AP Psych: Chapter 9- Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Summarize the answer to the question: Is psychotherapy effective? taking into acount client perceptions, clinician perceptions, and outcome research

"Those not undergoing therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve"

What is the method of operation of neurotransmitter activity for antipsychotics?

-block dopamine activity -seratonin receptors

What are the side effects of antianxiety?

-drug and psychological dependence -increased anxiety, insomnia, after quitting -substance abuse

What are the side effects of antidepressant?

-dry mouth -weight gain -hypertension -dizzy spells -diminished sexual desire

List the ways in which humanistic therapy differs from psychoanalytic therapy

-focus on present and future rather than past -conscious rather than unconscious thoughts -take immediate responsibility for feelings and actions -promote growth rather than cure illness

What are the benefits of group therapy?

-saves therapist's time, client's money, often no less effective than one-on-one social context allows people to discover other's similar problems and receive feedback

What are the side effects of antipsychotics?

-sluggishness -tremors -twitches -tardive dyskinesia (involuntary facial muscle movements)

What are the side effects of mood stabilizers?

-suicide -decrease mood

Explain the three reasons the client's perception of the success of therapy may not be valid

1. People often enter therapy in crisis (despite a crisis passing itself, one may give credit to therapy) 2. Clients may need to believe therapy was worth the effort (self-justification) 3. Clients generally speak kindly of their therapists (the therapist works hard to help, did their best, ect.)

How successful are mood stabilizers?

70% effective

Which traits do humanistic therapists use in therapy?

Genuineness: no facades, express true feelings Acceptance: allow clients to feel uncondtionally accepted Empathy: sense and reflect clients' feelings

Compare the methods of psychotherapy, biomedical therapy, and the eclectic approach in how they are used to treat psychological disorders

Psychotherapy: treatment involving psychological techniques: interactions between the trained therapist and one seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal personal growth Biomedical Therapy: perscribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on a patient's nervous system Eclectic Approach: depends on patient's problems, uses techniques from other forms of therapy

How are studies being conducted today to attempt to address the question: is psychotherapy effective? What statistical procedure is used in the studies?

Randomized Clinical Trials: randomly assigning people to therapy or no therapy for later evaluation Meta-analysis: a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Define counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

Briefly summarize Mary Cover Jones' 1924 work with counterconditioning

a boy scared of rabbits and other furry objects learned to associate them with the relaxed feeling of eating by exposing him to both stimuli at once

Explain how unconditional positive regard is used as a tool in therapy by humanistic psychologists

a caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

In what way are clinician's perspectives on the success of treatment equally unreliable?

a client will not return typically after being treated and relapsing, although marked a success. Clinicians only experience the aftermath of satisfied clients

Explain the goals and methods of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

How does progressive relaxation help those going thorugh exposure therapy?

ability to relax one muscle group after another until you achieve a drowsy state of complete relaxation and comfort

Describe how virtual reality exposure therapy is being used to treat anxiety

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to stimulations of their greatest fears

How successful are antianxiety meds?

beginning to be replaced by antidepressant; don't resolve underlying problems

Explain the way in which therapy based on operant conditioning principles works

behavior modification: reinforcing desired behaviors and punishing/not rewarding undesired ones -shaping: rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviors)

What's the function of the drugs used as antianxiety meds?

control anxiety and agitation -Xanax -Ativan -D-Cyclosenne

What is the method of operation or neurotransmitter activity for antianxiety meds?

depress central nervous system

Why does Rogers believe that active listening would be helpful in treating clients?

echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what a person expresses and acknowledging these feelings allows people to realize they possess resources for growth -paraphrase, invite clarification, and reflect their feelings

Discuss Joseph Wolpe's work with exposure therapies and explain how they are used to treat anxiety or phobias

exposes people to what they normally avoid -with repeated exposure, one can become less anxiously responsive to things that scare them

Detail the steps in which systematic desensitization would be used by a behavior therapist

exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli (commonly used to treat phobias)

How successful are antidepressants?

fewer suicides, fairly successful: improve, don't resolve

What is one of the main techniques utilized in psychoanalytic therapy?

free association- relax, allow you to focus on your thoughts, say aloud whatever comes to mind

Explain how Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy addresses illogical thinking?

getting people to change what they say to themselves is an effective way to change their thinking

What's the function of the drugs used as mood stabilizers?

helps bipolar disorder -Lithium -Depakote

What is the method of operation or neurotransmitter activity for antidepressants?

increase availibity of norepinephrine or serotonin -SSRIs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitions

Why is group therapy often more accessible for those seeking treatment?

more affordable

Explain how a token economy can be utilized to impact and change behavior. What are the concerns with using this method?

operant conditioning: procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange them for various reinforcements

How successful are antipsychotics?

paired with life-skill programs and family support, very successful

Reflecting on the the story of little Albert, how might Cover Jone's counterconditioning be used to replace Albert's fear of small, white furry objects?

present white furry objects with a stimulus Little Albert finds enjoyable, so he'll learn to associate them

What is the method of operation of neurotransmitter activity for mood stabilizers?

releases more sertonin, norepineprinne, endorphins

psychopharmacology

study of drug effects on mind and behavior

Discuss the assumptions that cognitive therapy relies onto explain disorders

teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting: based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

According to psychoanalytic theory, what role does resistance play in therapy?

the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Explain transference in psychoanalytic therapy

the patients' transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (love or hatred for a parent, ect.)

In what way are psychodynamic and humanistic therapies similar?

they attempt to reduce inner conflicts that hinder growth by providing new insights

Explain one key manner in which behavioral therapies differ from insight/Freudian therapies

they don't believe in the power of self-awareness and how it diminishes psychological problems

How does psychoanalyst's interpretation of your resistance offer insight into the cause of your disorder or conflicts?

they will notice your resistances and interpret their meaning (as to your underlying wishes, feelings and conflicts)

What was Freud's goal with psychoanalytic therapy?

to bring repressed feelings into patients' conscious awareness

What's the function of the drugs used as antidepressant?

treat depression and anxiety -Prozac -Zoloft -Paxil

What's the function of the drugs used as antipsychotics?

treats schizophrenia and other severe thought disorders -Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) -Clozapine (CLozani) -Abilify

Describe the findings of the Massachusetts experiment that support the unreliability of a client's perceptions of treatment

two groups of troublesome teens, one which received conseling, exhibited similar criminal records when older, but gave unintentionally deceiving testimonials for their therapists growing up

How does aversive conditioning differ from systemation desensitization?

type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior

Describe how psychodynamic therapy differs from traditional psychoanalysis

views individuals as responding to unconsious forces and childhood experiences that seeks to enhance self-insight