AP Psych Midterm

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by

An inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules

Colin believes that he is the president of the United States and that he will soon become the "King of the Universe." Colin is most clearly suffering from

Delusions

A car driver's ability to navigate a familiar route while carrying on an animated conversation with passengers best illustrates the importance of?

Parallel Processing

The ______ cortex in the brain contains the primary somatosensory cortex which, among other jobs, processes one's perception of touch

Parietal

One of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia includes

hallucinations

Spearman's g factor refers to

a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks.

During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's

absolute threshold

Crystallized intelligence refers most directly to a person's

accumulated knowledge and information

The final exam in a calculus course would be an example of a(n) ______ test

achievement

Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?

activation-synthesis theory

Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition characterized by excessive anxiety and worry that

affects most of the general population

If you stub your toe on the dresser while getting up in the morning, _________ must first relay messages from your toe to your central nervous system

afferent neurons

A drug that blocks the reuptake of a particular neurotransmitter is called a

agonist

Consuela stands in front of her American History class to give a presentation. She suddenly loses consciousness and suffers a "sleep attack" referred to as ____.

narcolepsy

The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called

neurotransmitters

Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of:

top-down processing

The surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely so suffer some loss of

visual perception

Who highlighted the importance of observational learning?

Bandura

Small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds are referred to as?

Papilae

A psychological condition marked by an inability to recognize faces is called ____

Prosopagnosia

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

Generalization

Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of:

An Algorithm

A brain tumor caused extensive damage to Mr. Thorndike's hypothalamus. It is most likely that he may suffer a loss of

164

Christopher was thrown from a horse and is no longer able to breath on his own. It is most likely that Christopher has suffered damage to which structure of the brain?

165

Sleep researchers who are interested in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan

171

Which of the following is an example of the autonomic nervous system at work?

172

Sasha has a mild intellectual disability. She has achieved the equivalent of a fifth-grade education and will soon begin vocational training so that she can earn a living. Sasha's intelligence score is most likely between

50 and 69

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

90 minutes

_________ is a neurotransmitter that is found at the neuromuscular junction, in the autonomic nervous system, and in the central nervous system

Acetylcholine

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called

Acquisition

Compared with other cultures, how do Americans tend to differ in their odor categorization?

Americans tend to find body odor offensive

Despite the overwheling evidence that the world is in fact round, there are some people who insist the world is flat. These people are best demonstrating the concept of:

Belief Perserverance

Dr. McIntosh emphasizes that depression often involves the interactive influences of self-focused rumination, rejection from others, and low serotonin levels. Dr. McIntosh's emphasis best illustrates

Biopsychosocial approach

Which is an example of top-down processing in the perception of speech?

Brie's father yells, "Take out the..." before he can finish his sentence. Brie jumps up from the couch to take out the garbage

What type of stimuli responsible for olfaction and gustation?

Chemical

While singing to you on your birthday, your friends leave off the very last word of the song, "Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday dear David, Happy birthday to...." Your tendency to mentally fill in the last word best reflects which of the following Gestalt principles of organization?

Closure

The retina is to the eye as the _________ is to the ear

Cochlea

Which structure of the ear contains the auditory receptors?

Cochlea

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve?

Cochlea, hammer, anvil, stirrup, eardrum

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of

Cognitive Processing

Professor Thompson's research focuses on the impact of prototypes on the speed of object recognition and identification. Which specialty area does this research best represent?

Cognitive psychology

Human factors psychologists would be most likely to aid in the design of

Computer keyboards

When we use the word "drill" to refer to a category of power tools, we are using this word as a

Concept

If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has been associated with food, the tone is a(n) ________________

Conditioned Stimulus

Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?

Cones

Mr. Vasquez, who was skeptical about the effectiveness of introducing more technology into his classroom, takes careful note every time a student's laptop doesn't work. Paying attention to this evidence, while ignoring all the times the student's laptops function properly best illustrates.

Confirmation Bias

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by

Context effects

When Rick learned that many students had received a failing grade on the midterm exam, he was no longer disappointed by his C grade. His experience best illustrates the importance of:

Context effects

Ellen, an English speaking college student, was assigned to work in Tanzania for the Peace Corps. When attempting to learn Swahili, she struggled significantly more than when she learned Spanish in grade school. This best illustrates the importance of _________ for mastering language.

Critical Period

Critics of Dissociative Disorders argue

DID is a matter of vulnerable patients who are suggestible and have symptoms that arise after therapy begins, it is created by therapists in a particular social context, culturally dominant in North America; however, rarely experienced elsewhere in the world

An under supply of serotonin is most clearly linked to

Depression

Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina?

Dilation of the pupils

How does the input of olfactory information to the brain differ from other sensory input pathways?

Direct connections to the thalamus are not made before information reaches the cortex

Daniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. To complete this task Daniel would rely on

Divergent Thinking

The heart begins to beat during the ________ period of prenatal development.

Embryonic

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone

Extinction

Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Fixed Ratio; Variable Ratio

An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Fixed-Interval

On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20% chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80% chance it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the impact of

Framing

The zipper-pull on Patrick's backpack broke, however, Patrick was able to use a paperclip to attach to the zipper and easily unzip his bag. Patrick clearly has overcome the cognitive obstacle of.

Functional Fixedness

After you rough bump part of your body—say your shin or your "funny bone"—into something and experience pain as a result, you may help to decrease that sense of pain by rubbing the injured area. The _______ theory provides some insight as to why rubbing the area helps to lower the pain that you feel.​

Gate theory

A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a

Gene

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates

Generalization

As he attempted to spell the word receive, Tim reminded himself "i before e except after c." Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of

Heuristic

Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing

Identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart

In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a Bobo doll

Imitated the adult's actions

In order to quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use:

Immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforces

Standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, Jerry kept looking at his watch to see the time. As a result, he failed to see that a store employee was being robbed by a person just in front of him. Jerry most clearly suffered

Inattentional blindness

Positive reinforces ________ the rate of operant responding and negative reinforcers _________ the rate of operant responding

Increase; Increase

A well-known local herbalist sells the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as "the body's natural tranquilizer," stating that it helps to calm the central nervous system and prevent anxiety and stress-related messages from reaching the motor centers of the brain. This portrayal reflects GABA's ____.

Inhibitory effect on brain activity

After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates

Insight

What is the purpose of sensory homunculus?

It shows how areas of the body are represented in the somatosensory cortex on the basis of sensitivity.

Isabella is a judge at the campus's annual Fine Foods Fair. She has an excellent palate and is able to easily distinguish between the four major categories of taste (sweet, sour, bitter, and salty) as well as the fifth, less familiar category of taste, known by the

Japanese term umami

When her eyes closed, Sierra can accurately touch her mouth, nose, and chin with her index finger. Sierra's accuracy illustrates the importance of

Kinethesis

Jennifer can tune her guitar more effectively than Maria because Jennifer is better at detecting whether specific strings are playing too sharp or too flat. With respect to tone sensitivity, Maria apparently has a ________ threshold than does Jennifer.

Larger difference

Jack is obsessed with avoiding germs and feels compelled to bathe at least 10 times every day. His therapist suggests Jack continues his maladaptive bathing because this behavior temporarily reduced his anxiety on many past occasions. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a _________ perspective.

Learning

A time lag between left and right auditory stimulation is important for accurately

Locating sounds

A high-amplitude, high frequency sound wave is perceived as

Loud and high-pitched

For years, any time Maria became anxious she would clean her apartment and the act of cleaning helped calm her nerves. Recently however, Maria has been anxious and cleaning her apartment is no longer therapeutic. Maria feels lost, and can't think of any way to help relieve her anxiety. Maria is clearly struggling from ___________

Mental Set

Experts would most likely agree that intelligence is a(n)

Mental ability to learn from experience

Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the

Middle Ear

We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to

Mirror Neurons

When Violette gets mad, she stomps, slams doors, screams, and throws toys. In order to try and help her when she gets mad, her parents try to take 4 deep breaths, count to 10, and talk calmly. Violette's parents are attempting to use what technique to help change her "anger" behavior?

Modeling

Putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by:

Negative Reinforcement

Our ability to learn by witnessing and imitating the behavior of others best illustrates

Observational learning

Repeatedly thinking about your own death is to ________ as repeatedly washing your hands is to ________.

Obsession; Compulsion

Cecil is preoccupied with thoughts of jumping out the window of his tenth-floor apartment. To reduce his anxiety, he frequently counts his heartbeats aloud. Cecil would most likely be diagnosed as experiencing

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Behaviorists, including B. F. Skinner, argued that children learn language through ____.

Operant Conditioning

Learning associations between one's own behavior and resulting events is to _____________ as learning associations between events one doesn't control is to _________.

Operant Conditioning; Classical Conditioning

Which of the following is true of mental images?

People can turn visual mental images around in their minds, zoom in or out, and identify their features.

Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of

Perceptual adaptation['

After watching a scary television movie, Julie perceived the noise of the wind rattling her front windows as the sound of a burglar breaking into her house. Her mistaken interpretation best illustrates the influence of

Perceptual set

The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a "b" and an "t" produce words such as Bat, Bet, Bit, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different

Phonemes

Before entering the auditory canal, sound waves are funneled into the outer ear via the

Pinna

The _________ lies above the medulla and contains structures involved with the management of

Pons; sleep; arousal and facial expresssions

Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered

Positive punishment

The taste of food and the termination of painful electric shock are both ____________ reinforces.

Primary

The body structures that enable reproduction are the

Primary sex characteristics

Tinesha comes into her Introduction to Psychology class on the first day of the semester and sees a man wearing blue jeans and a t-shirt sitting at the front of class. She does not say anything to him, and assumes that he is just someone sitting in the room. When more students show up and the man doesn't leave, Tinesha starts to wonder if he is going to cause a problem. When he stands up and says, "Hello everyone, I'm Dr. Lawrence and I will be teaching your psychology class this semester," Tinesha starts to wonder if this will be a good class. Tinesha's perception of Dr. Lawrence is probably affected by the fact that he does not represent a common _____________, or average "image," of a college professor.

Prototype

Because Walter, Donny, and The Dude were all sitting behind the same bowling lane, Jesus perceived that they were all members of the same bowling team. This best illustrates the organizational principle of

Proximity

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of

Punishment

You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to

Retrieve sticks and balls

Dr. Lee, a 35 year-old professor, thinks he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in the mental hospital where his relatives have brought him for treatment. Lee is most likely suffering from

Schizophrenia

Of the following, who best illustrates Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence?

Selma, a fifth-grader who solves complicated mathematical problems in record time

The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of

Semantics

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates

Sensory adaptation

During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. At the same time your food all seems to taste the same. This illustrates the importance of

Sensory interaction

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, information flows through three stages. What illustrates the correct flow of information in this model?

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

Shaping

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of

Successive proximations

Mrs. Ramirez often tells her children that it is important to buckle their seat belts while riding in the car, but she rarely does so herself. Her children will probably learn to:

Tell others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves

After learning that her two best friends had lost their jobs, Mariah began to grossly overestimate the national unemployment rate. Mariah's reaction best illustrates the consequences of

The Availability Heuristic

Which statement best describes the relationship between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

The central nervous system is the command center; the peripheral nervous system carries out the commands

What would be the consequence for destroying the corpus callosum

The left and right cerebral hemispheres would not be able to effectively communicate

What is an accurate statement regarding inter-neurons found in the central nervous system

They form bridges between sensory and motor neurons

Heritability refers to the extent:

Trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)

Unconditioned response

Positive punishment involves introducing a(n) ___________ consequence of a certain behavior, and negative punishment involves withdrawing a(n) ___________ consequence of a certain behavior.

Undesirable; Desirable

The ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends most directly on

Vestibular sense

Elliott is less likely to cheat on his math exam after observing his older sister Emily get her car keys taken away for cheating on her AP Psychology exam. This example best illustrates.

Vicarious Punishment

When there is a conflict between bits of information received by two or more senses, which sense tends to dominate the others?

Vision

Jerry's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes five extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take ten extra marbles to make Jerry's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates

Weber's law

Evidence tat some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the ____ theory

Young-Helmholtz

Sadie is so fearful of being overwhelmed by anxiety that she rarely steps outside her apartment. The thought of going shopping and getting lost in a crowd terrifies her, so she has her groceries delivered. Because of her fear, she earns her living as a freelance writer, working at home. Sadie's behavior is most characteristic of

agoraphobia

One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is

alchol

Jack is terrified of germs and feels compelled to bathe at least ten times every day. His therapist suggests that Jack continues his maladaptive bathing because this behavior temporarily reduced his anxiety on many past occasions. The therapist's suggestion most directly reflects a ________ perspective.

behavioral

Noam Chomsky argues that children's readiness to learn language is a(n)

biological predisposition

An integrated understanding of pain control in terms of mental distraction, the release of endorphins, and the presence of empathic caregivers is most clearly provided by

biopsychosocial approach

After Anika learned that her history teacher had suffered an anxiety disorder, she concluded that the teacher's tendency to talk loudly was simply a way of disguising feelings of personal insecurity. This best illustrates the

blasing power of diagnostic labels

The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is

brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex

The blind spot is located in the area of the retina

called the fovea

Mr. Roberts spends the vast majority of his days sitting passively in a motionless stupor. Psychologists would say he most likely suffers from

catatonia

Police Officer Amy Randall suspects that the driver of a car in front of her is driving under the influence of alcohol. She pulls over and administers a field sobriety test. She asks the driver to stand on one leg so that she can evaluate the driver's balance. This test is performed because the ____________ is one of the first structures in the brain to be affected by alcohol

cerebellum

According to the text, learning involves

change in behavior due to experience

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

circadian rhythm

Functionalists were interested in the role of __________ in dealing with the problems of everyday living

consciousness

The perception of the letter "t" as two intersecting lines rather than as four non-intersecting lines illustrates the principle of

continuity

The nerve fibers that enable communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres and that have been severed in split-brain patients form a structure called the

corpus callosum

Sensation is to ___ as perception is to__________.

detection; interpretation

Sleep deprivation has been shown to

diminish immunity to disease

sleep deprivation has been shown to

diminish immunity to disease

As a child, Monica was criticized severely by her mother for not living up to her expectations. This criticism was always followed by a beating with a whip. As an adult, Monica is generally introverted and extremely shy. Sometimes, however, she acts more like a young child, throwing tantrums if she doesn't get her way. At other times, she is a flirting, happy-go-lucky young lady. Most likely, Monica is suffering from:

dissociative identity disorder

schizophrenia is associated with an excess of receptors for

dopamine

Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is

dreaming

Ongoing patterns of behavior that interfere with normal day-to-day life are best characterized as

dysfunctional

When Mrs. McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Mrs. McGuire's perceptual skill best illustrates

emotional intelligence

Following a nail gun wound to his head, Jack became more uninhibited, irritable, dishonest, and profane. It is likely that his personality change was the result of injury to his:

fontal lobe

Raul, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most of the time but doesn't know why. Without, warning, his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. Raul most likely suffers from a

generalized anxiety disorder

A traumatic experience may trigger a lasting phobia in a child with a sensitive, high-strung temperament. Th same experience, however, may have no long-term impact on a child with a more relaxed temperament. This best illustrates the role of _______ in the development of phobias

genetic predispositions

Christopher suffered a traumatic brain injury in an automobile accident. Since the accident, he has great difficulty in forming new memories but remembers his childhood well, which suggests that his _________ was damaged

hippocampus

Which part of your brain receives information that you are moving your legs?

motor cortex

according to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to

it's underlying but censored meaning

Jennifer can tune her guitar more effectively than Maria because Jennifer is better at detecting whether specific strings are playing too sharp or too flat. With respect to tone sensitivity, Maria apparently has a ________ threshold than does Jennifer.

larger difference

Following a head injury, a person has ongoing difficulties staying awake. Most likely, the damage occurred to the

pons

Bright light inhibits our feelings of sleepiness by influencing the production of

melatonin

Rods are

more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones.

While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath, Matt was most likely suffering from?

panic attack

A car driver's ability to navigate a familiar route while carrying on an animated conversation with passengers best illustrates the importance of

parallel processing

Kaylee is so afraid of spiders and insects that she avoids most outdoor activities and even refuses to go to the basement of her own house alone. Kaylee appears to suffer from a

phobia

The master gland of the endocrine system is the

pituitary gland

The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain

plasticity

Aptitude tests are specifically designed to

predict ability to learn a new skill

Accommodation refers to the

process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina

Excess neural connections in the brain's association areas are reduced through a process of

pruning

When 80-year-old Ida looked at one of her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her parents, her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The picture served as a powerful

retrieval cues

Junko's grandma survived a stroke but is paralyzed on her left side. She has likely suffered damage to her

right hemisphere

while reading a novel, Ramond isn't easily distracted by the sounds of the TV or even by his brother's loud arguments. This best illustrates

selective attention

Consciousness is to unconsciousness as __________ is to ____________

serial processing; parallel processing

which theory would suggest that watching a horror movie late at night could lower your absolute threshold for sound as you subsequently tried to fall asleep?

signal detection theory

Mr. Oates always sleeps restlessly, snorting and gasping throughout the night. It is most likely that Mr. Oates suffers from

sleep apnea

Developmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, and __________ changes throughout the human life cycle

social

Maxine is extremely shy and is so easily embarrassed when she is with other people that she often misses her college classes just to avoid social interactions. Maxine appears to suffer from a

social anxiety disorder

After Miguel's recent automobile accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Broca's area. It is likely that Miguel will have difficulty

speaking fluently

a teratogen is a

substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child

You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by the

sympathetic nervous system

Your ability to experience the physical pleasure of a hot shower is most likely to be disrupted by damage to your

thalamus

consciousness requires complex interactions between the cerebral cortex and the

thalamus

Jeremy is typing a term paper on his computer and saves it every five minutes or so for good measure. Which of the following best illustrates the computer's encoding system with regard to this file?

the computer receives the information and stores an identical copy of the information

An axon is

the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body

Visual conditions such as myopia and hyperopia are due in part to ___________ while, astigmatism is a problem with __________

the shape of the eye; shape of the cornea

A morpheme is _________.

the smallest component of speech that carries meaning

Research on the causes of schizophrenia strongly suggests that

there is a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia

The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called

transduction

A rare health condition caused damage to the amygdala on both sides of Nina's brain. She is now more likely than most people to

try skydiving

When considering light waves, brightness is to amplitude as hue is to

wavelength

When most people stare first at a blue circle and then shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of the circle appears

yellow

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n)

zygote and finally develops into a fetus