AP Psych. Chapter 18 Vocab

frustration-aggression hypothesis

It is a proposition that frustration always leads to some form of aggressive behavior.

altruism

UNSELFISH act; not looking for a reward, you are putting yourself second • Nurture more than nature

that's not all technique

When offering or conceding something to somebody, rather than give it to them as a final item, give it in incremental pieces. Do not allow them to respond to each piece you give them -- keep on offering more. Thus, for example, you can: •Offer a discount in several stages. •Add extra 'gifts' to a product offering. •Start with a high price and reduce it. •Tell them all the things you are going to do, one at a time

task-oriented leader

a leader who provides close supervisions, leads by directives and generally discourages group discussion; all about the tast

person-oriented leader

a leader who provides loose supervision, asks for group members ideas, and is concerned with subordinates' feelings

transactional leader

a leader whose leadership behavior depends on the actions of those they lead. For example, these leaders reward those who behave as the leader wishes, and they correct or punish those who behave otherwise

groupthink

a pattern of thinking in which group members fail to evaluate realistically the wisdom of various options and decisions

social facilitation

a phenomenon in which the presence of others improves a persons performance

deindividuation

a psychological state occurring in group members that results in loss of individuality and a tendency to do things not normally done when alone

social impairment

a reduction in performance due to the presence of other people

resource dilemmas

a situation in which people must share a common resource, creating conflicts between the short-term interests of individuals and the long-term interest of the group

Prisoner's dilemmas

a social dilemma in which mutual cooperation guarantees the best mutual outcome; ex. having the same story in case you get caught

zero-sum game

a social situation in which one person's gains are subtracted from another person's resources, so that the sum of the gains and losses is zero; ex. fighting over an estate or like an election where one wins and won loses

helping behavior

any act/behavior that benefits another person; don't put yourself second; can be selfish or unselfish

cooperation

any type of behavior in which people work together to attain a goal

competition

behavior in which individuals try to attain a goal for themselves while denying that goal to others

obedience

behavior is due to a demand from an authority figure; more likely to do something you don't want to do; would never do on your own

compliance

changing ones behavior or beliefs to match those of others, generally as a result of real or imagined; two types: explicit and implicit; REQUEST

explicit compliance

clear, usually a request such as when someone says, "could you do me a favor?"

arousal: cost-reward theory

deals with arousal, fight or flight; you need the feeling in you for you to internally say "I need to help this person"; and what is the cost to you and what is the reward? Ex. someone bulling someone and you are much smaller, then you cannot help the person being bullied--- the cost to too much (weighing pros and cons) ex. feeling bad after not giving money to a homeless man since there was no cost

albert bandura

did the bobo doll experiment and studied aggression

commons dilemmas

dilemma when people have to decide HOW MUCHT to take from a common resource; ex. which farmers all want to draw water for their crops from the same lake. Each individual farmer would benefit greatly from unrestricted use of the water, but if all the farmers did the same, the water would soon be gone

public goods dilemma

dilemma when people must decide how much to contribute to a common resource; ex. tax laws. You would benefit greatly in the short run if you didn't pay any taxes, but if everyone failed to pay, no one would have police and fire protection, highway repairs, national defense, or other vital government services

social loafing

exerting less effort when performing a group task than when performing the same task alone

injunctive norms

give more specific information about the actions that others find acceptable and those that they find unacceptable; IDEAL way to behave

Stanley Milgram's shock experiment

had a "teacher" and a "learner", for every wrong answer "learner" gives an electric shock; how far will people obey an authority figure?= 65% obeyed until the end. demonstrates the power of obedience

empathy-altruism theory

have you been in someone's shoes before; if yes then you will help, if no then you are less likely to help; you feel for a person

social influence

how other people change or influence our behavior

descriptive norms

indicate how most other people actually behave in a given situation. They tell us what actions are common in the situation and thereby implicitly give us permission to act in the same way; ex. most people don't cross the street until the "walk" sign appears

normative social influence

is a type of social influence leading to conformity. It is defined in social psychology as "the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them"

transformational leader

leader who rather than focusing on rewarding or punishing specific behaviors, these people concentrate on creating a vision of the group's goals, inspiring others to pursue that vision, and giving their followers reason to respect and admire them; ex. Sir Winston Churchill and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (INSPIRE)

Solomon Asch's line experiment

person arrives and there are 5 people already there (these confederates are working for Asch); ask questions "Which line is identical to the standard line? 70% of real participants conformed at least once, 70% are going to go with the wrong confederate answer; dealt with CONFORMITY

social dilemmas

situations in which actions that produce rewards for one individual will produce negative consequences if adopted by everyone

norms

socially based rules that prescribe what people should or should not do in various situations

aggression

the act that is intended to cause harm to another person

diffusion of responsibility

the feeling you have inside you, ex. "it's not by problem, I am not responsible" since there are lot of people around; leads to bystander effect

bystander effect

the more people that are around, the less likely you are to help (created by diffusion of responsibility)

conflict

the result of a persons or groups belief that another person or group stands in the way of their achieving a valued goal

environmental psychology and aggression

these psychologists study the relationship between the physical environment and someone's behavior; three physical environment conditions that increase aggression are the weather (temperature), noise, and crowding

Sigmund Freud

this psychologist said aggression is natural and we need to get rid of it however we can, even if it is not the correct way

evolutionary theory and aggression

three levels; always about carrying on your genes 1. Going to help relatives; help siblings if they are getting bullied 2. Going to help your friends 3. Attractive people; we think that since they are attractive and there needs to be more of those people on this world (carry on their genes)

social impact theory

two components; society has an impact on your decisions (CONFORMITY) -group has to have 3 or more people and you have to admire the group and want to be a part of the group

excitation transfer

when arousal from one experience may carry over to an independent situation

implicit compliance

when someone simply looks at you in a way that lets you know the person needs a favor; subtle

low ball approach

when you First make what you want the other person to agree to easy to accept by making it quick, cheap, easy, etc then Make it clear that they are agreeing to this of their own free will; lastly, change the agreement to what you really want; ex. car sales men do this

foot in the door technique

when you ask for something small, then when you get it you ask for something bigger; ex. can I go to my friends house? you get a yes...then later you ask "can I spend the night"

door in the face procedure

when you first make a request of the other person that is excessive and to which they will most naturally refuse, the make the request more reasonable and the other person is most likely going to accept; ex. "can I go to Australia" you get a no... then you ask "ok ill stay in the country, can I go to NYC?"

conformity

your behavior is due to unspoken pressure (can be real or imaginary pressure)

Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment

• He is hired to study conflicts in prison • He sets up a mock prison at Stanford University in basement of psychology department • Has 24 college students, volunteer and get paid, who were healthy and stable individuals • Stopped after 6 days; was going to be a 2 week study • Demonstrates the power of the situation

Kitty Genovese

-bar tender in NYC -in March Winston Mosely stabbed her 2 times before she got home into her apartment -Mosely leaves and 30 min later comes back; stabs her more and then rapes her (she dies) -12 people heard the screaming but no one called the police because they thought "someone else would call" -demonstrates the bystander affect