in climate -No obstacle to purchase or transportation
Locational advantages important to the development of the earliest cities included a. availability of good harbors for large ships b. productive agricultural land and defensible sites c. temperate climate and proximity to coal mines d. good connections by road and canal e. proximity to manufacturing areas
B
Which of the following best explains an exurb? a. a large suburban city growing at an extremely fast rate b. a settlement outside of a suburban area that is connected to the metro area c. a settlement that has its own economic district that is connected to other larger settlements by a beltway d. an urban area that has a population over 10 million
B
Which of the following is a true statement about classic models of city structure? a. the concentric zone model does not have a transitional area b. the sector model is highly influenced by transportation patterns c. the central business district has the most dominant position in the multiple nuclei model d. the multiple nuclei model and the sector model are similar in that they both have only one core e. the interaction between the central city and the suburbs is greatest in the urban realm model
B
How have advancements in transportation and communication changed where people are living? a. we are now seeing more people want to live in the central business district of a city b. core countries are starting to see counter urbanization, as more people are leaving the city and moving to the suburbs c. goods and services are becoming more centralized around a city, forcing people to travel longer distances for them d. cities in the semi-periphery and periphery countries are dying as the majority of their population leaves to live in boomburbs
B.
Which of the following would not be an example of a world city? a. New York b. Edinburgh c. Paris d. Tokyo
B.
Which of the following would not increase urban sprawl? a. expanding the roads and interstate system b. reducing taxes for residents living inside the cities limits c. having high speed internet in the suburbs, boomburbs, exurbs, and edge cities d. connecting public transportation to edge cities
B.
What is the Hoyt model based on?
Based on early 20th century rail transport
What city is the Burgess Concentric model based on?
Based on the city of Chicago in the 1920s, Ernest Burgess looks at the relationship between the socio-economic status of households and distance from the CBD ... where people can afford to live in relationship to where they work.
What is the burgess concentric model?
Burgess Concentric Model -Created by ernest burgess (1924) -Circular model - like von thunen but for cities -Have the same assumptions as von thunen -Based on socioeconomic class, transportation costs and the central business district (CBD) -Lower class lives near the CBD, upper and middle class live in suburbs -CBD has the highest land value
An urban center that is disproportionately larger than the second largest city in a country and dominates the country's social, political, and economic activities can. be best classified as a. a megalopolis b. a conurbation c. a primate city d. an edge city e. an imperial city
C
Each year Paris, Milan and New York City hole fashion weeks. These events provide major clothing designers to finance new brands. They receive a large amount of news coverage and this influences consumers preference and purchasing decisions. Which of the following geographical processes best explains the impact on consumers? a) central business districts are increasingly commercialized b) push and pull factors affect the flows of urban migrants c) world cities have market effects on a globalized urban culture d) urban populations are correlated as described in the rank-size rule. e) uneven development results from the dominance of primate cities
C
Which of the following illustrates the correct order of settlements based on population size? a. city, town, hamlet, village b. city, village, town, hamlet c. city, town, village, hamlet d. city, hamlet, village, town
C
Which of the following would not be an example of a site factor? a. The physical geography b. a climate of the area c. the connections with surrounding settlements d. all of the above e. none of the above
C
Forward Capitals
Capital cities that are relocated, mostly occurring in former colonies. In all cases, old capital cities were congested and had limited infrastructure, and the desire to build new, planned administrative centers with improved infrastructure was the driving force.
Hoyt Sector Model - What were his main premises?
Cities develop in a series of wedge-like sectors, not rings ... slices of a pie, as opposed to a series of circles. CBD is still important and the sectors follow the major transportation routes that radiate from the city center: ports, railroads, streetcar lines. Different socio-economic groups move outward from the city center along railroads and highways.
What do cities outside the US show patterns of?
Cities outside of the United States have patterns of development and structure that often show the influence of colonizers or economics.
Hoyt Sector Model
Created by homer hoyt (1939) Based on socioeconomic class and transportation cost Upper class lives far away from lower class Sectors develop along transportation routes Low income housing develops surrounding industry and major transportation routes Middle and high-income housing develops further from the city center and manufacturing so as not to experience heavy traffic, pollution, etc.
The multiple nuclei model of city structure tends to be most applicable to a. small cities b. traditional cities c. Latin American cities d. newer, fast-growing cities e. cities with homogeneous land use
D
What are the two variables that the gravity model uses? a. distance and economic output of a city b. range and threshold of a city or business/service c. the amount of economic opportunities and social opportunities d. population size and distance
D
Which is the following is happening with semi-periphery and periphery countries? a. increased rates of urbanization b. increased strain on cities housing and infrastructure c. changes in their demographic trends due to urbanization d. all of the above e. none of the above
D
Which of the following statements best connects with a society that follows the primate city rule? a. unequal economic development b. citizens may have to travel farther distances to access goods and services c. society is more susceptible to economic challenges d. all of the above e. none of the above
D
What is decentralization?
Decentralization is the movement of goods and services out of urban areas and into the suburbs. - Services are not centralized but spread out all over to be as close to the population as possible
What is central place theory and what does it attempt to explain?
Developed by walter christaller in 1933 Attempts to explain the size, distribution, and interaction of cities
In the new global economy, an increasing proportion of influential financial decisions are being made in a. the informal sector b. regional centers and small towns where fax machines are used c. the field, close to the sources of agricultural production d. national capitals because of the increasing importance of the nation state e. major corporate centers such as New York, London, and Tokyo
E
The number of functions in a central place is dependent on all of the following EXCEPT the a. population of the central place b. population of the market area c. size of the market area d. distance to a place with similar functions e. total number of central places in the urban system
E
What type of diffusion do we often see occur with world cities? a. relocation b. contagious c. stimulus d. expansion e. hierarchical
E
Which of the following can you find in a world city? a. stock exchanges b. entertainment industries c. multinational companies d. governments e. all of the above f. none of the above
E.
What were early Latin American cities regulated by?
Early American cities were regulated by a set of laws called the Laws of the Indies. The Laws of the Indies was mandated by Spain and these laws controlled the social, political, and economic structure of its colonies. As a result, Latin American colonial cities resembled Spanish cities in many ways.
What does the model explain?
Explains the distribution of goods and services across a region -Based on economic functions/consumer behavior - the "central place" is the large city that provides the most goods and services for the surrounding areas -Smaller settlements (towns, villages, hamlets) organize around the "central place."
Early urban pull factors
Factory and office jobs in towns Nearly all port jobs are in towns Access to secondary schools, hospitals, etc. Better housing - electricity and piped water
What are the good and bad parts of suburbanization?
Good - cheaper homes, less congestion, less pollution and crime Bad - heavily segregated (even still), infrastructure costs are high (sewer, power, water, roads, etc), and businesses moving from urban to suburbs to follow the people.
Modern Urban Pull factors
Governments invest more in cities Housing is better There are more services like transports, hospitals and schools Cities are more attractive for people because there are plenty of shops, shows, entertainment, parks, etc. Life expectancy is higher in cities There are more jobs in the cities and people have better salaries. Thus, people have better standards of life There are electricity, water, and food supplies. In the countryside, sometimes they have a lack of those factors The effects of the natural disasters are smaller in cities People are able to study in the cities. So they can improve the way of life of their parents
What would the range and threshold be for high order goods and services and low?
High-Order Goods and Services: Expensive, desirable or unique - large threshold and range. Typically found in higher-order locations, such as major cities -Examples: Sports arenas, specialty doctors, concerts, universities Low-Order Goods and Services: Inexpensive, common, everyday needs. SMALLER threshold and range. Typically found in lower-order locations, such as towns, villages, and hamlets. -Examples: Grocery stores, hair salons, barber shops, gas stations
What are the main reasons for suburban growth?
Improved public transportation, prefabricated homes of the 1950s, lower land cost and larger space for that lower cost, infrastructure was there to support (highways, power, etc), government support through GI Bill providing cheaper housing.
Modern Rural Push Factors
Lack of investments from the governments in rural areas Rural areas have high birth rates. Thus, those places are sometimes overpopulated in developing countries Sometimes crops are destroyed by natural disasters and people have to move to other places Rural areas have a lack of services like hospitals, transports and schools There are more jobs in the cities and people have better salaries Most farmers in developing countries don't have their own lands. Thus, they are poor
Is a megacity always a city by itself?
Megacity - Not always a city by itself, it's considered a metropolitan area (think L.A.)
What is the zone of maturity?
Might be some older housing
What are the most cited world cities?
Most typically cited are Tokyo - Japan, London - England, New York - USA, and Paris - France
Where is the Burgess concentric model applicable to?
Only to America. Inner city is low income while suburbs are wealthier; the opposite is the norm elsewhere
Explain why more people are moving to urban areas and what challenges that creates for the urban areas.
People are continuing to migrate to urban areas due to the amount of economic, social, and political opportunities that exist in urban areas. There is a larger variety of goods and services, more jobs, and also more "things" to do in urban areas. This new demand for housing in urban areas is putting a strain on cities infrastructure, as more people are now needing homes, access to water, swear systems, electricity, and more. Many cities around the world are struggling to keep up with this new population growth.
Describe how distance decay and the bid-rent theory help explain the location of businesses and people.
People are going to go to the businesses that are closest to them, this is due to distance decay. We are more likely to interact with people and locations that are near us, this means when we see people move into the suburbs we will see businesses follow. Companies want to make sure they can be close to their customers so they can attract as many people as possible. We can also see the bid-rent impact the location of stores and homes as land farther away from the urban area is cheaper. This allows people to buy larger homes at a cheaper price and companies to maximize their profits by moving closer to their customers and paying less for rent.
What are the surburbs?
People spread outward through suburbanization The growth of an area on the outskirts of an urban area (suburbs)
What is Rank Size Rule?
Proportion used where X city is 1/xth the size of the largest city. Largest city is 10 million people 3 largest city is (⅓ of 10 million) 3.33 million 5 largest city is (⅕ of 10 million) 2 million Nowhere is exactly like this but if they are close it shows proportional growth (not all resources are being devoted into one area like a primate city)
What is range?
Range: distance people will travel for service or goods
What is a boomburb?
Rapidly growing and sprawling city of 100,000 or more on the edge of a major metropolitan area (suburban area becoming urbanized due to population) - Riverside is a great example of this - Irvine California
What is each ring in the burgess concentric model?
Ring #1 Bid rent theory -> The CBD is the location of major economic activity and the most expensive land. Ring #2 Zone of transition. Factories and industry with a mix of low income apartments Ring #3 Another ring of low income housing. High population density, poor living conditions Ring #4 and 5 As distance from the CBD increases, the cost of land is less expensive -> larger plots of land -> low population density -> single family homes.
Identify a site and situation factor in the image above.
Site factor: Arable land, water, flat landscape. Situation factor: The river connects this are to others around, which can increase trade and interactions with other places. The flat landscape makes it easy to connect with other settlements in the area, allowing for more trade between different settlements.
Site
Site never changes, it is what is present at that location - physical characteristics (water, food, climate, defensibility, building materials, etc)
Situation
Situation changes as development happens around the location - connections or lack there of (roads, development, connections to neighboring cities, etc)
Early Rural push factors
Small, economic farms Unreliable rainfall Farmland degrading Lack of high schools and hospitals
What are these models based on?
Socioeconomic class and transportation costs and distance from CBD
What is sprawl?
Sprawl is another growing problem of urbanization and growth. -Sprawl is defined as development of new low housing density (single family homes/tract homes) at locations that are not connected to the existing built up area. -It is the loss of land as the urban areas grows outward Takes form in the shape of: Housing, strip malls, and fast food
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Start of 6.3
What are the positives and negatives of rank size rule?
Strengths - variety of services and share of power Weaknesses - communication
Governments seek to attract businesses and boost the economy. How?
Tax incentives Financial incentives Creation of industrial parks Land zoning for industrial or commercial uses Transportation infrastructure Low crime Affordable housing Good schools Entertainment and leisure
What is the galactic city model based on?
The galactic city model is based on the post-industrial city. They city is service-based, no longer industrial-based. Cars are now the main method of transportation. People have moved out of the city and into the suburbs. Highways/beltways have been built to provide access into the original CBD from the suburbs. Edge cities have popped up along intersections of main transportation routes.
Disamenity zone.
The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services. Or mountainous, steep, dangerous terrain
What are megacities and metacities typically surrounded by?
There are a lot of regional pressures in the areas where these are located -Typically megacities and metacities are surrounded by other large cities (1-5 million in population) this puts a lot of pressure on the surrounding area
Is there only one CBD in the Harris and Ullman Multiple nuclei model 1945?
There are now multiple CBD's in a city. the original still exists but other have developed.
What do these locations hold?
These locations hold the world's stock exchange and are the center of the world's economies, culture, and influence. -Many international organizations headquartered there -Many multinational corporations are clustered in these areas
What is the African city model based on?
This is based on sub-saharan cities, as these cities were influenced by European colonizers
What is threshold?
Threshold: Size of a population necessary for service to exist and be profitable
What are the positives and negatives of a primate city?
Uneven development and resource distribution so if the city struggles then so does the country. Positive is that they have an economic, political and cultural center.
What have automobiles allowed?
Urban sprawl and decentralization -With greater access to automobiles, roads and commercial developments have expanded outward from the city core. - This is oftentimes unplanned which results in poor infrastructure and connections over time - Common in the US metropolitan areas - Leads to new land-use forms: - suburbs - edge cities - boomburbs - exurbs
Define Urbanization
Urbanization is the process of towns and cities forming and becoming larger as people move from rural outlying areas to centralized urban areas.
What are we seeing in places of high poverty?
We are seeing areas that are high in poverty are seeing a major urban shift - As they start to shift to urban they should be moving into DTM stage 3 which will help alleviate some of the problems they are seeing
Describe how world cities promotes the diffusion of different cultures, ideas, and goods/services both locally and globally.
World cities are connected by global links, through air travel, banking, stock exchanges, and the migration of people. This means what happens in one city will impact the other world cities around the world. This leads to more diffusion as ideas, goods/services, and people move between these cities.
What is the zone of in situ accretion?
a mix of middle and low income housing
Is site similar to absolute location or relative location?
absolute location
What is an edge city?
business, shopping, and entertainment that happens on the outlying edge of an urban area. Cities with 10/20 million + residents
What is the Southeast Asia model a combination of?
concentric and sector model
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end
World cities function at the top of the world's . . .
hierarchy and drive globalization
Where do larger, more influential cities land on the urban hierarhcy and where do smaller populations and economies land?
higher fall lower
Megacities and meta cities are outcomes of urbanization increasingly located in countries of the ... ...
periphery and semi-periphery
Where have edge cities popped up Galactic city model?
popped up along intersections of main transportation routes
Is situation similar to absolute location or relative location?
relative location
Does the Southeast Asia model have a CBD?
the port is the center. no CBD but many components of the CBD are around the port
What two models is the Latin America model a mix of.
this model resembles a combination of the concentric model and the sector model.
What are the different commercial zones in the Southeast Asia model?
western commercial zone (European/western merchants) alien commercial zones (Chinese merchants)