AP Psych Memory

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

short term

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.

7

Which measure of memory did Herman Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention?

relearning

The process of getting information out of memory is called

retrieval

By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.

iconic

Cerebellum is to ___ memory as hippocampus is to ___ memory

implicit; explicit

By shrinking the hippocampus, prolonged stress is most likely to inhibit the process of

long term memory formation

Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using

mnemonic device

Iconic memory refers to

photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second.

Your relative success in recalling various items one day after you first heard them listed in order is likely to illustrate

primacy effect

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called

priming

Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________.

recall and recognition

Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates

recency effect

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called

retrieval cues

The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ________ effect.

serial position

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

spacing effect

Herman Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that

the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning

Chunking refers to

the organization of information into meaningful units

Memory is best defined as

the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information

The effortful processing of information

can become automatic through practice

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory.

echoic

Semantic encoding refers to the processing of

meanings

Long-term potentiation refers to

an increase in a neuron's firing potential

Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of

encoding

A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as

implicit memory

The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to

mood-congruent memory

To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory.

working

Rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that

LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations

Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence?

Mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long-term memory

How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories?

Parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, done automatically, some with effort

During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates

automatic processing

Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as

automatic processing

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the

hippocampus

Effortful processing can occur only with

conscious attention

The process of getting information into memory is called

encoding

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of

encoding failure

Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory.

explicit

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called

flashbulb memories

Patients who have experienced brain damage may be unable to form new personal memories but are able to learn to do jigsaw puzzles, without awareness of having learned them. This suggests that

the system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory system.

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.

visual stimulation; auditory stimulation