AP Psych Ch. 12 Personality

Electra Complex

The term given by some psychodynamic theorists to the form of the Oedipus complex in young girls

Social-Cognitive Theory

A contemporary learning-based model that emphasizes the roles played by both cognitive factors and environmental or situational factors in determining behavior

Individualistic Culture

A culture that emphasizes individual identity and personal accomplishments

Collective Culture

A culture that emphasizes people's social roles and obligations

Drive for Superiority

Adler's term for the motivation to compensate for feelings of inferiority. Also called the will-to-power.

Individual Psychology

Adler's theory of personality, which emphasizes the unique potential of each individual

Central Traits

Allport's term for personality characteristics that have a widespread influence on the individual's behavior across situations

Secondary Traits

Allport's term for specific traits that influence behavior in relatively few situations

Cardinal Traits

Allport's term for the more pervasive dimensions that define an individual's general personality

Reciprocal Determinism

Bandura's model in which cognitions, behavior, and environmental factors both influence and are influenced by each other

Outcome Expectations

Bandura's term for our personal predictions about the outcomes of our behaviors

Efficacy Expectations

Bandura's term for the expectancies we have regarding our ability to perform behaviors we set out to accomplish

Surface Traits

Cattell's term for personality traits at the surface level that can be gleaned from observations of behavior.

Sourse Traits

Cattell's term for traits at a deep level of personality that are not apparent in observed behavior but must be inferred based on underlying relationships among surface traits.

Fixations

Constellations of personality traits characteristic ofo a particular stage of psychosexual development, resulting from either excessive or inadequate gratification at that stage.

id

Freud's term for the psychic structure existing in the unconscious that contains our basic animal drives and instinctual impulses.

ego

Freud's term for the psychic structure that attempts to balance the instinctual demands of the id with social realitites and expectations

superego

Freud's term for the psychic structure that corresponds to an internal moral guardian or conscioius.

Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud's theory of personality, which holds that personality and behavior are shaped by unconscious forces and conflicts.

Inferiority Complex

In Adler's theory, the feelings of inadequacy or inferiority in young children that influence their developing personalities and create desires to overcome

Creative Self

In Adler's theory, the self-aware part of personality that organizes goal-seeking efforts.

Anal Stage

In Fredian theory, the second stage of psychosexual development, during which sexual gratification is centered on processes of elimination (retention and release of bowel contents)

Anal-Retentive Personality

In Freduian theory, a personality type characterized by perfectionism and excessive needs for self-control as expressed through extreme neatness and punctuality

Pleasure Principle

In Freud's theory, a governing principle of the id that is based on demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs.

Displacement

In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism in which an unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulse is transferred to an object or person that is safer or less threatening than the original object of the impulse

Denial

In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involiving the failure to recognize a threatening impulse or urge.

Reaction Formation

In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving behavior that stands in opposition to one's true motives and desires so as to prevent conscious awareness of thems

Sublimation

In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially sanctioned behaviors or interests

Projection

In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the projection of one's own unacceptable impulses, wishes, or urges onto another person.

Rationalization

In Freudian theory, a defense mechanism involving the use of self-justification to explain away unacceptable behavior, impulses, or ideas

Regression

In Freudian theory, a defense mechnism in which an individual, usually under high levels of stress, reverts to a behavior characteristic to an earlier stage of development

Anal-Expulsive Personality

In Freudian theory, a personality type characterized by messiness, lack of self-discipling, and carelessness.

Repression

In Freudian theory, a type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety-evoking material

Penis Envy

In Freudian theory, jealousy of boys for having a penis.

Genital Stage

In Freudian theory, the fifth and final stage of psychosexual development, which begins around puberty and corresponds to the development of mature sexuality and emphasis on procreation.

Oral Stage

In Freudian theory, the first stage of psychosexual development, during which an infant seeks sexual gratification through oral stimulation (sucking, mouthing, and biting)

Latency Stage

In Freudian theory, the fourth stage of psychosexual development, during which sexual impulses remain latent or dormant

Reality Principle

In Freudian theory, the governing principle of the ego that takes into account what is practical and acceptable in satisfying basic needs

Conscious

In Freudian theory, the part of the mind corresponding to the state of present awareness.

Unconscious

In Freudian theory, the part of the mind that lies outside the range of ordinary awareness and that contains primitive drives or instincts and unacceptable urges, wishes, or ideas.

Oedipus Complex

In Freudian theory, the psychological complex in which the young boy or girl develops incestuous feelings toward the parent of the opposite gender and perceives the parent of the same gender as a rival.

Defense Mechanisms

In Freudian theory, the reality-distorting strategies of the ego to prevent awareness of anxiety-evoking or troubling ideas or impulses.

Phallic Stage

In Freudian theory, the third stage of psychosexual development, marked by erotic attention on the phallic region (penis in boys, clitoris in girls) and the development of the Oedipus complex

Castration Anxiety

In Freudian theory, unconscious fear of removal of the penis as punishment for having unacceptable sexual impulses

Basic Anxiety

In Horney's theory, a deep-seated form of anxiety in children that is associated with feelings of being isolated and helpless in a world of being isoated and helpless in a world perceived as potentially threatening and hostile

Basic Hostility

In Horney's theory, deep feelings of resentment that children may harbor toward their parents

Collective Unconscious

In Jung's theory, a part of the mind containing ideas and archetypal impages shared among humankind that have been transmitted genetically from ancestral humans

Locus of Control

In Rotter's theory, one's general expectancies about whether one's efforts can bring about desired outcomes or reinforecments

Expectancies

In social-cognitive theory, personal predictions about the outcomes of behavior

Subjective Value

In social-cognitive theory, the importance that individuals place on desired outcomes

Personal Unconscious

Jung's term for an unconscious region of mind comprising a reservoir of the individual's repressed memories and impulses

Archetypes

Jung's term for the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious that reflect ancestral or universal experiences of human beings

Situation Variables

Mischel's term for environmental influences on behavior, such as rewards and punishments

Person Variables

Mischel's term for internal personal factors that influence behavior, including competencies expectancies and subjective values

Psychoticism

One of the tree underlying dimesions of personality in Eysenck's model, referring to tendencies to be perceived as cold and antisocial

Neuroticism

One of the tree underlying dimesions of personality in Eysenck's model, referring to tendencies toward emotional instability, anxiety, and worry.

Erogenous Zones

Parts of the body that are especially sensitive to sexual or pleasurable stimulation

Projective Tests

Personality tests in which ambiguous or vague test material are used to elicit responses that are believed to reveal a person's unconscious needs, drives, and motives

Traits

Relatively enduring personal characteristivs

Self-Theory

Roger's model of personality, which focuses on the importance of the self.

Self-Ideals

Roger's term for the idealized sense of how or what we should be

Self-Report Personality Inventories

Structured psychological tests in which individuals are given a limited range of response options to answer a set of questions about themselves

Personality Tests

Structured psychological tests that use formal methods of assessing personality

Objective Tests

Tests of personality that can be scored objectively and that are based on a research foundation

Five-Factor Model (FFM)

The dominant contemporary trait model of personality, consisting of five broad personality factors: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

Phrenology

The now-discredited view that can judge a person's character and mental abilites by measuring the bumps on his or her head

Personality

The relatively stable constellation of psychological characteristics and behavioral patterns that account for our individuality and consistency over time.

Preconscious

To Freud, the part of the mind whose contents can be brought into awareness through focused attention.

Conditional Positive Regard

Valuing a person only when the person's behavior meets certain expectaions or standards

Unconditional Positive Regard

Valuing another person as having intrinsic worth regardless of the person's behavior at the particular time

Introversion/Extraversion

One of the three underlying dimensions of personality in Eysenck's model, referring to tendencies toward being solitary and reserved on the one end or outgoing and sociable on the other end

Standard Scores

Scores that represent an individual's relative deviation from the mean of the standardization sample