A+P practice CLEP exam A
Too little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone causes
Addison Disease
What happens if body fluid osmolarity exceeds normal levels?
Antidiuretic hormone release will increase.
Which is the first hemostatic event to occur following damage to an arteriole?
Arteriolar smooth muscles contract in vascular spasm.
Which structures comprise the renal corpuscle?
Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
Which is the role of ionic calcium (Ca2+) in the contraction of a skeletal muscle?
Ca2+ moves tropomyosin from the myosin binding site.
Which process results in the loss of the least amount of water? A) Breathing, B) Defecation, C) Perspiration, D) Urination
Defecation (150ml/daily)
If muscle fibers obey the all-or-none principle, how can skeletal muscles produce graded contractions?
Different numbers of muscle fibers can be stimulated.
Why is glucose in the urine characteristic of untreated diabetes?
Elevated blood glucose exceeds the renal transport maximum (Tm) leading to excessive glucose excretion into the urine.
Which site is the location of the blood vessels that nourish the cells of compact bone?
Haversian canals
What statement best describes the homeostasis of blood glucose?
Insulin is needed to stimulate most cells of the body to increase uptake of glucose.
Which statement is most descriptive of the corpus luteum?
It is the ruptured follicle resulting from ovulation.
What statement best describes pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
It lines most of the upper respiratory tract.
What results when blood pH decreases?
More oxygen is available to tissues secondary to acidity increasing in the blood which allows O2 to be released from Hgb.
What circumstance is required for a synapse to be excitatory?
Postsynaptic membrane channels are open.
Which characteristic differentiates small arteries from large arteries?
Small arteries have proportionally more smooth muscle.
Which statement accurately describes the pressure in the alveoli during normal quiet respiration?
The alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure during inspiration, but greater than atmospheric pressure during expiration.
If the spinal cord has been severed at the level of the waist, with no other injury, what will be the long-term effect on micturition?
The bladder will empty reflexively without voluntary control.
What occurs when the process of accommodation is required for near vision?
The ciliary muscles contract and the lenses are rounded.
How does the heart react to excessive potassium in the blood?
The heart stops.
Why must the Ph of blood be kept constant?
To maintain function of proteins.
How does the body respond to higher than normal blood levels of carbon dioxide (CO2)?
Ventilation is increased to remove excess carbon dioxide (CO2).
Which statement indicates normal water gain and loss on a daily basis?
Water gain tends to equal water loss.
Which property of water is most important for the proper functioning of the human body's cells?
Water is a highly effective solvent.
Which action results when the lower extremity is moved away from the midline of the median plane?
abduction
What is the body's best energy source for a 100-mile bicycle race?
aerobic metabolism
Which event increases the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
afferent arteriolar vasodilation
Under which condition would a person experience decreased production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
after drinking alcoholic beverages
After blood donation, which hormone will be most involved in maintaining blood pressure and replacing the lost blood volume?
aldosterone
Dehydration of this will form a peptide bond?
amino acids
Which effect on sound waves results from the tympanic membrane collecting vibrations and transmitting them to the oval window?
amplification
Carbon usually has an atomic mass of 12, but some carbon has a mass of 14. What term best describes carbon 14?
an isotope
Nondigestible substances move through the sections of the colon in which order?
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
During the process of oogenesis, when is meiosis I completed?
at puberty
A major function of hepatocytes is the formation and secretion of which substance?
bile
How do bile salts facilitate the digestion of fat?
by causing fat emulsification
Which axial bones have transverse foramina and a bifid spinous process?
cervical vertebrae
What event causes the irreversible cross-linkage between actin and myosin filaments during rigor mortis?
cessation of ATP synthesis (ending the process of cross-bridge detachment.)
Which hormone stimulates ejection of bile from the gallbladder?
cholecystokinin
what event occurs first after the P wave?
contraction of the atria
What is the nonvascular, transparent coat that covers the iris?
cornea
Which condition stimulates increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
decreased blood calcium (Ca2+)
What is a normal response of the cardioinhibitory center of the medulla oblongata?
decreased heart rate at times of increased blood pressure
What action reduces the rate of a chemical reaction?
decreasing the temperature of the reaction
What is a consequence of overproduction of hormones by the parathyroid gland?
easily broken bones
Heroin relieves pain by mimicking the activity of which neurotransmitter?
endorphins (natural opiates)
Anemia is a disorder of which blood element?
erythrocytes
Which transport mechanism is best adapted for moving a large hydrophilic molecule from outside a cell, where its concentration is higher, to the inside of a cell?
facilitated diffusion
The sutures of the skull are examples of which kind of joint?
fibrous synarthrosis
Name a classic reaction is a form of hydrolysis?
formation of glucose from glycogen
A decreased sense of taste can result from injury to which cranial nerve?
glossopharyngeal (IX)
Which hormone can raise low blood glucose levels?
glucagon
What is an example of a catabolic chemical reaction?
glycogen conversion to glucose
Which process occurs in a patient with falling blood glucose levels?
glycogenolysis
A mother is unable to produce enough milk to nurse her newborn. Which hormonal imbalance is the cause of the problem?
hyposecretion of prolactin
Which part of the brain produces releasing hormones that control the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
When inadequate dietary intake of iodine results in significantly reduced blood thyroxin levels, how do the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary respond? Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) levels in the blood
increase and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels increase.
What is an effect of increased venous return?
increase in end-diastolic volume (EDV)
What is the result of an excitatory postsynaptic potential?
increased Na+ permeability of cellular membranes
What is a result of living in an area of high altitude?
increased production of erythrocytes to meet the need for more O2.
Which cells of the testes produce testosterone?
interstitial cells
Which phase of gastric activity control is inhibited by the enterogastric reflex?
intestinal phase, by stimulating sympathetic activity and secretion of cholecystokinin which, in turn, decrease motility and delay emptying.
When does the endometrium become thickest during the female reproductive cycle?
late in the secretory phase
Whats an example of a pair of prime movers are antagonists?
latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major (The latissimus dorsi is an extensor and the pectoralis major is a flexor.)
A lesion is present in the ventral spinothalamic tract of the spinal cord on the right side at the second cervical level. Which part of the body will be unable to distinguish touch and pressure?
left side of the body, below the neck
A reduced level of which blood component will decrease the transport of cholesterol to tissue cells?
lipoprotein
Urine produced in the renal lobes collects in renal papillae and is then discharged directly into which part of the kidney?
minor calyx
Which type of cell is responsible for secreting the matrix of bone?
osteoblast
Which hormone stimulates parturition?
oxytocin
An elevation of which factor will increase the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
pH
What is the effect of hypoventilation on the pH of body fluids?
pH decreases.
what causes expiration during normal, quiet breathing?
passive recoil of the lungs and chest wall
What is the functional role of the otoliths of the inner ear?
perceiving head position relative to gravity
How is urine propelled from the kidney to the urinary bladder when an individual is lying down?
peristalsis in the ureter
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by which gland?
pituitary
Aqueous solutions are most easily formed if the solute is in what condition?
polar
What cation is present in the highest concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF)?
potassium (K+)
A loss in the function of gastric chief cells would result in a decreased ability to digest which substance?
protein
The inferior region of the stomach communicates with the duodenum of the small intestine via which structure?
pyloric sphincter
Which muscle extends the leg at the knee?
rectus femoris
the function of the surfactant produced by type II alveolar cells? The surfactant
reduces surface tension so the alveoli can more easily expand during inspiration.
Where in the cardiovascular system is blood pressure normally the highest?
renal artery. (part of the systemic circuit )
Which halves would be the result of a midsagittal section of the head?
right and left halves
Which structure is the major source of the fructose secretions used by sperm cells for energy?
seminal vesicle
Which event is a result of increased renin production of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
sodium reabsorption increase
Which types of fibers are present in the spinothalamic nerve tract?
somatic afferent
The secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) leads to which process?
stimulation of the adrenal cortex, causing the release of glucocorticoids
What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?
stratum corneum
Damage to which part of the brain will result in resting tremor, reduced ability to initiate movements, and decreased dopamine levels?
substantia nigra
If several presynaptic neurons deliver an excitatory message to a postsynaptic neuron at the same time, the combined effect may initiate an action potential. What term describes the process of forming an action potential in this way?
summation
What is involved in chemical digestion?
the addition of water to molecular bonds
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets which organ to produce which action?
the kidney to reabsorb water (and also elevates blood pressure and blood volume.)
What stage of the cardiac cycle lasts the longest?
time that atrioventricular valves are open
What is the function of the sinoatrial node?
to set the pace of the heartbeat
Which function is the main role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during the first three months of pregnancy?
to stimulate release of hormones from the corpus luteum
Which type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?
transitional epithelium
Which neurons synapse in an autonomic ganglion?
two motor neurons
Which blood group will have its erythrocytes agglutinated by either type A plasma or type B plasma?
type AB
The consumption of alcoholic beverages inhibits the secretion of which hormone?
vasopressin (also known as an ADH)