AP Psych 4 (PT.2)

Which theory best explains the occurrence of afterimages? a. trichromatic b. opponent-process c. place d. frequency e. signal-detection

b. opponent-process

Bipolar cells are located in the a. optic nerve. b. retina. c. blind spot. d. lens. e. cochlea.

b. retina.

Under very dim levels of illumination a. the iris expands to allow more light to reach the retina. b. rods are more light-sensitive than cones. c. foveas react to increase the sensitivity of the optic nerve. d. feature detectors in the retina activate. e. rods fire according to place theory to perceive the available light.

b. rods are more light-sensitive than cones.

Feature detectors pass information to other cortical areas where complex patterns are processed by a. bipolar cells. b. supercell clusters. c. the optic nerve. d. opponent-process cells. e. cochlear implants.

b. supercell clusters.

The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Weisel respond to specific aspects of ________ stimulation. a. vestibular b. visual c. auditory d. olfactory e. kinesthetic

b. visual

If an image falls on the eye's blind spot, you do not detect it. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? a. An image that is not projected on the fovea will not be perceived. b. The curvature of the lens must accommodate to the incoming light levels or the image will not be seen. c. The image is not perceived because without receptor cells, transduction cannot occur. d. When the eye stops moving, the sight would vanish. e. Rods must share bipolar cells with other rods, which affects how an image is perceived.

c. The image is not perceived because without receptor cells, transduction cannot occur.

Brightness is to light as ________ is to sound. a. pitch b. loudness c. frequency d. amplitude e. wavelength

b. loudness

The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the a. blind spot. b. pupil. c. visual cortex. d. cornea. e. lens.

a. blind spot.

Light-wave amplitude determines the a. intensity of colors. b. color hue we experience. c. firing of rods in the retina. d. curvature and thickness of the lens. e. parallel processing of a scene.

a. intensity of colors.

Damage to the temporal lobe area of the brain essential for facial recognition produces a loss of a. perception. b. signal detection. c. transduction. d. accommodation. e. sensation.

a. perception.

Opponent-process cells have been located in the a. thalamus. b. cochlea. c. spinal cord. d. visual cortex. e. semicircular canals.

a. thalamus.

The pitch of a sound is determined by what? a. the frequency of the sound wave b. the amplitude of the sound wave c. the loudness of the sound wave d. the decibel level of the sound wave e. the vestibular level of the sound wave

a. the frequency of the sound wave

Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by a. the opponent-process theory. b. the gate-control theory. c. place theory. d. the Young-Helmholtz theory. e. frequency theory.

a. the opponent-process theory.

Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the ________ theory. a. frequency b. Young-Helmholtz c. gate-control d. opponent-process e. signal detection

b. Young-Helmholtz

The retina is to the eye as the ________ is to the ear. a. auditory nerve b. cochlea c. auditory canal d. eardrum e. eustachian tube

b. cochlea

Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light? a. rods b. cones c. bipolar cells d. feature detectors e. optic nerves

b. cones

When looking at the hands of a clock showing 8 o'clock, certain brain cells in the visual cortex are more responsive than when the hands show 10 o'clock. This is most indicative of a. sensory interaction. b. feature detection. c. parallel processing. d. perceptual adaptation. e. accommodation.

b. feature detection.

Visual information is processed by a. feature detectors before it is processed by rods and cones. b. ganglion cells before it is processed by feature detectors. c. bipolar cells before it is processed by rods and cones. d. feature detectors before it is processed by bipolar cells. e. the optic nerve before it is processed by ganglion cells.

b. ganglion cells before it is processed by feature detectors.

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the a. lens. b. iris. c. retina. d. optic nerve. e. feature detectors.

b. iris.

Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curvature and thickness of the a. rods and cones. b. lens. c. bipolar cells. d. optic nerve. e. cornea.

b. lens.

Current research suggests that a. the Young-Helmholtz theory best explains how we experience color. b. opponent-process theory is the most comprehensive theory for explaining color vision. c. both the trichromatic and opponent-process theories are valid in explaining color vision. d. both the Young-Helmholtz and the opponent-process theories are wrong in explaining color vision. e. frequency theory shows promise in explaining how we experience color vision.

c. both the trichromatic and opponent-process theories are valid in explaining color vision.

Which of the following is the correct order of structures light passes through in the eye? a. lens, cornea, pupil, retina, iris b. retina, lens, cornea, rods, cones c. cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina d. pupil, optic nerve, retina, lens, rods e. pupil, cornea, retina, lens, optic nerve

c. cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina

Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina? a. accommodation of the lens b. transduction of the blind spot c. dilation of the pupil d. sensory adaptation of feature detectors e. focusing light effectively on the fovea

c. dilation of the pupil

When most people stare at a red square and then shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of the square is a. yellow. b. red. c. green. d. blue. e. white.

c. green.

Rods are a. more light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones. b. less light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones. c. more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones. d. less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones. e. more frequency sensitive and less amplitude sensitive.

c. more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones.

The ability to simultaneously recognize the color, shape, size, and speed of an oncoming automobile best illustrates a. sensory interaction. b. kinesthesis. c. parallel processing. d. subliminal perception. e. blindsight.

c. parallel processing.

Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina? a. ganglion cells b. bipolar cells c. rods and cones d. feature detectors e. occipital cells

c. rods and cones

The receptor cells that convert light energy into neural signals are called a. bipolar cells. b. ganglion cells. c. rods and cones. d. feature detectors. e. opponent processors.

c. rods and cones.

Damage to the fovea would have the greatest effect on a. night vision. b. peripheral vision. c. visual acuity. d. sensory adaptation. e. kinesthesis.

c. visual acuity.

An 80-decibel sound is ________ times louder than a 60-decibel sound. a. 2 b. 10 c. 20 d. 100 e. 200

d. 100

Feature detectors a. are retinal cells that allow you to see in dim light and are located in the periphery of the eye. b. combine to form the optic nerve, which sends visual information to the brain. c. are primarily located in the fovea. d. are nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that fire in response to specific edges, lines, and angles. e. cause the lens to change its curvature in response to incoming light waves.

d. are nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that fire in response to specific edges, lines, and angles.

The direct link between a single cone and a single ________ preserves the fine details in the cone's message. a. rod b. ganglion cell c. blind spot d. bipolar cell e. cochlea

d. bipolar cell

Ms. Shields, a recent stroke victim, cannot consciously perceive the large book on the coffee table in front of her. Yet, when urged to identify the book, she correctly reads aloud the printed title on the book cover. Her response best illustrates a. subliminal perception. b. sensory adaptation. c. synaesthesia. d. blindsight. e. the McGurk effect.

d. blindsight.

Intensity is to brightness as wavelength is to a. accommodation. b. frequency. c. amplitude. d. hue. e. disparity.

d. hue.

Dilation and constriction of the pupil are controlled by the a. optic nerve. b. lens. c. retina. d. iris. e. cornea.

d. iris.

Compared with rods, cones are a. more sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail. b. less sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail. c. more sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail. d. less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail. e. more sensitive to any light and less sensitive to fine detail.

d. less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail.

Perceiving the color, motion, and form of a bird in flight illustrates a. serial processing. b. place theory. c. trichromatic theory. d. parallel processing. e. opponent-process theory.

d. parallel processing.

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the rods and cones, is the a. fovea. b. optic nerve. c. cornea. d. retina. e. iris.

d. retina.

The most light-sensitive receptor cells are the a. ganglion cells. b. cones. c. bipolar cells. d. rods. e. iris.

d. rods.

Supercell clusters are a. located in the spinal cord and conduct most pain signals to the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe. b. connected to hair cells located along the basilar membrane in the inner ear. c. photoreceptor cells, located in the retina, that combine to send information to the visual cortex. d. teams of cells that fire in response to complex patterns, such as the human face. e. combined messages from the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs in the inner ear that monitor head position and movement.

d. teams of cells that fire in response to complex patterns, such as the human face.

Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as a. the color blue-violet and the shortest visible waves as red. b. the color red and the shortest visible waves as green. c. the color blue and the shortest visible waves as yellow. d. the color red and the shortest visible waves as blue-violet. e. the color black and the shortest visible waves as white.

d. the color red and the shortest visible waves as blue-violet.

The axons of ganglion cells converge to form a. the basilar membrane. b. bipolar cells. c. the auditory nerve. d. the optic nerve. e. the olfactory epithelium.

d. the optic nerve.

Researchers found that if they temporarily disrupted one region of the visual cortex with magnetic pulses, people were unable to recognize faces but could still recognize houses. This suggests that a. visual information is processed by opponent cells in the retina. b. the fovea is the retina's area of central focus. c. information presented in the right visual field is processed in the left hemisphere of the brain. d. two separate brain regions process information about faces and objects. e. the physical characteristics of light determine our sensory experience of them.

d. two separate brain regions process information about faces and objects.

Brightness is to intensity as hue is to a. amplitude. b. color. c. pitch. d. wavelength. e. frequency.

d. wavelength.

The 130-decibel sound of a rock band is ________ times louder than the 100-decibel sound of a nearby subway train. a. 2 b. 10 c. 30 d. 100 e. 1000

e. 1000

Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the a. vestibular sacs. b. semicircular canals. c. inner ear. d. cochlea. e. middle ear.

e. middle ear.

The ability to simultaneously process the pitch, loudness, melody, and meaning of a song best illustrates a. subliminal perception. b. kinesthesis. c. accommodation. d. sensory adaptation. e. parallel processing.

e. parallel processing.

Accommodation refers to the a. diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. b. system for sensing the position and movement of muscles, tendons, and joints. c. quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation. d. process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural messages. e. process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.

e. process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.

People who demonstrate blindsight have most likely suffered damage to their a. cornea. b. lens. c. fovea. d. optic nerve. e. visual cortex.

e. visual cortex.

According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are stimulated by exposure to ________ light are inhibited by exposure to ________ light. a. red; blue b. blue; green c. yellow; green d. blue; red e. yellow; blue

e. yellow; blue