AP Psych Midterm

The medulla oblongata is a part of the cerebellum prefrontal cortex occipital lobe brain stem corpus callosum

brain stem

Which of the following anatomical structures is involved in the vestibular sense? A Semicircular canals B Olfactory bulb C Nociceptors D Taste buds E Retinas

A

Which of the following describes what happens when a neuron sends a signal? A The neuron goes from being positively charged to briefly being negatively charged, and finally returns to being positively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of the strength of the input signal it receives. B The neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of the strength of the input signal it receives. C The neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the positive charge varies depending on the strength of the input signal it receives. D The neuron goes from being positively charged to briefly being negatively charged, and finally returns to being positively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge varies depending on the strength of the input signal it receives. E The neuron goes from being negatively charged to being positively charged, and then it remains at that level until it fires again. The magnitude of the positive charge varies depending on the strength of the input signal it receives.

B

What is the most appropriate conclusion Dr. Kornhauser can draw from the results?

Because the connection between the right visual cortex and language center has been severed, split-brain patients are not able to retrieve the name of objects seen in the left visual field.

Which of the following pairs of conditions would produce results such as the ones Dr. Kovacs found?

Condition A included sentences such as "Strawberries are sweet," and Condition B included sentences such as "Strawberries are nervous."

At a synapse, neurotransmitters released by the sending neuron do which of the following? A They combine with neurotransmitters released by the receiving neuron. B They combine with neurotransmitters released by other sending neurons. C They pass through channels into the receiving neuron. D They bind to receptors at the receiving neuron, which opens ion channels. E They bind to ions in the synapse, which creates a chemical reaction that causes the receiving neuron to fire.

D

Carl Wernicke discovered the region of the brain that is responsible for A visual perception B sense of balance C memory consolidation D language comprehension E language production

D

Human tactile sense is actually a mix of which of the following distinct skin senses? A Pressure, warmth, tickle, pain B Warmth, cold, wet, dry C Pressure, pain, wet, dry D Pressure, pain, tickle, wet E Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

E

Michael Gazzaniga is best known for A showing that cats can learn to escape puzzle boxes B conditioning Little Albert to be fearful of rats C studying attachment styles in children D studying false memories E studying split-brain patients

E

Which of the following statements is true regarding the application of operant conditioning to learning? A Punishment is the most effective way to increase good study habits, because students do not want to get punished. B Immediately reinforcing correct responses hurts students' ability to learn new material, because they learn new material better when their correct responses are reinforced later. C Negative reinforcement decreases student focus, because students do want to get negatively reinforced. D Modeling good study habits enhances student learning, because students benefit from observing others' study habits. E Immediately reinforcing correct responses enhances student learning, because immediate reinforcement has shown to be most effective with regard to learning.

E

Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of his genetic makeup, the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive, and a lack of neuroplasticity developmental delays, the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive, and a lack of neuroplasticity the environment he grew up in, developmental delays, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive his genetic makeup, developmental delays, and a lack of neuroplasticity his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

nocicpetors

sensory receptors whose signals are interpreted by the brain as pain

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Rogelio has a number of health problems and would like to avoid medication as much as possible. He is considering biofeedback as an alternative form of treatment. Biofeedback would most benefit which of Rogelio's health problems? A Obesity, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to control his eating B Arthritis, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to learn to relax C Tension headaches, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to learn to relax D Depression, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to keep him from having depressive thoughts E Indigestion, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to control his indigestion

C

Which of the following best illustrates the most predictable effect of schemas on perception? A Roberto sees trees that are higher up in a painting as being farther away than lower trees. B Lindsey recognizes that her shirt's color has not changed in the dim light, even though the color is less brilliant. C Grant has more difficulty recognizing a penguin as a bird than he does a blue jay. D Doris sees a shape as a five-pointed star, even though one of the points is blocked from her vision. E Erick has more difficulty understanding a speech made by someone with a British accent than by someone with an American accent.

C

Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of interposition? A Because the tree was higher than the bush in Jane's field of vision, she perceived the tree as being farther away than the bush. B Because Miranda stared at the burger restaurant sign as she drove by it, the restaurant behind the sign looked like it was moving backward. C Because the chair partially obscured his view of the sofa, Brendan perceived the chair as being closer than the sofa. D Because the train tracks had a large angle of convergence, Miko perceived them to go quite far into the distance. E Because all of the zucchini she had seen in the past were green, Candice continued to perceive a zucchini held under a black light as green.

C

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the opponent-process theory of color vision? A Manuel sees the color yellow when the EE note is played. B Conrad can identify specific features in his environment, such as color. C Kayla sees afterimages of opposing colors when she stares at a poster for a long time. D Randy is able to process many aspects of a visual scene simultaneously. E Russell is able to differentiate between dark green and light green.

C because the opponent-process theory accounts for afterimages as being determined by the activity of opponent-color systems

In a study on taste, what would researchers need to do to test participants' ability to distinguish umami from similar sensations? A Blindfold the participants and ask them to distinguish between the smell of pork and the smell of a lemon. B Blindfold the participants and ask them to distinguish between the smell of a rose and the smell of a honeysuckle. C Blindfold the participants and ask them to distinguish between the taste of pork broth and the taste of beef broth. D Place disks soaked in MSG on the participants' tongues. Then replace those disks with disks that have been soaked in water. Compare the participants' reactions. E Place disks soaked in lemon juice on the participants' tongues. Then replace those disks with disks that have been soaked in water. Compare the participants' reactions.

D

In which scenario does sunblock serve as a conditioned stimulus? A Ernesto received a free lifetime supply of sunblock when he won a trivia contest. B Sophia broke out in a painful rash when she spread sunscreen on her skin because she is allergic to an ingredient in it. C Helen pictures sunblock on her mantle to help her remember to buy some at the store. D Lowell feels relaxed when he smells sunblock because it reminds him of his vacations at the beach. E Sarah avoids sunblock because people compliment her on her tan when she goes without it.

D

The phenomenon of declining physiological effects of taking a drug after sustained use is referred to as A endorphin release B withdrawal C long-term potentiation D tolerance E a relapse

D

The psychodynamic theory of dreaming would postulate that A time spent dreaming helps with problem solving and creativity B people sleep more after they have engaged in strenuous physical activity C dreams are the brain's way of making sense of random neural activity D dreams fulfill unconscious wishes E lions sleep more than deer

D

What effect do agonists have? A They decrease the likelihood that a person will get a good night's sleep. B They stimulate the gastric system, leading to increased hunger. C They decrease the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire. D They increase the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire. E They lead to a decreased sex drive.

D

Which of the following scenarios most accurately describes biofeedback? A Taneesha became sick after eating funnel cake at the fair, so now she gags every time she smells funnel cake. B Rune conditioned his dog to salivate to a buzzer. He then paired the buzzer with a light flash, and his dog eventually began to salivate to the light flash. C Julie's employer stopped paying her, so she stopped coming to work. D Stacy participated in an experiment in which she wore a heart-rate monitor, watched the readout of her heart rate, and received points based on how many beats per minute she reduced her heart rate. E Meike stopped giving her dog treats from the dinner table. Eventually, Meike's dog stopped begging. Two months later, the dog started begging again.

D

Madeline has previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. She has an identical twin sister, Josephine, and a nonidentical sister, Abigail. Neither of Madeline's sisters have previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Which of the following statements is true of Madeline's sisters? Because their sister has been diagnosed, it is highly likely that both sisters will be diagnosed with major depressive disorder at some point in their lives. Neither sister is likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder because it is rare for family members to be diagnosed with the same disorder. The sisters are equally likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder in response to a stressful or traumatic event. Josephine is less likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event. Josephine is more likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event.

Josephine is more likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event.

top down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

Ruth and Debbie are identical twins who were raised by the same family. Vince and Frankie are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. According to research on the heritability of personality traits, Ruth's and Debbie's personalities are statistically more likely to be similar to one another than are Vince's and Frankie's personalities likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities more likely to be dissimilar to one another than are Vince's and Frankie's personalities less likely to match on the personality dimensions of agreeableness and extraversion than are Vince and Frankie but not on other personality dimensions less likely to match on the personality dimensions of openness and neuroticism than are Vince and Frankie but not on other personality dimensions

likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities