AP psych Pre-exam review

The ______issue is best exemplified by the question, "Is level of intelligence the result of one's environment and specific learning, or is it a result of biological maturation?"

nature vs nurture

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which neurotransmitters?

dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

To stop his uncle's constant requests, Jimmy takes out the garbage. This makes him more likely to take out the garbage in the future. Jimmy's behavior is being controlled by ________ reinforcement?

negative

11. A trait that appears in an organism only when both parents possess the gene for that trait is referred to as _____.

recessive

Immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to a stimulation. This condition is referred to as the ____.

refractory phase

An individual's recall tends to be better for information that is personally relevant primarily due to the __________ effect.

self reference

A student has just failed a psychology exam. He explained his performance by saying, "I didn't study hard enough." It would seem he lacks a ______ bias.

self-serving

Laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can best be explained by ________.

sensory adaptation

The _____ phenomenon occurs when you feel that you know someone's name but cannot quite recall it.

Tip of the tongue

Negative afterimages are explained by _______ theory.

opponent-process

What is the median number in the following sequence? 10, 3, 5, 7, 10, 5, 2

5

A polygraph machine is often called a "lie detector," although it does not detect lies. Instead, it responds to changes in _______.

Autonomic arousal

Thomas gained a lot of weight because he was eating too many sweets. A psychologist suggested to Thomas that he pair the pleasant taste of sweets with the taste of something he finds unpleasant. So, Thomas put broccoli, which he hates, in his ice cream, cake, and pie. He now feels nauseated at the sight of dessert and avoids eating it. This technique is known as ______ therapy.

Aversion

Carl Jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a person's ancestral past. Which psychological term

Collective unconscious

The ratio of mental age to chronological age for a child of average intelligence is ______.

100

The idea that the explanation for prejudice lies in children's modeling of their parents' prejudicial beliefs, emotions, and behaviors is most closely aligned with _______.

Albert Bandura

Sally's father gives the impression that he will love her only if she gets very good grades. According to ______ Sally is not getting enough unconditional positive regard.

Carl Rodgers

_____ increases the chance that an individual will remember a new cell phone number.

Chunking

A(n) _____ is a device that uses electrodes to record information on the electrical activity of the brain.

EEG

In ____' study of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accidents, the major influence on recall was the wording of the questions about the accidents.

Elizabeth Loftus

The ____ system is the body's network of glands that circulate and control levels of hormones.

Endocrine

Mary participates in an exercise program because she experiences an increase in energy and feelings of well-being at the end of each exercise session. The best explanation for Mary's perseverance in the program is that exercise increases her level of _______.

Endorphins

Fetal alcohol syndrome is more associated with _______ effects than with genetic influence.

Environmental

In classical conditioning, stimulus ________ occurs when an organism responds to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Generalization

According to research on interpersonal perception, the formation of friendships and romantic relationships are associated with which of the following? I. Physical attractiveness II. Physical proximity III. Attributions of similarity IV. Mere exposure

I, II,III,IV

Paul and Sally, who met and married in their mid 20s, have been married for 25 years and their youngest child recently graduated from high school and has left for college.Their marital relationship will likely ________.

Improve

An ___ supply of the neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with schizophrenia. While and under supply is associated with ___ disease.

Increased, Parkinson's

Which statistical approach concerned with forming conclusions about the effect of the independent variable on variations in the dependent variable?

Inferential

According to Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, what is the relation between language and cognition?

Language shapes a culture's concepts and thought processes.

Rapid speech is a common symptom of the ______ phase of bipolar disorder.

Manic

John is generally pleasant, but during final exams he experiences more intense stress than other students experience. He is irritable and easily frustrated. According to the Big Five model of personality, John would be high in _______.

Neuroticism

Damage to a small part of the _______ lobe would most likely result in a visual deficit.

Occipital

In ______'s Stanford prison experiment, young men were assigned roles as either guards or prisoners. The results showed that situations can exert powerful effects on morality and identity.

Phillip Zimbardo

Sentence-completion tests, inkblot tests, drawing tests and the TAT are all types of ______ test.

Projective

In right handed individuals visual and spatial processing is a function of the ____ brain.

Right

Suzy feels confident that she can play well enough to score a goal. Regarding her ability to play soccer Suzy has a high degree of ______.

Self efficacy

Axon terminals ______ messages to other neurons.

Send

It can be assumed that an individual described as a supertaster is very ______ to hot peppers.

Sensitive

Following statements about ______ are true: It is common for people who do it to have talked about suicide. Women attempt more often than men do. It is one of the most common causes of death among young people. Men use more effective means than women do.

Suicide

7. The ____ is the space between two neurons that form a synapse.

Synaptic cleft

Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by suppressing white blood cells called ______.

T lymohocytes

During a therapy session, a client acts very angry toward the therapist, just as she acts toward her mother. A psychoanalytically oriented therapist would say the client's behavior is an example of ______.

Transference

______ is a Freudian constructs believed to protect the organism from anxiety by making memories inaccessible.

Unconscious

Modern research on Jean Piaget's s stages of cognitive development indicates that Piaget ______ children's abilities.

Underestimated

A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain?

Wernicke's area and Broca's area

Individuals are most likely to obey when demands are made by a ______.

authoritarian figure

The fact that two cerebral hemispheres are specialized to process different types of cognitive tasks is well supported by ___evidence.

empirical

Preschoolers often have trouble buttoning shirts due to less-developed ______.

fine motor skills

Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs is called _______.

latent learning

Bernadette has lacked enthusiasm for work and other activities for a number of years. She also has a poor appetite and feels fatigued. Which disorders is most consistent with Bernadette symptoms?

persistent depressive

If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long-term potentiation, which of the following will be the most likely consequence?

they will be unable to learn a maze

A tumor that destroys the ______ hypothalamus is likely to produce frequent eating and obesity.

ventromedial

The experience of ______ supports the opponent- process theory of color vision.

after images

Electrically stimulating a rat's amygdala would most likely produce _____.

aggression

The following is an example of a cognitive distortion according to ______'s cognitive therapy model of treatment: "If I don't get all As in college, then my degree will be worth nothing."

Aaron Beck

According to ______ every human being's hierarchy of needs must be meet in the following order physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization.

Abraham Maslow

9. The depletion of ____ is most closely associated with the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

Acetylcholine(Ach)

During therapy sessions, Gerry's therapist often rephrases things that Gerry has said or asks for clarification. This action is consistent with what aspect of client-centered therapy?

Active listening

A disadvantage of using ______'s concept of mental age in assessing intelligence is that it is inappropriate for adults.

Alfred Binet

After an electrode implanted in a cat's brain stimulates the cat's ____ the cat will most likely withdraw in fear.

Amygdala

Researchers have found a negative correlation between income and dental problems. What conclusion can correctly be drawn from this statement?

As income increase there in less dental problems

token economies use secondary reinforcers consequences for the performance of a desired behavior. _________ psychologist believe that this is an effective way to modify desired behavior.

Behavioral

_______'s claim that the environment determines an individual's behavior was criticized for failing to acknowledge influences on behavior.

Bf Skinner

A psychologist who classifies an individual's personality according to the person's manifestations of traits such as neuroticism, openness, and extraversion probably believes in which model of personality?

Big Five

Tina's mother often entertains Tina by bouncing a bunny puppet back and forth along the side of Tina's crib. Initially, Tina pays close attention to the puppet but after a while, she begins to ignore it and continues doing what she was doing before the puppet appeared. Which psychological concept best explains Tina's change in behavior?

Habituary

_____ are drugs that cause the user to experience vivid, distorted images that are not related to any sensory input.

Hallucinogens

The results of ________'s experiments with infant monkeys and surrogate mothers show that contact comfort was the primary basis of attachment for the infant monkeys.

Harry Harlow

Which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception? I. Opponent process II. Frequency III. Place

II and III only

What is the correct chronological order of the following perspectives of psychology, from past to present? In other words which one came first. I. Behaviorism II. Psychoanalysis III. Structuralism IV. Humanism

III,II,I,IV

Carmen's psychiatrist has prescribed a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor to help Carmen feel better. Carmen has most likely been diagnosed with what disorder?

Major depression

______ is characterized by prolonged episodes of server unhappiness and loss of interest in life.

Major depressive disorder

A young child says, "Where did you goed?" Which psychologists would argue that the child is overregularizing a logical grammatical rule?

Noam Chansky

Most individuals do not typically act out their dreams because the body is paralyzed during _____ sleep.

REM

When a person is asked to look at some pictures and tell a story about each of them that taking a ______ test.

TAT

In response to a set of ambiguous pictures, Rita writes several stories in which the main characters desire to compete with some standard of excellence and surpass their own previous performances. Psychologist David McClelland would characterize Rita as have a high ______ motivation.

achievement

A researcher interested in finding a simple way to estimate intelligence decides to evaluate skull circumference as a possible indicator of intelligence. He finds that the size of an adult's skull remains the same from one measurement to the next, but he finds that skull circumference is not a very good predictor of intelligence. In this example, skull circumference as a measurement of intelligence is reliable but not ______.

Valid

When is an individual bystander is most likely to help an injured person?

When he is the only person

Information is relayed to the spinal cord or the brain by ______ or sensory neurons.

afferent

How does a specific phobia differ from generalized anxiety disorder?

With specific phobia, a particular object is associated with fear. Generalized anxiety disorder is diffuse, with no specific threat.

A critical component for labeling a person's behavior as _________ is that the behavior must interfere with some aspect of the person's life.

a disorder

How would a social learning theorist explain a fear of flying?

a person observed someone elses fear of flying

Heidi was trying to solve the anagram TORYS by rearranging every letter one at a time until she was able to identify the correct word: STORY. She could have attempted to solve the anagram more quickly by pairing common letters, like ST, but she didn't do so. Her approach to solving the anagram involved an __________.

algorithm

Kathy is learning how to cook. She follows every direction on each recipe step by step to make sure her food tastes good. Which of the following describes the problem-solving approach that Kathy is using?

algorithm

After having a stroke resulting from a blockage of blood to the medial temporal lobe, Gerald could not remember new information, such as the books he had just read, new songs he had just heard, or the faces of new people he had just met. Gerald was experiencing _____ amnesia.

anterograde

Brandon is superficially charming and skilled at exploiting people for his own gain. He is also impulsive and irresponsible, and he generally disregards social norms. Brandon would most likely be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

antisocial personality

fred is afraid to leave his house, and he is extremely apprehensive every time he has to go out in public. Fred is most likely to be diagnosed with which type of disorder?

anxiety

The process by which one evaluates the causes of other people's behavior is called ______.

attribution

Darien's father dictated who Darien's friends should be and what classes he should take, and he set an extremely early curfew. If Darien went against his father's wishes, the repercussions were harsh and swift. What type of parenting did Darien experience?

authoritarian

______parents are characterized by high demands for obedience and low warmth for children. ______ parents are characterized by high standards for child and a high degree of warmth. ______ parent may display warmth for children but have low standards for behavior and lack appropriate social boundaries.

authoritarian, authoritative, permissive

When the stimuli in a task occur in highly predictable ways, an individual is often able to attend to both that task and another one at the same time. When this occurs, the processing of the first task is

automatic

During a quiz, a student is asked, "Which is more common in the English language, the letter "k" as the first letter in a word or the letter "k" as the third letter in a word?" He said that "k" is more likely as the first letter of words because those are the first words that came to his mind. The student's response indicated he relied on the _____ to answer the question.

availability heuristic

Which of the following is a type of therapy for alcoholism that involves the administration of a drug that will induce nausea after a person consumes alcohol?

aversion

Alexandra wants to test her new baby's ______ reflex. To elicit the appropriate response, Alexandra will have to stroke the sole of her baby's foot.

babinski

Jim decides to seek treatment for his alcoholism that involves taking a medication that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. What type of treatment has Jim chosen?

behavioral

Token economies are based on which theoretical perspective?

behavioral

According to ______ the source of much unhappiness is the individual's system of inappropriate beliefs.

behavioral therapists

According to the _____ model of personality, most personality traits can be derived from the five major traits of openness, contentiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

big five

Identical twins who are reared apart have similar levels of intelligence this finding would support a strong _______ basis for behavior.

biological

Although people can acquire phobias to almost any object or situation, certain phobias (e.g., those to snakes, spiders, heights) are much more common than others. This is due to _________.

biological preparedness.

During the past few years, Lester has experienced several episodes of devastating sadness, weight loss, feelings of worthlessness, and an inability to concentrate. Recently, Lester is experiencing tremendous elation, excessive excitement, racing thoughts, and elevated self-esteem. He has not slept for several days, claiming that he no longer needs a full night's sleep. Which diagnosis will Lester most likely receive from clinical psychologist?

bipolar disorder

A(n) ______ occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

blind spot

A person displays a set of rare behaviors that psychologists had not known about previously, because nobody had ever shown them before. The best strategy to investigate the nature of those behaviors is a ______.

case study

Experimental research differs from correlational research in that experimental research may reveal a ______ relationship.

causal

Difficulty in typing smoothly on a keyboard would most likely result from damage to the ____.

cerebellum

Maria was never afraid of spiders until a spider bit her when she was eight. Today, even the sight of a plastic spider upsets her.Maria's fear is the result of _______ conditioning

classical

The Gestalt principle that refers to an individual's tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as whole is called __________.

closure

According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's theory of emotion, the same physiological response can produce different emotions, depending on the context within which the response occurs and a person's ______of that context.

cognition

A mental image of a spatial layout is called a ______ map.

cognitive

Rochelle is anxious because she believes that nearly everyone must approve of everything she does. A ______ therapist most likely work on changing the way she believes/interprets/thinks about her circumstances.

cognitive

Which of the following psychological theories would explain posttraumatic stress disorder as being the result of irrational beliefs and ideas?

cognitive

______ psychologists are most likely to study the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving.

cognitive

Joe refused to contribute money for a gift to a coworker. He felt guilt and then did the following things: Volunteered to buy a gift for another coworker for a different occasion, repeated the thought that the coworker makes a good salary and does not need a gift, focused on the thought on the thought that the coworker most likely would not contribute money for a gift for another person, and finally donated to a charity in the coworker's name. All these behaviors were attempted by Joe to reduce the experience of ______.

cognitive dissonance

People who find themselves engaging in behavior that is against their principles will most likely experience ______

cognitive dissonance

Ritually repeated behaviors are __________.

compulsions

A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become a _________.

conditioned stimulus

Because the most popular students in the high school tend to wear a particular brand of athletic shoe, a new student buys a pair of shoes of the same brand. Such behavior demonstrates the concept of ______.

conformity

Random assignment is used to reduce the effects of ______ variables in experiments?

confounding

According to the father of psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of ______ experience of sensory inputs.

conscious

A(n) _______ involves a loss of identity and a flight to a new location.

dissociative fugue

In developmental psychology ______ studies are considered less expensive and less time consuming than longitudinal studies but a more vulnerable to the cohort effect.

cross sectional

According to Noam Chomsky, understanding a sentence involves transformations between surface and ______ structures.

deep

An item on a psychological test asks whether the test taker believes radio news stations are delivering special messages to the test taker that others can't detect. Jason takes the test and answers yes to this question because he recently detected messages to him embedded in a radio broadcast. Jason appears to be experiencing ________ of reference.

delusions

10. The function of _____ is to receive information from other neurons.

dendrites

A parent who keeps a daughter's room intact even though she is married and living on her own for ten years is exhibiting signs of the defense mechanism known as __________.

denial

In an experiment to test the effects of hunger on aggressive behavior, aggressive behavior would be the ______ variable.

dependent

In certain situations, the larger the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that one of them will help someone in trouble. This is due to the ______.

diffusion of responsibility

When we experience stress _____ is reduced by the fight-or-flight reaction.

digestion

a dog trained to salivate to a particular tone does not salivate to another tone. This is an example of _______ learning.

discrimination

Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes out his anger on his best friend. Martin's behavior illustrates ______.

displacement

Explain why travelers suffer from jet lag?

disruption in the circadian rhythym

In adult humans REM sleep is correlated with ______.

dreaming

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which theory of motivation explains their behavior?

drive reduction

______ assumes a biological cause for depression because it is used as a last resort when other methods to increase serotonin production do not work.

electroconvulsive therapy

There are several universal ______ they just vary in how they are expressed.

emotions

In extreme cases, surgically severing the corpus callosum is a treatment for which condition?

epilepsy

Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience in the field of social psychology met with the great criticism because of the ______ issues involved.

ethical

A(n) ______ psychologist would say that many people have an innate fear of the dark because it helped their ancestors adapt to their environments and experience more reproductive success.

evalutionary

Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of ______ stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior.

external

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, a decrease in the condition response is called ________.

extinction

Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on ______ motivation.

extrinsic

A basic assumption underlying the evolutionary approach to sexual attraction is that men seek potential mates who appear ______.

fertile

Gustav was out for his daily walk when a thief who demanded his wallet approached him. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response?

fight or flight reponse

A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using __________ reinforcement schedule.

fixed ratio

Using clues to figure out the solution to a previously unseen puzzle would be an example of ______ intelligence.

fluid

The statement "intelligence scores increase from generation to generation" best illustrates the ______ effect.

flynn

Chuck is walking down the street and someone asks him to sign a petition to put clean-air legislation on the next ballot. He decides to sign the petition. Then the person asks whether he would like to give a donation to the associated environmental group. This technique is known as ______.

foot in the door

People were asked to sign a petition in support of a political candidate. Later, those who signed the petition were asked to donate money to the candidate, and many of them did. This phenomenon is best characterized as ______ phenomenon.

foot in the door

Hypothetical and deductive thinking are characteristic of Jean Piaget's _______.

formal operations

Deterioration in ______ is the most common symptom of dementia.

front temporal lobe

An individual uses a paper clip to unlock the door to her house because she has misplaced her key. This individual's approach to solving the problem avoids _______.

functional fixedness

Gabby uses a coin to tighten a screw on a faucet handle. This action shows that Gabby has overcome __________.

functional fixedness

Thomas is thirty years old and is very shy. He becomes anxious in social situations, so he avoids them. Thomas does not have close friends and rarely leaves his apartment. However, he writes a very successful and popular Internet blog, is usually content and calm while working at home, and has a positive relationship with his family. Psychologists would be hesitant to label Thomas as psychologically disordered because his behavior does not appear to cause distress or impair his day-to-day __________.

functioning

Morgan made the ______ in explaining her students' poor performance on their geography examination when she said, "The students just do not care enough about their grades."

fundamental attribution error

Seven-year-old Mary helps her mother wash the dishes, while her nine-year-old-brother helps their father with the yard work. This involvement of children with same sex parents in the role of helpers illustrates the process of ______.

gender role development

General intelligence test scores obtained during adolescence best predict ___ in schools.

grades

______ occurs when a group does not encourage dissenting points of view.

groupthink

In any psychological research it is important to protect research subjects from physical and mental ______.

harm

Latisha noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork. What explains her difficulty seeing seeing color in this situation?

her cones can't detect color well in dim light

Frequency is the number of complete wavelengths that occur within a specific time. Frequency is used to measure all sorts of wavelengths, such as light waves, sound waves, and brain waves. A wave with high frequency means it occurs more rapidly or often and is also considered to have a ______ pitched sound. While in terms of color or ______, red is longest wavelength, purple is shortest.

high, hue

When people consume large amounts of alcohol, they are often unable to recall what they did and said while they were drinking. This occurs because alcohol interferes with the brain's ability to form new memories in the ______

hippocampus

Which area of the brain is not well developed until after 3 years of age, offering a possible explanation for infantile amnesia?

hippocampus

Amanda experienced discomfort in class. She put on a sweater when she realized her discomfort was caused by the cold. Her behavior was motivated by a drive to maintain ______.

homeostasis

One of the difficulties in studying hypnosis experimentally is that there is no reliable way to determine if a person is ______.

hypnotized

What did Erik Erikson say was the primary conflict through which a teenager needs to work?

identity versus role confusion

A person who is sure that he is ill even when a doctor explains that there is no psychological basis for his complaints mostly likely has a(n) ______ disorder.

illness anxiety disorder

When watching the Olympics, most people cheer for athletes from their own country. Often, fans believe that athletes from other countries cheat but athletes from their own country would never cheat. This is an example of what psychological concept?

in group bias

Cocaine, methamphetamine, and caffeine are psychoactive drugs that______ nervous system activity?

increase

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) ____ the amount of serotonin available at the synapses.

increases

A psychological researcher designs a study to determine whether positive feedback affects self- esteem. The researcher requires each participant to toss twenty coins into a coffee can that is three feet away. Half of the participants are told that their performance is superior, and the other half are told that their performance is well below average. Although some of the participants want to quit tossing coins after a few attempts, they are told that once they begin the study they have to complete it. After the coin toss, participants take a test measuring self- esteem. Following the test, all participants are debriefed and told that information about their performance was false. Results of the study indicate that participants who are told their performance is well below average report lower levels of self-esteem than do those who are told their performance is superior. The feedback about relative performance in coin tossing is the element of the study that constituted ______.

independent variable

A dog bit Sam when he was a small child and now Sam believes all dogs bite. Which of the following is a type of reasoning that Sam is using to come to this conclusion?

inductive

What field of psychology is most appropriate to analyze the efficiency of businesses in their hiring, basic training, and management leadership skills training?

industrial

Dylan has difficulty solving a physics problem in class. The next day, he suddenly thinks of a solution to the problem as he is watching a friend play the guitar. The thought process that Dylan experienced is an example of ______ learning.

insight

Ernst Weber's and Gustav Fechner's psychophysical laws concern the relation between the _______ of a stimulus and its corresponding psychological sensation.

intensity

A student decides to run for student government because he feels he can make some positive changes in the school. This is an example of an _______ locus of control.

internal

Saying that a student does not care about a class as an explanation most for why that student fell asleep demonstrates a(n) ______ attribution.

internal

Research studies _______ that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to people who are extrinsically motivated tend to work harder and enjoy their work more.

intrinsically

Describing one's immediate sensations while looking at a rose is an example of the Structuralist concept of ______.

introspection

In the early years of psychology, a research participant might have been asked to observe carefully and systematically his conscious experiences. What method would the participant be using?

introspection

In the first part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating the maze. A second group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze. In the next part, both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze. Despite not receiving reinforcement at the beginning of the experiment, the second group performed as well as the first. The learning that occurred in the second group in the absence of reinforcement is called __________.

latent learning

Kelly, a first-year student at a local university, is surprised at how easily she can locate the building and classroom for each of her classes on the first day of school. Kelly attributes her success to the campus tour she took the previous spring. Which of the following concepts best supports Kelly's belief?

latent learning

The hypothalamus acts in conjunction with the endocrine system to regulate hunger and satiety (fullness). The ______ hypothalamus is the brain's hunger center, while the ______ hypothalamus is the brain's satiety center.

lateral, ventromedial

In high school, it did not seem to make a difference how much Carlos studied Spanish; he always earned poor grades. Now that Carlos is in college, he is required to take Spanish again. Now he say, "Why study? There isn't anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills." Carlos's attitude is best explained by the concept of ______.

learned helplessness

14. An individual was admitted to the hospital after experiencing a mild tingling on the right side of the face and a sudden inability to speak. Using magnetic resonance imaging, a doctor would likely find an abnormality in the brain tissue of the _____ hemisphere.

left

When Sophie reads her history assignments, she goes over them very carefully and tries to memorize each fact. Emma, on the other hand, studies by trying to relate the new information to things she has experienced, been told about by others, or seen in movies and on television. Emma's performance on history tests will probably be better than Sophie's due to differences in ________.

levels of processing

Neo-Freudian theories of psychoanalysis such as those of Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from Freud's conceptualization in that they are less likely to emphasize the ______ .

libido

Bipolar disorder is often treated with a simple salt known as ______.

lithium carbonate

A life-threating disruption of heartbeat and breathing would likely be a result of an injury to the _____.

medulla

George sat next to Kiki in biology class every day. They often worked together on assignments. By the end of the semester, George became quite fond of Kiki. Which social psychological term best explains George's attraction to Kiki?

mere exposure effect

Dr. Grayson is interested in studying the relationship between weight loss and mood. To conduct the study, Dr. Grayson analyzes the results of several previous studies on weight loss and emotional state. Which research strategy is Dr. Grayson using?

meta-analysis

Professor Gonzalez is interested in evaluating the ability of a new method of note-taking to improve student grades. Group A is trained in the new method and group B uses the traditional outline method of taking notes. What is Professor Gonzalez' independent variable?

method of note taking

_______ are brain cells that provide the neural basis for observational learning.

mirror neurons

A test with normally distributed results was returned to a class of 100 students. Later, the teacher realized an error was made and added 10 points to each student's score. Which measure of central tendency must have changed as a result of the increase in scores?

mode

According to social learning theory, aggression is the result of ________.

modeling

For most tasks people perform better when they experience a ______ level of arousal.

moderate

Ana injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals. Why would she still be able to use liner perspective to make judgements about the distance of objects?

monocular cues

When viewed from the window of a moving train, nearby objects seem to pass by more quickly than do more distant objects. This cue for depth perception is called ______.

motion parrallax

Consistent with the concept of ____, neurons in mammals have been found to change the way they function as a result of repeated stimulation by growing new dendritic spines.

neural plasticity

A child must reach developmental milestone of ______must be reached before he/she can experience separation anxiety.

object permanence

Tina is in a clothing store with her mother. A man walks by and passes behind a clothing rack. Tina looks for him on the other side of the rack. Her behavior shows she has developed ______.

object permanence

When ten-month-old Frances throws her toy out of sight, she looks to see where it falls. Developmental psychologists would say that Frances' behavior indicates that she has developed ______.

object permanence

Albert Bandura's Bono doll study provided evidence that a child mimics the behavior of about role models. This supported Bandura's belief that much of what we do is the result of _______ learning.

observational

Which of the following kinds of learning is involved when a person displays a new behavior after watching someone else preform it?

observational learning

Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located?

occipital cortex

Research on a critical period during the acquisition of second languages indicates that the ______ an individual is, the more difficulty he or she will have with second-language pronunciation.

older

The ____ receptors are located in the epithelium (or tissue) inside the nasal cavity.

olfcatory

______ enable researchers to replicate studies by precisely describing the variables and how they are used.

operational definition

Yun was learning English as an adult. She found that she had trouble with some of the sounds in English because those sounds were not part of her native Chinese. The difficulty she was having involved ________.

phonemes

The ______ is brought on by an individual's expectation that a treatment will work.

placebo effect

One-year-old Marcus turns away in disgust if a bitter substance is placed on his tongue. The reason for such a reaction is most likely an inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential _______ in the environment.

poisons

Research has shown that a major reason for poor performance while multitasking is that while multitasking, people switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention.

poor

Children who are consistently praised for receiving high grades in school will likely continue to work for high grades. Using an operant conditioning explanation of this phenomenon, the praise functions as a ________.

positive reinforcement

Jan displays anxiety, irritability, inability to concentrate, and apathy. She relives a transmission again and again through nightmares and vivid memories. Jan is most likely to be diagnosed with _______.

post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)

8. A ____ neuron is the neuron in a synapse that receives a message (in the form of neurotransmitters), while a ___ neuron is the neuron in a synapse that sends a message (in the form of neurotransmitters).

postsynaptic, presynaptic

Enhanced memory for words at the beginning of a list is known as ______, while enhanced memory for words at the end of a list is known as ________.

primary, recency

In the morning, Jorge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed an ambiguous image and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. This is due to _____.

priming

In elementary school, Lisa learned to speak some Japanese in addition to English. As a sophomore in high school, Lisa took class in Chinese. She found that some of the new vocabulary was difficult to learn because her earlier Japanese vocabulary was competing with the new Chinese words. The situation best illustrates _______ interference.

proactive

_____ interference occurs when something we learned in the past makes it harder to recall recently learned information.

proactive

Memories of well-learned skills, such as riding a bicycle, are classified as ______ memory.

procedural

The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception tests are considered ______ test.

projective

The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drive and conflict is associated with the ______.

psychoanalytic perspective

After failing an exam, a college student has a temper tantrum and tears up his books and notes. This is an example of the defense mechanism of _____.

regression

In operant conditioning behavior is modified by its consequence. _______ are used to increase the occurrence of desired behaviors, while _______ are used to decrease the occurrence of undesired behaviors.

reinforcements, punishments

A psychologist gives the same test to a class of students at the beginning of the day and again at the end of the school day. The extent to which test scores are similar across the two administrations demonstrates the property of _________.

reliability

A test that produces consistent results is considered to be ______.

reliable

Henry took an intelligence test and scored lower than he thought he should. He kept retaking the test, but he kept getting about the same score each time. This series of events indicates that the test was ______.

reliable

The results of a correlational study involving student volunteers in a psychology laboratory might not apply to the general population because the sample is not randomly chosen and therefore may not be a ______ sample.

representative

Melvin, a server at a restaurant, is in the middle of a lunch rush. He is completing orders, serving customers, and seating new guests. He has adapted to this level of stress and is coping. Which stage in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome that Melvin is currently experiencing?

resistance

significant damage to ____ will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken.

reticular formation

If an individual has lost the ability to feel pain in the left arm, there is most likely damage to what area of the brain?

right parietal lobe

What is the correct path a neural impulse follows through the different layers of the retina?

rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

Research shows that women who are referred by a physician to participate in a study of eating disorders have more severe problems than women who volunteer on their own to participate in the study. If research on eating disorders regularly involves only women referred by physicians, the results of the studies might be limited because of the presence of ______ bias.

sampling

Students from a journalism class ask only their friends to participate in a school newspaper survey and neglect to ask the rest of the student body. The journalism students' data may not be generalizable due to ______.

sampling bias

Michael, who has an IQ of 60, can do complex calculations in his head, regardless of the size of the numbers. When he is with his family and friends, he does not engage socially; he focuses on his numerical calculations. These characteristics describe ________ syndrome.

savant

Hallucinations and delusions are symptoms of ______.

schizophrenia

joses doctor has prescribed antipsychotic medication for him. Jose is most likely to be diagnosed as having which of the following disorders?

schizophrenia

Money is considered a powerful ________.

secondary reinforcer

Jeremy happily played with his colorful blocks while his mother was nearby. When his mother left the room, he became upset, but he quickly stopped crying and began to play with the blocks again. When his mother returned, he greeted her happily. Which pattern of attachment does Jeremy's actions reflect?

secure

Mary Ainsworth's research indicates that a toddler with a ______ attachment style is most likely to show distress when left with a caregiver, such as a babysitter, for the first time but calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns.

secure

In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, infants who were classified as ______ attached were more likely to express happiness when the mother returned to the room.

securely

Using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires ________ attention.

selective

On his first day of work at the bakery, Brad was nearly overwhelmed by the sweet odor of the baked goods. However, by lunchtime, he did not even notice the smell. This is an example of ______.

sensory adaptation

When Rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. Which of the following psychological terms describes Rosa's inability to taste?

sensory interaction

Fluoxetine (Prozac®) has been shown to reduce depression primarily by blocking reuptake and increasing the level of ______ in the synapses

seretonin

______ learning is indicated by the ability to recall a memorized list of unrelated words in reverse order.

serial

Raul wants to teach his daughter Sonia to tie her shoes. First he praises her when she manipulates her shoelaces in any way. Then he praises her when she makes a simple knot. Once she does that consistently, he praises her only when she makes the knot and a loop. He continues the pattern until she can do all the steps required to tie her shoes. Raul's actions are an example of which techniques?

shaping

The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed; her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, he father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as _________.

shaping

Mary is introduced to three new people at a party. Later, however, she cannot remember the names of any of her new acquaintances, even though she remembers what she ate, her old friends who were there, and the address of the host. What may account for Mary's inability to remember these individuals' names?

she never encoded the names into her long term memory

An athlete performing better in a game before a large audience than she does in practice would be an example of ______.

social facilitation

Marissa is a good racquetball player whose performance seems to improve as the crowd watching her gets larger. Her change in performance is an example of ______.

social facilitation

Jeff always tells his children not to use bad language when something does not go the way they want. Unfortunately, Jeff uses bad language occasionally and his children have observed him do so. Now Jeff's children use bad language. This can be explained by _________ theory.

social learning

Michael, who barely works on his group science project because he knows someone else will do the work. This demonstrates the concept of ______.

social loafing

Systematic desensitization is most likely to be used in the treatment of

specific phobias

Research on the development of personality traits across the life span has revealed that an individual's personality traits tend to be relatively ______ during middle adulthood.

stable

______ is a measure of how much scores in a group differ from the mean of that group.

standard deviation

On an intelligence test, the number of questions an individual answers correctly are meaningless without _______.

standardization

Norms established from a preferred group, uniform scoring criteria and instruction, and reliability are characteristics of ________ test.

standardized

Holding a predetermined belief about a group of people, regardless of the personal qualities of the individual members, is referred to as ______.

stereotyping

Caffeine, cocaine, and nicotine are ______.

stimulants

As a result of being hypnotized, an individual may not feel the hypnotist touching her arm because of _______.

suggestibility

According to Sigmund Freud, the personality structure that reflects moral values is called the ______.

superego

According to psychoanalytic theory, John's constant theft suggests he has an underdeveloped ______.

superego

One way to reduce intergroup conflict is to establish ______.

superordinate goal

An evolutionary psychologist would explain that humans desire social interaction, social acceptance, and social affiliation due to a need for ______.

survival

Researchers paired rats' drinking of saccharin-sweetened water with injections of a drug that weakened the immune system. After repeated pairings, sweetened water triggered the rats' immune systems to break down. What was the conditioned stimulus in the study?

sweetened water

Ben was enjoying a walk in the woods on a beautiful Saturday afternoon. As he went around a curve, he noticed a bear walking toward him. Immediately his pupils dilated, he began to perspire, and his heart accelerated. These changes are most closely related to the function of the ______.

sympathetic nervous system

A therapist using ______ to help a client overcome a fear of big dogs would probably begin treatment by asking the client to master a set of relaxation techniques

systematic desensitization

Which treatment would be most effective for someone who experiences a rapid heartbeat, lightheadedness, and nausea when speaking in public?

systematic desensitization

To study differences in the cognitive processing of younger and older adults, Genevieve assessed a group of 30-year-olds and a group of 60-year-olds using the same cognitive test. She found no significant difference in cognitive processing between the two groups. What best explains her findings?

task involved semantic memory, which does not typically show decline among people of the ages she tested because it is a form of crystallized intelligence.

What hormone seems to be most closely linked with aggressive behavior?

testosterone

A psychological researcher designs a study to determine whether positive feedback affects self- esteem. The researcher requires each participant to toss twenty coins into a coffee can that is three feet away. Half of the participants are told that their performance is superior, and the other half are told that their performance is well below average. Although some of the participants want to quit tossing coins after a few attempts, they are told that once they begin the study they have to complete it. After the coin toss, participants take a test measuring self- esteem. Following the test, all participants are debriefed and told that information about their performance was false. Results of the study indicate that participants who are told their performance is well below average report lower levels of self-esteem than do those who are told their performance is superior. Which violation of ethical guidelines occurs in the study?

the right to withdraw

Tina is reading an important letter when she accidentally splashes water on the paper. The water has smudged a few words, but she is still able to understand what the letter says. This can be explained by _______.

top-down processing

In a set of studies, Ivan Pavlov first touched a dog lightly on the side of its body and a few seconds later placed vinegar on the dog's tongue. The vinegar made the dog salivate. After several pairings of touch and vinegar, the dog began to salivate as soon as it was touched and before it was given the vinegar. Identify the conditioned stimulus in this situation.

touch on body

In psychoanalysis a patient's projection onto the therapist of feelings associated with significant figures in the patient's past is known as ______.

transference

Client-centered therapists try to appreciate how the world appears from the client's point of view. This is an example of ______.

unconditional positive regard

Nick admitted to his parents that he was not working to his potential in his academics and sports. Even though his parents were disappointed, instead of yelling at Nick, they accepted him and wanted to help him work through his feelings. His parents' behavior exemplified ______.

unconditional positive regard

A teacher creates a test that will predict how well a student will do as a commercial airline pilot. The test is taken before the training, and then the teacher correlates the test score to the number of safe flying hours. The teacher is trying to determine whether the test has criterion-related _______.

validity

An animal will gain weight when its ______ is damaged.

ventromedial hypothalamus

Scott lost his vision at a young age. When he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. After so many years of not being able to see, he had a very difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. His visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the __________.

visual cortex

Alexa is a talented architect. On which type of intelligence will she most heavily rely to complete her next building design?

visual spatial