AP Psych Chapter 4 (Sensation AND Perception)

Ernst Weber's and Gustav Fechner's psychophysical laws concern the relation between which of the following?

The intensity of a stimulus and its corresponding psychological sensation

When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as

the phi phenomenon

A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's

difference threshold

Illusions differ from hallucinations in that

C.) Illusions are based on perceptual learning

The point at which a change in sensory stimulation is detected is called the

C.) Just noticeable difference

Which of the following is a skin sensation?

C.) Pain

Sensations are organized into meaningful perceptions by

C.) Perceptual grouping (Gestalt) principles

The ability to identify the direction from which a sound originates is strongly dependent on having two ears separated in space by several inches. The ability to perceive visual depth is related to a similar property known as

C.) Retinal Disparity

Even though it was nearly dark outside, Kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example?

Color constancy

Which of the following refers to the photoreceptors responsible for color vision?

Cones

When Rocco views the image above, he sees it as a 13 when it is part of a larger number but as a B when it is part of a word. Rocco's response shows the importance of what perceptual concept?

Context effects

Twenty extremely accurate clocks are locked in two bank vaults (ten in each). A subject who claims to have paranormal powers concentrates on the clocks in one of the vaults, attempting to make them run faster. If she succeeds, she will have demonstrated

D.) Psychokinesis

A man 6 feet in height will look "tall" when surrounded by others of average height, and "short" among a group of professional basketball players. This is an example of

D.) Context

The vestibular sense helps keep us from

D.) Falling over

Improved research techniques in parapsychology have resulted in

D.) Fewer positive reults

Internal Standards used to judge stimuli are referred to as

D.) Frames of reference

It is now believed that subliminal advertising

D.) Has a weak effect, if any at all

Experiments with the visual cliff show that

D.) Humans perceive depth by the age of six months

An industrial psychologist interested in human factors would most likely participate in

D.) Machine design

In order for a frog's visual "bug detector" to work, the bug must be

D.) Moving

The fact that objects that are near each other tend to be grouped together is known as

D.) Nearness

The stapes is attached to a second membrane, or drumhead, called the _________. As this moves back and forth, it makes wakes in a fluid

D.) Oval Window; Cochlea

Which sensory receptor is found in greatest numbers in the skin?

D.) Pain receptors

Assembling sensations into usable patterns is called

D.) Perception

Compared to males who had not read a sexually arousing written passage, males who had read the passage were

A.) More likely to perceive a female as attractive

The ________ believe that depth perception is inborn.

A.) Nativists

A cheetah scrambling up a rocky slope in Montana is likely to be perceived as a mountain lion because

A.) Perception is guided by expecations

Closure, nearness, similarity, and continuation are categories of

A.) Perceptual (Gestalt) organization

Night vision is mainly due to an increase in

A.) Rodopsin

The stimuli below are seen as one group of circles and one group of squares due to the organization principle of

A.) Similarity

If you stand in the middle of a cobblestone street, the street will look coarse near your feet and finer if you look into the distance. This is called

A.) Texture gradient

The moon illusion is best explained by

A.) The effects of depth cues on apparent distance

Taste buds sensitive to sweet substances are found primarily on the

A.) Tip

Deductive reasoning goes from the general to the specific.z Which of the following is analogous to deductive reasoning?

A.) Top-Down Processing

A researcher presents two lights of varying brightness to a subject who is asked to respond to "same" or "different" by comparing their intensities. The researcher is seeking the

A.) just noticeable difference

The three auditory ossicles are the malleus, incus, and the

A.) stapes

The minimum amount of energy needed for a sensation to occur is called

A.) the absolute threshold

The most basic source of normal depth perception and stereoscopic vision is

C.) Retinal Disparity

Figure and ground can be switched in

C.) Reversible figures

The organizational principle demonstrated by the stimuli below is known as XOXOX XOXOX XOXOX XOXOX

C.) Similarity

The tendency to group objects together that are the same size, shape, color, or form is known

C.) Similarity

The conversion of electromagnetic energy into a neural impulse involves

C.) Transduction

Which part of the brain receives messages from the hair-like receptors that are involved in the vestibular sense?

Cerebellum

You call the Psychic Hotline and talk with a real, live psychic. He tells you about future events in your life that he claims to "see." The psychic would posses which psi ability?

B.) Precognition

Motion parallax

B.) Refers to the illusion that distant objects move slightly against a background, while closer objects move a sizable distance

Perception is a process by which

B.) Sensations are assembled into meaningful patterns that represent external events

Even though the retinal image of an object may change drastically, the object appears unchanged. This is the principle underlying

B.) Shape constancy

As the door opens toward you, you perceive it as a rectangular door, rather than going through image changes on the retina (From rectangular to trapezoid). This is an example of

B.) Shape constany

To perceive the size of an object remaining the same event though the retinal image changes is called

B.) Size constancy

The iris controls the

B.) Size of the pupils

Skin mapping indicates that

B.) Skin receptors are found in varying concentrations, reflecting the sensitivity of the body areas

An ability to "read" another person's mind is termed

B.) Telepathy

Parapsychology is

B.) The study of psychic phenomena or psi events

A person living in the desert calls a 60 degree day "cold" whereas one living in Alaska calls it "warm."Their perceptions differs because of

B.) Their frame of reference

The analysis of information starting with pre-existing knowledge in order to organize features into a meaningful whole is known as

B.) Top-Down processing

The underlying mechanism for perceptual expectancies is

B.) Top-Down processing

The idea that many people seem unable to detect gradual but deadly trends in modern civilization is an example of

B.) the "Boiled Frog Syndrome"

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense?

Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body

Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells?

Bipolar and ganglion

Which of the following is true regarding visual information processing?

Bipolar cells relay information to ganglion cells that form the optic nerve.

Brain cells that analyze incoming sensory information into lines, angles, shading and movement are called

C.) Feature detectors

The most basic perceptual organization is

C.) Figure-Ground

Recent experiments on eyewitness testimony have shown that the relationship between a person's confidence in his or her testimony and its accuracy

C.) Has almost no relationship

Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located?

Occipital cortex

Domingo has just hit Play to begin listening to a new song he bought. Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through Domingo's auditory canal?

The eardrum

The Gestalt principle that refers to an individual's tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as whole is called

closure

The tendency of most people to identify a three-sided figure as a triangle, even when one of its sides is incomplete, is the result of a perceptual process known as

closure

The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the

cochlea

People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their

cones

Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive

depth

An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called

selective attention

Using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires

selective attention

People listening to rock music played backward often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. That phenomenon best illustrates

top-down processing

Humans respond to different wavelengths of light by experiencing differing

A.) Hues

Which theory of hearing explains the perception of higher sounds?

B.) Place

Subliminal perception

A.) Involves the presentation of stimuli too rapidly or too weakly to be consciously recognized

Which of the following is a monocular depth cue?

A.) Linear perspective

Difference thresholds

B.) Occur when we can detect the change in the intensity of a stimulus

When an image is stabilized on the retina, after a brief period of time the image

C.) Fades and disappears

Which of the following refers to the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli?

Difference threshold

Seeing out of the corner of your eye, often important in sports activities and driving, is called

B.) Peripheral Vision

Airborne chemical signals which affect mating, sexual behavior, and territorial marking animals are called

B.) Pheromones

The ________ theory explains that hearing high or low tones depends upon which area of the cochlea is most strongly stimulated

B.) Place

All summer Thomas hears the sound of the icecream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following?

A lower absolute threshold for hearing than Oscar

Which study is a researcher who wants to draw correct cause-and-effect conclusions about the sense of smell likely to conduct?

A study in which the researcher randomly assigns 50 people to a group that is exposed to a strong smell of roses and 50 people to a group that experiences an odor-free environment to see whether the group exposed to the strong smell of roses reports experiencing more memories.

Limen refers to

A.) A threshold

The process where the lens of the eye changes shape is called

A.) Accomodation

The cones of the retina

A.) Are densely packed in an area called the fovea

Which of the following supports the opponent-process theory of color vision?

Afterimages

Which of the following structures is part of the vestibular system?

B

Inductive reasoning goes from the specific to the general. Which of the following is analogous to inductive reasoning?

B.) Bottom-Up processing

The psychological dimension corresponding to amplitude of light waves is

B.) Brightness

The tendency to fill in gaps in the perception of a figure is called

B.) Closure

Many natural ESP occurrences are apparently a result of

B.) Coincidence

Which of the following illustrates the principle of contiguity?

C.) A person "lip-syncing" to a record

The bodily depth cue generated by changes in the shape of the lens is called

C.) Accommodation

Visual acuity is best when

C.) An image falls on the fovea

The part of the eye where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the

C.) Blind spot

The fact that many people are unconcerned about the gradual depletion of the ozone can be attributed to the

C.) Boiled Frog Syndrome

The analysis of information starting with features and building into a complete perception is known as

C.) Bottom-up processing

The organ of hearing, where sensitive cells respond to auditory stimuli, is known as the

C.) Cochlea

Television ads that are in black and white are just trying to take advantage of which attention getting technique?

C.) Contrast

Attention is aroused by

C.) Contrast or change in stimulation

Sense receptors are biological transducers, which means that they

C.) Convert one form of energy to another

In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the light-sensitive surface of the eye that contains photoreceptors?

D

A visual defect known as astigmatism is the result of

D.) A misshapen cornea or lens

Which theory of color vision is correct?

D.) Both opponent-process and trichromatic

Kinesthetic sensation results from

D.) Receptors in the muscles and joints responding to movement

The film Star Wars created illusions of depth by quickly changing images of the of the sizes of planets and starships using the pictorial depth cue called

D.) Relative Size

In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain?

E

Which of the following is an example of shape constancy?

Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular.

Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following?

Gate-control theory

The ability to see a cube in the diagram above is best explained by which of the following?

Gestalt principles of closure and continuity

Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness?

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup

Latisha noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork. Which of the following best explains her difficulty?

Her cones cannot detect color well in dim light.

The pitch of a sound is analogous to which of the following features of light?

Hue

Which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception?

II and III only

Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high?

It has a short wavelength and high frequency.

Which of the following is true about the blind spot in the eye?

It occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates a context effect?

Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies.

Sense organs in the joints and muscles contribute to our __________ sense

Kinesthetic

Ana injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals. Which of the following cues would she best be able to use to make judgments about the distance objects are from her?

Linear perspective

Which monocular depth cue is illustrated in the figure above?

Linear perspective

Which of the following statements about the perception of taste is true?

Older adults frequently experience decreases in the sense of smell that make it more difficult to perceive the flavor of food.

After staring at a green, black, and orange "American flag" for about a minute, an individual will see a red, white, and blue flag afterimage. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?

Opponent-process theory

Interposition is the pictorial depth cue more commonly know as

Overlap

After his friend said a new movie was the funniest he had seen in years, Willard found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though the movie was not very funny. What concept is Willard demonstrating?

Perceptual set

A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth?

Retinal disparity

Which of the following is a binocular cue for depth perception?

Retinal disparity

Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina?

Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

Which of the following describes the correct order of information processing in vision?

Rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells→optic nerve

Laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can best be explained by which of the following?

Sensory adaptation

Julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. Which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound?

The sound has a high-amplitude sound wave.

Which of the following refers to the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses?

Transduction

The intensity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual is known as the individual's

absolute threshold

The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called

accommodation

One-year-old Marcus turns away in disgust if a bitter substance is placed on his tongue. The reason for such a reaction is most likely

an inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential poisons in the environment

A subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that

falls below the threshold for conscious detection

While attending a concert, Anthony finds that he can clearly recognize the melody coming from the lead violin above all the other instruments playing in the orchestra, even though the other instruments may be louder. Gestalt psychologists would explain Anthony's ability using the principle of

figure-ground

Visual acuity is best in the

fovea

The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its

frequency

Receptors for olfaction are located

in the nasal cavity

To study the effects of smoking on sense of smell, a researcher would most likely conduct a

longitudinal study on 100 smokers and a matched sample of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether the smokers' sense of smell declined more over time than the nonsmokers' did

The area labeled A contains the

ossicles

People who live in environments with buildings with square corners and right angles are more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion than are people who live in environments without such angles and corners. The difference in perception between the two groups of people reveals that

people develop perceptual hypotheses based on experiences in their lives

In visual perception, size constancy occurs as an object comes closer to the viewer because the

perceived distance of the object becomes smaller

After spending hours in her kitchen preparing dinner, Rebecca no longer notices the strong smell of garlic until her guests arrive and mention the smell. Her failure to notice the smell of garlic illustrates

sensory adaptation

Research has shown that a major reason for poor performance while multitasking is that while multitasking, people

switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention

Balance is influenced by the

semicircular canals

Negative afterimages are explained by

the opponent-process theory

Experiments involving infants' perception of 3D figures, when combined with visual cliff data, suggest that

A.) At least some level of depth perception is innate

_______ processing is like putting together a picture puzzle you've never seen before.

A.) Bottom-Up

Assembling a jigsaw puzzle without knowing what it portrayed would require

A.) Bottom-up processing

A white shirt reflects more light outdoors than in a dimly lit room; however, it is seen as being equally bright in both places. This demonstrates the role of __________ in perception.

A.) Brightness parallax

The purported ability to perceive events at a distance or through physical barriers is termed

A.) Clairvoyance

When you estimate a distance under 50 feet (as when you approach a stop sign or play catch), you are using

A.) Convergence

Which of the following is considered a monocular cue for depth?

A.) Convergence

Illusions are

A.) Distortions of existing stimuli

A field that focuses primarily on the psychology of work and adaptation of machines for human use is

A.) Engineering psychology

In bright light, the iris _______ and the pupil ________ to control the amount of light entering the eye.

A.) Expands; Constricts

You are sitting in the pit area at Indianapolis 500. You closely watch one of the cars whiz around on the track in front of the seething mass of humanity crammed into the stands. You have organized this visual scene such that the race car is _________ and the people and the stands are __________.

A.) Figure; Ground

Myopia is the condition of the eyes in which the person cannot

A.) Focus on distant objects

Decreased perceptual response to a repeated stimulus is called

A.) Habituation

Neural circuits of many sensory systems

A.) Respond to specific stimulus patterns

Placing priorities on sensory messages occurs in the process of

A.) Selective Attention

The incoming flow of information from our sensory systems is referred to as

A.) Sensation

You observe two cars of identical make and model. Although one roars away and its image on your retina is changed, you still perceive the cars as identical. This phenomenon is

A.) Size constancy

The stimuli for audition are

A.) Sound pressure waves

The text's illustration of the police officer's faulty "eyewitness" identification is an example of

A.) The fact that perceptions are often reconstructions of events

A major criticism of ESP is that

A.) if the experimenter really believes in ESP, he or she is much more likely to interpret coincidence as cause-and-effect.

Hearing loss caused when the eardrums or ossicles are damaged by disease or injury is called

B.) Conduction deafness

The information surrounding a stimulus is known as the

B.) Context

Features of the environment, or messages from the body, that supply information about distance and space are called

B.) Depth Cues

The most convincing evidence that depth perception is native to humans (and possibly other species) is its

B.) Early emergence as a perceptual skill

The __________ belief that depth perception is learned.

B.) Empiricists

The function of the lens is to

B.) Focus an image on the retina

An imaginary perception, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling something that does not exist in the external world is called a(n)

B.) Hallucination

Psi Phenomena

B.) Include clairvoyance, telepathy, and precognition.

When infants are placed in the middle of a visual cliff, they usually

B.) Move to the shallow side of the apparatus

The stimuli below are organized as three columns rather than six columns because of the organizational principle of XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX

B.) Nearness

Hearing aids are of no use to an individual with ________ deafness

B.) Nerve

A "guess" about what a sensation represents that is held until more information is available is referred to as a

B.) Perceptual Hypothesis

The purported ability to predict future events is called

B.) Precognition

Cross-cultural experiences suggest that pictorial cues for depth perception are

B.) learned

The electromagnetic spectrum includes visible light, infrared and ultraviolet light, radio waves, and

B.) television broadcasts, gamma rays, and other energies

The ability to see three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distances is called

C.) Depth perception

Brain cells that analyze incoming sensory information into lines, angles, shading, and movement are called

C.) Feature detectors

Which type of psychologist would most likely be interested in things such as displays, controls, and sensory and motor capabilities?

C.) Human factors engineer

The fact that infants will craw off tables or beds shows that

C.) Integration of depth perception with motor skills has not yet been accomplished

Which would represent the greatest loss to a professional wine taster or chef?

C.) Olfactory loss

Frequency is to __________ as amplitude is to __________.

C.) Pitch; Loudness

Disney's cartoons are made up of thousands of still pictures, but we see motion in these cartoons because of

C.) Stroboscopic movement

Highway engineers sometimes paint stripes on freeway off-ramps to enhance the perception of depth, using the cue of

C.) Texture gradients

When Jewish subjects tried to remember briefly flashed groups of Stimuli, they recognized fewer items when one was a swastika. This was because

C.) Their attention was shifted away from other information

The fact that we can walk and chew gum at the same time illustrates that

C.) We use divided attention

The amount of change necessary in a given stimulus to produce a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus. The defines

C.) Weber's Law

Research evidence has shown that the presence of a weapon

C.) impairs and eyewitness's accuracy of a description of a suspect

A researcher studied 30 people ages twenty to forty, 30 people ages forty-one to sixty, and 30 people ages sixty-one to eighty. The researcher set up two rooms—one with a faint rose smell, and one with a faint lemon smell. Each participant was asked to enter each room and identify the smell in the room. What research method did the researcher use, and what outcome would be found?

Cross-sectional. As people age, their sense of smell diminishes, especially in older age.

Photoreceptiors are the ________ sensitive cells that line the retina

D.) Light

In making a charcoal pencil drawing, which pictorial depth cue could you most effectively us?

D.) Light and shadow

The illusion that railroad tracks come together in the distance involves the depth cue of

D.) Linear perspective

Which of the following is TRUE of eyewitness testimony?

D.) Perception rarely provides an instant replay of events

A widespread increase in the reported sightings of UFOs following newspaper reports of similar sightings may be attributed to

D.) Perceptual Expectancy

When traveling in a car, near objects seem to move past you faster than distant objects. This is called

D.) Relative motion

The pain-killing effects of acupuncture may be related to

D.) Release of endorphins

Information picked up by the body's receptor cells is termed

D.) Sensation

Information processed below the normal level of awareness is called

D.) Subliminal

What sensory organs responsible for balance are also related to motion and sickness?

D.) The semicircular canals

A 70-year-old man defines middle age as 50 years of age. A 10 year-old child defines middle age as 35 years of age. Their estimates differ because of

D.) Their frame of reference

The idea that the amount of change in a stimulus necessary to produce a JND is a constant proportion of the stimulus intensity is called

D.) Weber's Law

The binocular cue of convergence occurs

D.) When trying to focus on an object less than 50 in distance

In the eye, focusing is accomplished by

D.) changing the thickness (or shape) of the lens

The tendency to complete a figure is called

D.) closure

Visual perception is ultimately a function of the

D.) neural activity in the brain

Psychologists believe that depth perception is

D.) partly learned and partly innate

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in impairment of the kinesthetic sense?

Damage to the cerebellum

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk used a visual cliff with a glass-covered drop-off to examine behavior in crawling infants. Even when coaxed by their mothers to crawl out onto the glass covering, most infants refused to do so, indicating that they had developed which of the following?

Depth perception

Jason is attending a parade that features the local high school band. Jason's friend Brent plays the trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the following would best allow Jason to hear Brent's trombone?

Selective attention

When Rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. Which of the following psychological terms describes Rosa's inability to taste?

Sensory interaction

Carlos sees the figure above as six unified columns, not four unified rows. Which of the following Gestalt principles is operating most strongly?

Similarity

Luis constructed a flip-book with 30 different still images of a cartoon cat. When Luis quickly flipped through successive images of the cat, the cat appeared to move. Which of the following concepts does the example illustrate?

Stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals.

When struck by light energy, cones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the

bipolar cells

The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the

blind spot

The psychological experience of pitch is related to a sound wave's

frequency

If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is

green

Receptors that are especially important for helping a person maintain balance are located in the

inner ear

It can be assumed that an individual described as a supertaster

is very sensitive to hot peppers

A sound is often detected by one ear more intensely and a fraction of a second earlier than it is detected by the other ear. These cues help individuals determine the

location of the source

The fovea has the greatest visual acuity in bright light primarily because the fovea is

made up of only cones

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli showed that

many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information

In the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. This phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are

more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea

When viewed from the window of a moving train, nearby objects seem to pass by more quickly than do more distant objects. This cue for depth perception is called

motion parallax

After Sharon stares at a patch of saturated green color for a brief period of time, she looks at a white surface and sees a red patch of color. This perceptual phenomenon is best explained by

opponent-process theory

The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the

red-green system

In vision, transduction occurs within the

retina

On his first day of work at the bakery, Brad was nearly overwhelmed by the sweet odor of the baked goods. However, by lunchtime, he did not even notice the smell. This is an example of

sensory adaptation

As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of

size constancy

The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses EXCEPT

smell

Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for an individual who wears a patch over one eye primarily because

some depth perception is lost

Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT

spicy

A reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that

the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete

While at a crowded gathering, Zach realized that his attention was being drawn away from his conversation every time a person nearby said the word "exactly." Zach's response is an example of

the cocktail party effect

Luz, a math major, sees the drawing above as a Venn diagram. Her brother, an art major, sees it as two circles. The difference in perception is an example of

top-down processing

Tina is reading an important letter when she accidentally splashes water on the paper. The water has smudged a few words, but she is still able to understand what the letter says. This can be explained by

top-down processing

The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed is called

transduction

The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to

transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

Scott lost his vision at a young age. When he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. After so many years of not being able to see, he had a very difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. His visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the

visual cortex