A/P II Final Review Questions
Males typically need more protein than females. True False
True
What is the inspiratory reserve volume?
6000 ml 3000 ml 1800 ml 1300 ml 1200 ml 500 ml
What is the tidal volume?
6000 ml 3000 ml 1800 ml 1300 ml 1200 ml 500 ml
A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is _______. A) Albumin B) Fibrinogen C) immunoglobulin A D) metaloprotein D
B) Fibrinogen
Blood enters a capillary with a hydrostatic pressure of 36. The surround interstitial hydrostatic pressure is 22. Where would the bulk flow of water travel? A) Out of the capillary into the interstitium B) From the interstitial into the capillary C) Water wouldn't travel by bulk flow D) Equal flow into and out of the capillary
A) Out of the capillary into the interstitium
Choose all the correct basic dietary principles. A) Eat only what you need B) Eat only what you need C) Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains D) Make sure to drink more water than you actually need E) Eat only what you need F) Avoid added sugars in foods and drink G) Eat plenty of red meats as they are rich in iron H) Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables each day I) Saturated and trans fats are ok within moderation J)Eat a diverse assortment of colorful foods
A, B, C, D, E, F, J
Choose all components that should not be found in significant quantities in normal urine. proteins glucose ketones red blood cells white blood cells nitrite
All
Drugs that block the beta-one adrenergic receptors will _______. A) increase heart rate B) decrease heart rate C) increase contractility D) increase cardiac output E) decrease the end-systolic volume
B) decrease heart rate
When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then _______. A) close B) open C) make the third heart sound D) both B and C E) both A and C
B) open
Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, except the _______. A) length of a blood vessel B) osmolarity of interstitial fluid C) blood viscosity D) blood vessel diameter
B) osmolarity of interstitial fluid
A person with A+ blood could receive blood from people with _______. A) A+, AB+ blood B) A+,B+, O+, AB+ blood C) A+, A-, O+, O- blood D) A+, A-, O+, O-, AB+, AB- blood
C) A+, A-, O+, O- blood
Sets of smaller vessels have ________ surface areas and ________ velocities of blood flow compared to larger vessels. A) higher; higher B) lower; higher C) higher; lower D) lower; lower
C) higher; lower
The heart of the fetus first begins to beat after: A) 8 days B) 2 weeks C) 1 week D) 4 weeks E) 2 months
D) 4 weeks
The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is _______. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 B) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1 C) 3, 5, 4, 2, 1 D) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 E) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1
D) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
Why is water so important to an animal's survival? A) Water is necessary for thermoregulation. B) Water is necessary for the majority of chemical reactions in the body. C) Water is necessary to make ATP. D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Thyroid hormones contain the element _______. A) Fluorine B) Chlorine C) Iron D) Iodine E) Zinc
D) Iodine
Which of the following is associated with a swelling of cells? A) high intake of potassium in the diet B) high intake of sodium in the diet C) dehydration (hypertonicity) D) overhydration (hypotonicity) E) none of the above
D) overhydration (hypotonicity)
Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the _______. A) P wave B) T wave C) S wave D) QRS complex E) PR complex
D) QRS complex
What happens to oxygen binding to hemoglobin when blood pH drops? A) oxygen affinity decreases and oxygen binds to hemoglobin B) oxygen affinity increases and oxygen binds to hemoglobin C) oxygen affinity increases and oxygen is unloaded to the tissues D) oxygen affinity decreases and oxygen is unloaded to the tissues E) none of the above
D) oxygen affinity decreases and oxygen is unloaded to the tissues
Blood pressure increases with all of the following, except increased _______. A) cardiac output B) peripheral resistance C) blood volume D) parasympathetic innervation E) force of cardiac contraction
D) parasympathetic innervation
All the circulating red blood cells originate in the _______. A) heart B) thymus C) spleen D) red bone marrow E) lymph tissue
D) red bone marrow
What is the significance of urine odor? A) Foul smelling = potential bacterial infection B) Fruity odor = ketonuria (high levels of lipolysis) C) Strong ammonia odor = significant dehydration D) All of the above are accurate
E) All of the above are accurate
Which is not a way that we, as humans, gain or lose heat? A) evaporation of water B) cellular metabolic reactions C) shivering (rapid small muscle contractions)) D) infrared radiation E) conduction F) convection G) behavioral mechanisms H) all of the above are correct
H) all of the above are correct
Acidosis of the blood will result in what responses? (select all that apply) increased breathing rate decreased breathing rate increased breathing depth decreased breathing depth HCO3- excretion in the kidneys HCO3- reabsorption in the kidneys H+ excretion in the kidneys H+ reabsorption in the kidneys
increased breathing rate increased breathing depth HCO3- reabsorption in the kidneys H+ excretion in the kidneys
Select the most important electrolytes for homeostasis. copper selenium magnesium sodium manganese chloride phosphate zinc iron potassium chromium calcium bicarbonate molybdenum
sodium chloride phosphate potassium calcium bicarbonate
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are _______. A) Carbohydrates B) Proteins C) Lipids D) Nucleic acids E) Vitamins
A) Carbohydrates
The major anion in a body fluids is ________. A) Chloride B) Bicarbonate C) Sulfate D) Iodide
A) Chloride
The major anion in extracellular fluid is _______. A) Chloride B) Bicarbonate C) Sulfate D) Iodide
A) Chloride
A urine sample shows glucose negative, blood negative, proteins present, ketones present, and nitrites negative. Which is a possible reason behind these urinalysis results? A) Diet poor in carbohydrates B) Urinary tract infection C) Dehydration D) Diabetes mellitus E) Kidney damage
A) Diet poor in carbohydrates
During exercise your bronchioles... A) Dilate through sympathetic activation of smooth muscle B) Constrict through parasympathetic activation of smooth muscle C) Dilate through somatic activation D) Constrict through somatic activation E) Do not change in size, but the alveoli increase in size
A) Dilate through sympathetic activation of smooth muscle
Agents that increase urine excretion are known as _______. A) Diuretics B) Muscarinic antagonists C) Alpha 1 antagonists D) Calcium channel blockers E) Antidiuretics
A) Diuretics
During primary immune response, the _______. A) IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer. B) IgG titer is initially higher than the IgM titer C) IgM titer and IgG titer rise in parallel
A) IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer.
The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that _______. A) In oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced from the parent cell, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell B) The mature ovum is n, while the sperm is 2n C) during spermatogenesis, two or more polar bodies are produced D) spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, but oogenesis involves meiosis only
A) In oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced from the parent cell, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to _______. A) Increase secretion of renin B) Decrease secretion of aldosterone C) Increase release of angiotensin II D) Decrease urinary dilute concentration
A) Increase secretion of renin
Antidiuretic hormone _______. A) Increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water B) Is secreted in response to low potassium in the blood C) Causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine D) Is secreted by the anterior pituitary E) Release is insensitive to the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid.
A) Increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called _______ immunity. A) Natural active B) Natural passive C) Artificial passive D) Artificial active E) Auto
A) Natural active
Chief cells in the stomach secrete _______. A) Pepsinogen B) Gastrin C) Mucus D) Hydrochloric acid E) Intrinsic factor
A) Pepsinogen
Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate) include all of the following, except _______. A) Physical exertion B) Age C) Body weight D) Genetics E) Gender
A) Physical exertion
Hypoventilation leads to _______. A) Respiratory acidosis B) Respiratory alkalosis C) Metabolic acidosis D) Metabolic alkalosis E) Changes in digestive system enzymes
A) Respiratory acidosis
The major cation on extracellular fluid is _______. A) Sodium B) Potassium C) Calcium D) Magnesium E) Iron
A) Sodium
What is the functional importance of elastic arteries? A) They serve as pressure reservoirs, stretching after ventricular contraction, and recoiling to propel blood. B) They serve as pressure reservoirs, storing pressure after ventricular contraction and spreading it outwards. C) They can stretch and not be damaged, unlike other arteries. D) They have a high amount of elastic connective tissue. E) None of the above.
A) They serve as pressure reservoirs, stretching after ventricular contraction, and recoiling to propel blood.
Contraction of the dartos muscle _______. A) Tightens the scrotal sac B) Produces an erection C) Propels sperm through the urethra D) Moves sperm through the ductus defernens E) Initiates seminal emission
A) Tightens the scrotal sac
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is _______. A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin B C) Vitamin C D) Vitamin D E) Vitamin E
A) Vitamin A
During exercise your bronchioles.... A) dilate through sympathetic activation of smooth muscle. B) constrict through parasympathetic activation of smooth muscle. C) dilate through somatic activation D) constrict through somatic activation E) do not change in size, but the alveoli increase in size.
A) dilate through sympathetic activation of smooth muscle.
Some hormones exhibit synergistic or antagonistic effects on each other. Which of the hormones below, do you think, exhibit energy? A) epinephrine and glucagon B) epinephrine and insulin C) glucagon and insulin D) cortisol and insulin E) T3 and growth hormon
A) epinephrine and glucagon
The granulosa cells of developing follicles secrete _______. A) estradiol B) progesterone C) FSH D) LH E) GnRH
A) estradiol
A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulation hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for _______. A) follicle maturation B) menstruation C) ovulation D) menopause E) atresia
A) follicle maturation
Vessel length _______ with obesity and _______ blood flow. A) increases; decreases B) decreases; decreases C) increases; increases D) decreases; increases
A) increases; decreases
This is the extra amount of air that we may take in by taking an extra-deep breath. A) inspiratory reserve volume B) expiratory reserve volume C) tidal volume D) residual volume E) vital capacity
A) inspiratory reserve volume
When glucose levels rise, _______. A) insulin is released B) glucagon is released C) peripheral cells take up less glucose D) protein synthesis decreases E) peripheral cells break down glycogen
A) insulin is released
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the _______. A) neutrophils B) eosinophils C) basophils D) lymphocytes E) monocytes
A) neutrophils
Which statement about steroid hormones is false? A) steroid hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland B) steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol C) steroid hormones are produced by reproductive glands D) steroid hormones bind to receptors within the cell E) steroid hormones are lipids
A) steroid hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland
A urine sample shows glucose negative, proteins negative, ketones negative, and nitrites positive. There also appears to be a little pus. Which is a possible reason behind these urinalysis results? A) urinary tract infection B) kidney disease C) starvation D) significant dehydration
A) urinary tract infection
A urinalysis can be used for.... (select all that apply) A) diagnosing dietary issues B) identifying states of hydration C) identifying the majority of cancers D) diagnosing diseases like anemia, atherosclerosis, and meningitis E) diagnosing hormone disorders F) checking for ovulation cycles and pregnancy G) diagnosing parasitic infections H) none of the above
A, B, E, F
A glomerulus is _______. A) The expanded end of a nephron B) A capillary within the renal corpuscle C) The source of erythropoetin D) Attached to the collecting duct E) The horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron
B) A capillary within the renal corpuscle
Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion? A) ACH B) Aldosterone C) BNP D) ANP E) Epinephrine
B) Aldosterone
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is _______. A) Oxygen B) Carbon dioxide C) Bicarbonate ion D) Sodium ion E) Hemoglobin
B) Carbon dioxide
Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all the following changes that occur during inflammation, except _______. A) Redness of the inflamed tissue B) Chemotaxis of phagocytes C) Heat of the inflamed tissue D) Swelling of the inflamed tissue
B) Chemotaxis of phagocytes
Which of the following is greater? A) Concentration of solutes in the filtrate at the start of the loop of Henle. B) Concentration of solutes in the filtrate at the bottom of the loop of Henle. C) Concentration of solutes in the filtrate at the end of the loop of Henle.
B) Concentration of solutes in the filtrate at the bottom of the loop of Henle.
What is the primary function of the loop of Henle? A) Allow transport of H2O and Na+ into the interstitium B) Creating the corticomedullary gradient C) Reabsorption of Na+ and K+ D) Countercurrent addition E) Concentrating the urine
B) Creating the corticomedullary gradient
Functions of the stomach include as of the following, except _______. A) Storage of ingested food B) Denaturation of proteins C) Initiation of protein digestion D) Absorption of triglycerides E) Mechanical breakdown of food
B) Denaturation of proteins
Stress can affect the immune response in all of the following ways, except by _______. A) Inhibiting a glucocorticoid response. B) Depressing the inflammatory response C) Reducing the number of phagocytes D) Inhibiting interleukin secretion
B) Depressing the inflammatory response
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a vessel called the _______. A) Afferent arteriole B) Efferent arteriole C) Vasa recta D) Interlobular arteriole E) Renal vein
B) Efferent arteriole
Substances that carry electrical current across cell membranes are called _______. A) Electrons B) Electrolytes C) Nonelectrolytes D) Osmoregulators E) Buffers
B) Electrolytes
The term "hypercapnia" refers to _______. A) The cessation of breathing B) Elevated PCO2 C) Elevated PO2 D) An increase in pH E) Labored breathing
B) Elevated PCO2
During starvation _______. A) Carbohydrate utilization increases. B) Gluconeogenesis accelerates C) There is a decline in circulating ketone bodies D) Brain tissue is used as an energy source E) Bone is used as an energy source
B) Gluconeogenesis accelerates
Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except _______. A) Produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles B) Increase the glomerular filtration rate C) Decrease the volume of urine produced D) Decrease blood flow through the nephrons
B) Increase the glomerular filtration rate
What is the function of the nitric oxide released by parasympathetic nerves during erection? A) It restricts the amount of blood entering the blood sinuses of the erectile tissue B) It causes relaxation of the smooth muscle walls of arterioles supplying the penis C) It causes the dilution of the vent that drains the penis to increase blood outflow D) It facilitates the inactivation of mechanoreceptors in the spinal cord E) It exhibits secretion of mucus for lubriction by the bulbourethral glands
B) It causes relaxation of the smooth muscle walls of arterioles supplying the penis
Which statement about the left ventricle is false? A) It has a thicker wall than the right ventricle B) It pumps a greater volume than the right ventricle C) It works harder than the right ventricle D) It produces about six to eight times more pressure when it contracts compared to the right ventricle
B) It pumps a greater volume than the right ventricle
Various types of macrophages are dervied from A) Lymphocytes B) Monocytes C) Neutrophils D) Eosinoophils E) Basophils
B) Monocytes
The fold of skin that covers the glans penis is the _______. A) Ejaculatory duct B) Prepuce C) Corpus callosum D) Corpus spongiosum E) Penile urethra
B) Prepuce
The release of pyrogens by active macrophages would _______. A) Cause inflammation B) Produce a fever C) Activate complement D) Opsonize pathogens E) Activate antibodies
B) Produce a fever
Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following, except _______. A) The pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries B) Pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein C) the respiratory pump D) valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood E) muscular compression
B) Pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein
Consuming a meal high in salt will _______. A) Drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood B) Result in a temporary increase in blood volume C) Decrease thirst D) Cause hypotension E) Activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism
B) Result in a temporary increase in blood volume
Which combination of terms is accurate for inhalation? A) Ribs expand, diaphragm relaxes, air pressure inside the lungs decreases B) Ribs expand, diaphragm contracts, air pressure inside the lungs decreases C) Ribs expand, diaphragm contracts, air pressure inside the lungs increases D) Ribs expand, diaphragm relaxes, air pressure inside the lungs increases E) None of the above
B) Ribs expand, diaphragm contracts, air pressure inside the lungs decreases
The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is _______. A) Enterocrinin B) Secretin C) Cholecytokinin D) GIP E) gastrin
B) Secretin
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during _______. A) Glycolysis B) The citric acid cycle C) Electron transport system D) The formation of pyruvic acid E) The formation of water
B) The citric acid cycle
During the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle, _______. A) The corpus luteum is forming B) The functional zone of the endometrium is restored C) The fertilized ovum implants D) The old functional layer is sloughed off E) All of the above
B) The functional zone of the endometrium is restored
Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by _______. A) Sweating B) The kidneys C) The liver D) The feces E) The lungs
B) The kidneys
During lipolysis, _______. A) Triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA. B) Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids C) Lipids are converted into glucose molecules D) Lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates E) Lipids are metabolized to yield ATP
B) Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids
What causes an embryo to develop female external genitalia? A) production of testicular androgens B) absence of testicular androgens C) production of estrogens D) presence of both androgens and estrogens
B) absence of testicular androgens
Normally, menstruation occurs when _______. A) blood levels of FSH fall off B) blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease C) blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase D) the corpus luteum secretes estrogen
B) blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
Lacteals _______. A) Increase the surface area of the muscosa of the small intestine B) carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system C) produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine D) secrete digestive enzymes E) produce milk
B) carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system
Decreased vessel radius ____________ blood flow. A) increases B) decreases C) has minimal effect on
B) decreases
Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of _______. A) hyperthyroidism B) hypothyroidism C) hyperparathyroidism D) hypoparathyroidism E) being a turtle on ice
B) hypothyroidism
What happens when a fertilized egg splits into two? A) fraternal twins B) identical twins C) triplets D) it fails and results in a strong menstruation E) nothing, you just have one baby
B) identical twins
Each of the following factors will increase cardiac output, except _______. A) increased venous return B) increased parasympathetic stimulation C) increased sympathetic stimulation D) increased heart rate E) both A and B
B) increased parasympathetic stimulation
During a urinalysis, Jim finds that his urine has some blood present along with large amounts of protein. What is the most likely conclusion? A) diabetes B) kidney disease C) high protein diet D) some blood and protein in urine is normal
B) kidney disease
Which "derm" develops into the most diverse set of tissues? A) endoderm B) mesoderm C) ectoderm D) periderm E) myoderm F) celluloderm
B) mesoderm
The area of sperm that contains many mitochondria is the _______. A) head B) midpiece C) tail D) flagellum E) acrosome
B) midpiece
The majority of hormones in the body are regulated through: A) positive feedback B) negative feedback C) permissive effects D) antagonistic effects
B) negative feedback
An excessively low specific gravity indicates.... A) dehydration B) overhydration (potential water toxicity) C) dangerously high protein content D) bacterial infection (inflammatory response) E) none of the above
B) overhydration (potential water toxicity)
What happens to oxygen binding to hemoglobin when temperature increases? A) oxygen affinity increases and oxygen is unloaded to the tissues B) oxygen affinity decreases and oxygen is unloaded to the tissues C) oxygen affinity increases and oxygen is increasingly bound to hemoglobin D) oxygen affinity decreases and oxygen is increasingly bound to hemoglobin
B) oxygen affinity decreases and oxygen is unloaded to the tissues
The secretion of oxytocin by the pituitary gland stimulates more prostaglandin and then more uterine contractions, which in turn stimulates more oxytocin. This is an example of: A) neutral feedback B) positive feedback C) negative feedback D) none of the above
B) positive feedback
As blood travels from arteries to veins, _______. A) pressure builds B) pressure drops C) flow becomes turbulent D) viscosity increases E) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller
B) pressure drops
If glucose is in your urine, then this means there is likely a problem involving the: A) descending loops of Henle B) proximal convoluted tubules C) distal convoluted tubules D) collecting ducts E) ascending loops of Henle F) glomeruli
B) proximal convoluted tubules
Hyperventilation can lead to __________. A) metabolic alkalosis B) respiratory alkalosis C) metabolic acidosis D) respiratory acidosis
B) respiratory alkalosis
People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because _______. A) their blood cells lack A and B antigens B) their blood lacks A or B agglutinins (antibodies) C) their blood is plentiful in A and B agglutins D) they usually have very strong immune systems E) they are usually Rh negative
B) their blood lacks A or B agglutinins (antibodies)
What would the net filtration pressure be? Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure: 37 mmHg Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure: 1 mmHg Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure: 25 mmHg Interstitial Colloid Osmotic Pressure: 0 mmHg A) 13 mmHg out of the capillary B) 13 mmHg into the capillary C) 11 mmHg out of the capillary D) 11 mmHg into the capillary E) 61 mmHg out of the capillary F) 61 mmHg into the capillary
C) 11 mmHg out of the capillary
Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture _______. A) CRF and GnRH B) TSH and FSH C) ADH and oxytocin D) FSH and PRI E) GHIH and GHRH
C) ADH and oxytocin
During ventricular systole, the _______. A) atria are contracting B) blood is entering the ventricles C) AV valves are closed D) pressure in the ventricles remains constant E) pressure in the aorta remains constant
C) AV valves are closed
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to innocuous antigens are _______. A) Immunodeficiency diseases B) Autoimmune diseases C) Allergies D) The result of stress E) Signs of a weak system
C) Allergies
Select the true statement about the calcium regulating hormones. A) Calcitonin is secreted in response to low blood Ca2+, PTH in response to high blood Ca2+. B) Calcitonin is secreted by the parathyroid glands. C) Excessive PTH levels can result in significant bone breakdown and bone weakening. D) None of the above are correct.
C) Excessive PTH levels can result in significant bone breakdown and bone weakening.
G cells of the stomach secrete _______. A) Cholecytokinin B) Secretin C) Gastrin D) Enteropeptidase E) Pepsin
C) Gastrin
Large airborne particles are filtered by _______. A) Choanae B) The soft palate C) Hairs in the nasal cavity D) The nasal sinuses E) The nasopharynx
C) Hairs in the nasal cavity
What effect would significant overhydration have on bulk flow in capillaries? A) Decreased flow at the arterial end, but increased flow at the venous end. B) Decreased flow out of the capillary, thus decreasing blood pressure. C) Increased flow out of the capillary, thus potentially causing edema. D) Minimal effect
C) Increased flow out of the capillary, thus potentially causing edema.
Boyle's law states that gas volume is _______. A) Directly proportional to pressure B) Directly proportional to temperature C) Inversely proportional to pressure D) Inversely proportional to temperature E) Both A and B
C) Inversely proportional to pressure
The presence of ketone bodies in the urine is known as _______. A) Polyuria B) Hematuria C) Ketonuria D) Uremia E) Ketosis
C) Ketonuria
The vocal folds are located within the _______. A) Nasopharynx B) Oropharynx C) Larynx D) Trachea E) Bronchi
C) Larynx
The _______ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatic, and blood vessels to and from the digestive organs. A) Serosa B) Adventitia C) Mesenteries D) Fibrosa E) lamina propria
C) Mesenteries
What is the functional importance of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? A) Conducts constriction and dilation of airways. B) Cools air entering the body. C) Moistens air entering the body. D) Carries out gas exchange.
C) Moistens air entering the body.
The most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid is.... A) K+ B) H+ C) Na+ D) Ca2+ E) Cl- F) HCO3-
C) Na+
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to _______. A) Excessive ADH secretion B) Absence of ADH C) Overproduction of aldosterone D) Dilution of the afferent arterioles
C) Overproduction of aldosterone
An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion. A) Chloride B) Sulfate C) Phosphate D) Bicarbonate E) Iodide
C) Phosphate
What is the function of the blood-testis barrier? A) Facilitates transport of nutrients from the blood to the developing gametes B) Acts as a bridge between Sertoli cells to facilitate passage of substances C) Prevents immune responses against the surface antigens of spermatogenic cells D) Prevents contact between the blood and the spermatogonia E) Prevents the entry of substances for sperm cell maturation into the Sertoli cells
C) Prevents immune responses against the surface antigens of spermatogenic cells
Straight tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the _______. A) Epididymis B) Ductus deferens C) Rete testis D) Efferent ducts E) Tunnels of love
C) Rete testis
Which combination of terms is accurate? A) Ribs expand, diaphragm contracts, exhalation B) Ribs expand, diaphragm relaxes, exhalation C) Ribs expand, diaphragm contracts, inhalation D) Ribs expand, diaphragm relaxes, inhalation
C) Ribs expand, diaphragm contracts, inhalation
The organ that produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen is the _______. A) Prostate gland B) Bulbourethral gland C) Seminal gland (seminal vesicle) D) Corpus cavernosum E) Preparietal gland
C) Seminal gland (seminal vesicle)
Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found only within _______. A) Blood vessels B) Lymph C) The cells of the body D) The interstitial space E) The cerebrospinal fluid
C) The cells of the body
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by _______. A) Blood vessels B) Lymphatics C) The ureters D) The urethra E) The calyces
C) The ureters
Henry's law states that _______. A) Gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) Gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional C) The volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) In a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) Gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.
C) The volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis is called the _______. A) Median raphe B) Spermatic cord C) Tunica albuginea D) Dartos E) Epididymis
C) Tunica albuginea
The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are ______. A) globulins B) transport proteins C) albumins D) lipoproteins E) fibrinogens
C) albumins
What is the water-filled sac that provides a protective, bouyant environment for the developing fetus? A) placenta B) allantois C) amnion D) umbilicus
C) amnion
Which vessels are known as restriction vessels? A) elastic arteries B) muscular arteries C) arterioles D) capillaries E) venules F) small veins G) large veins
C) arterioles
Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the _______. A) veins B) venules C) capillaries D) arteries E) arterioles
C) capillaries
Which is/are source(s) of simple carbohydrates? A) seeds B) brown rice C) fruits D) potatoes E) oats
C) fruits
Specific gravity is a measure of ____________ in a urinalysis. A) urine weight B) protein concentration C) hydration level D)acidity E) turbidity
C) hydration level
The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to _______. A) movement of lower sodium ions across the membrane B) calcium channels remaining open C) increased membrane permeability to potassium ion D) decrease in the amount of calcium diffusing across the membrane E) increased membrane permeability to sodium ions
C) increased membrane permeability to potassium ion
Each heme ring in a hemoglobin encloses an atom of _______. A) magnesium B) calcium C) iron D) sodium E) copper
C) iron
Sinusoid capillaries are characterized by large openings. Where would you most likely find this type of capillary? A) kidneys B) yellow bone marrow C) liver D) stomach E) alveoli
C) liver
Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called _______. A) Erythroblasts B) normoblasts C) megakaryocytes D) myeloblasts E) lymphoblasts
C) megakaryocytes
The thick muscular layer of the uterus is the _______. A) endometrium B) perimetrium C) myometrium D) uterometrium E) sarcometrium
C) myometrium
The first process in fetal organogenesis is: A) gastrulation B) development of the circulatory system C) neurulation D) development of the mesoderm
C) neurulation
The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers _______. A) follicle maturation B) menstruation C) ovulation D) menopause E) atresia
C) ovulation
Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by _______. A) hydrostatic force B) ciliary action C) peristaltic contractions D) suction E) hydraulic action
C) peristaltic contractions
Bloodflow through a capillary is controlled by the _______. A) vasa vasorum B) plexus C) precapillary sphincter D) thoroughfare channel E) venule
C) precapillary sphincter
Which of these descriptions best matches the term B lymphocytes? A) involved in blood clotting B) helper cells are one type C) produce antibodies in response to antigens D) kill bacteria using hydrogen peroxide E) often elevated in allergic individuals
C) produce antibodies in response to antigens
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary gland by _______. A) direct neural stimulation B) indirect osmotic control C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary E) gap synaptic junctions
C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the _______. A) end-diastolic volume B) end-systolic volume C) stroke volume D) cardiac output E) cardiac reserve
C) stroke volume
The only way to get all the nutrients you need is.... A) to drink alcohol in moderation. B) to eat similar foods each day. C) to eat a diverse combination of foods. D) to eat a vegetarian diet. E) to go on a paleo diet.
C) to eat a diverse combination of foods.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphoid system? A) helps maintain normal blood volume B) eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid C) transports lipids from the digestive tract D) fights infection E) all are functions
C) transports lipids from the digestive tract
The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the _______. A) tunica intima B) tunica externa C) tunica media D) tunica interna E) tunica adventitia
C) tunica media
The T wave on an ECG tracing represents ________. A) atrial depolarization B) atrial repolarization C) ventricular depolarization D) ventricular repolarization E) ventricular contraction
C) ventricular depolarization
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. Major calyce 2. Papilla 3. Nephron 4. Urethra 5. Ureter 6. Collecting duct A) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 B) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 C) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 D) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
D) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
Immunity that results from receiving a vaccine with a weakened (attenuated virus) is called _______ immunity. A) Natural active B) Natural passive C) Artificial passive D) Artificial active E) Auto
D) Artificial active
Each of the following is physical barrier to infection, except _______. A) Body hair B) Epithelium C) Secretions D) Complement E) Basement membranes
D) Complement
Which of the following is false about secretions from the salivary glands? A) They are mostly water B) Help lubricate the oral cavity and its contents C) Contain enzymes for the digestion of polysaccharides D) Contain enzymes for the digestion of proteins
D) Contain enzymes for the digestion of proteins
When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a _______ cell. A) B B) Plasma C) Helper T D) Cytotoxic T E) NK
D) Cytotoxic T
Forced expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the _______ muscle(s). A) Scalene B) Diaphragm C) Internal intercostal D) External intercostal E) Serratus anterior
D) External intercostal
Dalton's law states that _______. A) Gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) Gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional C) The volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) In a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture E) Gas pressure is inversely proportional to gasvolume
D) In a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture
______ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping. A) Canines B) Bicuspids C) Cuspids D) Incisors E) Molars
D) Incisors
A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John _______. A) Is feeling achy B) is producing T lymphocytes C) Has a sore throat D) Is running a fever E) Has swollen lymph nodes
D) Is running a fever
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is _______. A) TSH B) ACTH C) FSH D) LH E) GH
D) LH
A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to settle an upset stomach risks _______. A) Respiratory acidosis B) Respiratory alkalosis C) Metabolic acidosis D) Metabolic alkalosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis
Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all the following, except that _______. A) proteins are more difficult to break apart than lipids or carbohydrates B) The energy yield from protein is less than the yield from lipids C) One of the by-products of protein catabolism is ammonia D) Most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs E) Extensive catabolism of protein threatens homeostasis
D) Most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs
Obesity is a major issue in the United States. Which is not an accurate relationship between obesity and a particular factor? A) Obese people have higher incidences of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and death rates. B) Obesity rate is higher in black adult Americans compared to white or hispanic adult Americans. C) Obesity rate increases as income decreases. D) Obesity rate increases as education level increases. E) Obesity rate is higher in the southeastern region of the United States. F) None are accurate.
D) Obesity rate increases as education level increases.
The breakdown of protein into peptides is through the enzymes: A) Trypsin B) Pepsin C) Alpha dextrinase D) Only A & B E) All of the above
D) Only A & B
The most common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the _______. A) Larynx B) Glottis C) Vestibule D) Pharynx E) Trachea
D) Pharynx
Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the ________. A) Mucosa B) Serosa C) Adventitia D) Submucosal plexus E) Myenteric plexis
D) Submucosal plexus
Which statement about acid-base balance is inaccurate? A) Normal blood pH is 7.4. B) Body pH affects all functional proteins and biochemical reactions. C) Blood pH is very carefully monitored.... even a minor change causes significant physiological responses. D) The most potent mechanisms for adjusting pH involve the lungs and the chemical buffering system. E) The most important ions for acid-base balance are bicarbonate, phosphate, and hydrogen.
D) The most potent mechanisms for adjusting pH involve the lungs and the chemical buffering system.
The organ that provides mechanical and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the _______. A) Vagina B) Oviduct C) Ovary D) Uterus E) Cervix
D) Uterus
A zygote..... A) is initially formed in the oviduct B) is formed by the fusion of sperm and ovum C) develops into a fetus while in the uterus D) all of the above
D) all of the above
In response to hemorrhage, there is _______. A) vasoconstriction B) activation of platelets and Van Willebrand factors C) activation of fibrinogen D) all of the above
D) all of the above
The risk of obesity, heart disease, and cancer is increased by a diet high in.... A) cholesterol B) trans fats C) saturated fats D) all of the above
D) all of the above
Essential amino acids... A) are vitamins that dissolve in fat. B) come from mainly grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. C) are units of energy produced by protein D) are the 10 amino acids the body cannot produce
D) are the 10 amino acids the body cannot produce
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the _______. A) level of oxygen at the tissue increases B) vessel length increases C) veins constrict D) arterioles dilate E) pressure gradient decreases
D) arterioles dilate
Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries? A) decreased plasma albumin B) increased blood hydrostatic pressure C) increased tissue hydrostatic pressure D) both A and B E) A, B, and C
D) both A and B
Pacemaker cells in the SA node _______. A) have a well defined resting potential. B) show a spontaneous depolarization C) are connected by gap junctions to atrial myocytes D) both B and C E) both A and C
D) both B and C
The body's preferred source of energy are... A) nucleic acids B) proteins C) lipids D) carbohydrates E) vitamins F) minerals G) water
D) carbohydrates
Paralysis of the ___________ is one of the primary reasons why cigarette smokers cough frequently. A) epiglottis B) smooth muscle around the trachea C) goblet cells D) ciliated columnar cells of the trachea
D) ciliated columnar cells of the trachea
A hormone that promotes glucose synthesis in the liver is _______. A) aldosterone B) erythropoietin C) insulin D) cortisol E) parathyroid hormone
D) cortisol
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, _______. A) adenyl cyclase is activated B) cyclic nucleotides are formed C) G proteins are phosphorylated D) gene transcription is initiated E) protein kinases are activated
D) gene transcription is initiated
Compared to arteries, veins A) are more elastic B) have more smooth muscle in their tunica media C) have a pleated endothelium D) have thinner walls E) hold their shape better when cut
D) have thinner walls
The enteric nervous system: A) is located in the submucosal layer of the GI tract B) Regulates the secretions of digestive enzymes in the lumen C) increases in activity when parasympathetic activity increases D) is all of the above
D) is all of the above
Why is it important that polyspermy does not occur? A) polyspermy results in twins or triplets B) polyspermy results in a haploid number of chromosomes C) polyspermy results in a diploid number of chromosomes D) polyspermy results in a triploid number of chromosomes
D) polyspermy results in a triploid number of chromosomes
The pulmonary valve prevents backward flow into the _______. A) aorta B) pulmonary trunk C) pulmonary veins D) right ventricle E) left atrium
D) right ventricle
The critical factor that determines gender during development is _______. A) inhibition of estrogen B) presence of progesterone C) lack of an X chromosome D) the SRY gene E) presence of the estrogens
D) the SRY gene
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by the enzyme _______. A) fibringoen-converting enzyme B) plasmin C) factor VIII D) thrombin E) prothombinase
D) thrombin
Which aspect has the largest effect on blood flow in a normal, healthy person? A) vessel durability B) vessel length C) blood viscosity D) vessel radius
D) vessel radius
Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the output side to the input side of the cardiovascular flow circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries The correct sequence of structures is: A) 7, 4, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 B) 6, 5, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4 C) 5, 6, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4 D) 2, 7, 6, 3, 1, 5, 6 E) 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6
E) 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is _______. A) TSH B) FSH C) MSH D) STH E) ADH
E) ADH
Non-specific immune defenses lack _______. A) Phagocytic cells B) Physical barriers C) Inflammation D) Interferons E) All of the above
E) All of the above
The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in _______. A) Neutralization of the antigen B) Agglutination of precipitation C) Complement activation D) Opsonization E) All of the above
E) All of the above
Which of these enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine? A) Circular folds B) Villi C) Microvilli D) Intestinal segmentation E) All of the above
E) All of the above
Which statement about electrolytes is/are accurate? A) Electrolytes are elements that are positively or negatively charged when in water. B) Electrolytes play key roles in neurotransmission, muscle contraction, bone formation, and water balance. C) Many electrolytes are consumed as salts. D) Many electrolytes are obtained as a cation ionically bonded to an anion. E) All of the above are correct.
E) All of the above are correct.
Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume? A) ACH B) Aldosterone C) PTH D) Acetylcholine E) Atrial natriuretic peptides
E) Atrial natriuretic peptides
When the level of ADH decreases, _______. A) More urine is produced B) Less urine is produced C) The osmolarity of urine decreases D) Both A and C E) Both B and C
E) Both B and C
What are the largest lipoproteins, ranging in diameter up to 0.5um, produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food. A) Very low-density lipoproteins (VDLs) B) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) C) Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs) D) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) E) Chylomicrons
E) Chylomicrons
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is _______. A) ACTH B) MSH C) Prolactin D) insulin E) GH
E) GH
_______ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells. A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Basophils D) Lymphocytes E) Macrophages
E) Macrophages
The sum of all the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called _______. A) Glycolysis B) Oxidative phosphorylation C) Catabolism D) Anabolism E) Metabolism
E) Metabolism
The sum of biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called _______. A) Glycolysis B) Oxidative phosphorylation C) Catabolism D) Anabolism E) Metabolism
E) Metabolism
The ions in highest concentration is the intracellular fluid are _______. A) Potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate B) Sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate C) Sodium, potassium, and calcium D) Potassium, hydrogen, and chloride E) Proteins, potassium, and phosphate
E) Proteins, potassium, and phosphate
Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space? A) Blood hydrostatic pressure forces fluid from the capillary into the interstitial space B) Blood osmotic pressure moves fluid from the interstitial space into the capillary C) The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is less than the blood osmotic pressure D) The hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid is largely unimportant in determining fluid movement E) The net filtration pressure is usually zero
E) The net filtration pressure is usually zero
Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except _______. A) Primary active transport B) Facilitated diffusion C) Simple diffusion D) Secondary active transport E) Transcytosis
E) Transcytosis
The vitamin that is required for erythropoesis and absorbed when intrinsic factor is produced by the stomach is _______. A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin B6 C) Vitamin C D) Vitamin K E) Vitamin B12
E) Vitamin B12
An increase in extracellular osmolality leads to.... A) the release of anti-diuretic hormone B) the feeling of thirst C) the production of more concentrated urine D) the reabsorption of water E) all of the above
E) all of the above
During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, _______. A) the fertilized ovum implants B) progesterone levels are high C) endometrial glands enlargen D) the corpus luteum is formed E) all of the above
E) all of the above
The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of _______. A) blood volume B) blood pH C) blood pressure D) blood ion levels E) all of the above
E) all of the above
The bicuspid or mitral valve is located _______. A) in the opening of the aorta B) in the opening of the pulmonary trunk C) where the venae cavae join the right atrium D) between the right atrium and right ventricle E) between the left atrium and left ventricle
E) between the left atrium and left ventricle
The corpus luteum releases what 2 hormones, which maintain pregnancy? A) testosterone, progesterone B) estradiol, inhibin C) follicle stimulating hormone, progesterone D) estradiol, luteinizing hormone E) estradiol, progesterone F) estradiol, dihydrotestosterone G) human chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone
E) estradiol, progesterone
Which hormone "rescues" the corpus luteum from degradation, thus prolonging high production of estrogens and progesterone? A) luteinizing hormone B) follicle stimulating hormone C) estradiol D) testosterone E) human chorionic gonadotropic F) gonadotropin releasing hormone
E) human chorionic gonadotropic
Increased urine production during pregnancy is due to: A) the need to eliminate fetal wastes B) increased maternal metabolism C) compression of the kidneys D) all of the above E) only A and B F) only A and C
E) only A and B
What statement is incorrect about absorptive and post-absorptive metabolic states? A) Absorptive occurs when anabolism exceeds catabolism. B) A major goal of post-absorptive state is to maintain blood glucose between meals. C) Post-absorptive occurs when catabolism of fat, glycogen, and protein exceeds anabolism. D) Post-absorptive occurs when the GI tract is empty, and energy sources are supplied by breakdown of the body's reserves. E) Absorptive lasts for a few to several hours after eating a meal. F) All are accurate statements.
F) All are accurate statements.
A -------- is a cluster of cells that develops between weeks 7-10 of pregnancy is the: A) ovum B) zygote C) blastula D) gastrula E) embryo F) fetus
F) fetus
Which urine characteristic below can vary the most while still being considered normal? A) ketone content B) glucose content C) protein content D) nitrite content E) urobilin content F) pH
F) pH
