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Approach-avoidance Conflict

Occurs when you are forced to choose between an alternative that will have both desirable and undesirable results

Approach-approach Conflict

Occurs when you are forced to choose between two or more desirable alternatives that both lead to positive results

Avoidance-avoidance Conflict

Occurs when you are forced to choose between two undesirable alternatives that will both lead to negative results

A researcher wants to test whether increasing the size of a monetary incentive will motivate a person to perform better on a skill-based task. Which of the following methods is the best way to test this question, and what result will the researcher most likely find?

Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) based on their performance on a single task. The researcher will likely find that participants perform best on the task that pays the most.

A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in ______ research.

applied

A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the

area of the hypothalamus

a brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the

area of the hypothalamus

Of the following, which theory of motivation emphasizes the urge for an optimal level of stimulation?

arousal

The term homeostasis literally means

"staying the same."

Xavier has a huge math test coming up next Tuesday. Explain two ways appraisal can determine how stress will influence his test performance.

1 point: If Xavier interprets the test as a challenge he will be aroused and focused in a way that could improve his test performance. 1 point: If Xavier interprets the test as a threat he will be distracted by stress in a way that is likely to harm his test performance.

assume that R represents a dominant gene in rats for normal running and that r represents a recessive gene in rats for an abnormal gait called waltzing. mating a female Rr rat with male RR rat will produce offspring that are

100% runners

What is the mode of the following distribution of scores: 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 14?

What is the mean of the following distribution of scores, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 4, 6, 9, 1, 4?

According to the Stanford-Binet formula for an intelligence quotient (IQ), the IQ of a ten-year-old child with a mental age of eight and a half is...

About percent ________ of the population experience sexual fantasies.

A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called A. a drive B. a need C. a motive D. an emotion E. an instinct

A hostile person with a type A personality is most at risk for developing which of the following? A. Phobias B. Heart disease C. Bulimia nervosa D. Multiple personality E. Antisocial personality

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, for optimum performance on a specific task...

A modern level of arousal is desirable.

The precipitous decline of the inpatient populations of state and county mental hospitals since the 1950's can be attributed to what?

A policy of deinstitutionalization and new drug therapies

A psychologist who classifies an individual's personality according to the person's manifestations of traits such as neuroticism, openness, and extraversion probably believes in which model of personality? A. Behavioral B. Psychosexual C. Psychosocial D. Five-factor E. Congruence

A technique that enables a person to control physiological responses that are normally involuntary, such as level of blood pressure, is known as A. general adaptation B. positive reinforcement C. reward training D. modeling E. biofeedback

Which of the following is likely to result from the release of oxytocin? a. A fight-or-flight response b. A tend-and-befriend response c. Social isolation

A tend-and-befriend response

A tumor that destroys the ventromedial hypothalamus is likely to produce which of the following? A. Total lack of interest in food B. Changes in the taste of food, but no change in the amount eaten C. Changes in stomach volume and less-frequent eating D. Frequent eating and obesity E. Reduced production of fat

Anorexia Nervosa

About seven months ago, 15-year-old Kate went on a drastic diet that caused her to drop from 110 pounds to 85 pounds. Although she is dangerously underweight and undernourished, she continues to think she is fat. Kate most clearly suffers from what psychological disorder

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following statements is true? A. Individuals may have peak experiences when meeting physiological needs. B. Self-actualization will always precede the meeting of needs for esteem. C. There are cultural differences in the rate at which individuals attain self-actualization. D. Women are more likely to reach self-actualization than men are. E. Physiological needs must be met before an individual achieves self-actualization.

According to Albert Bandura, people who believe that their efforts will be successful and that they are in control of events have a high level of A. insight B. self-efficacy C. social responsibility D. reciprocal determinism E.self-monitoring skill

According to Freudian theory, the component of the personality that is "blind, impulsive, and irrational" is the A. ego B. ego-ideal C. id D. libido E. superego

Work harder and enjoy their work more

According to research, individuals who are intrinsically motivated as compared to those who are extrinsically motivated tend to

A moderate level of arousal is desireable

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, for optimum performance on a specific task

Drive Reduction Theory

After a brutal two-hour football practice in hot sun, you feel extremely hot and sweaty. So, you decide to go to his friend's house to swim and cool off

Drive-reduction theory

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his fridge to look for a snack. Which theory of motivation best explains their behavior

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior? A. Arousal B. Social learning C. Self-determination theory D. Drive reduction E. Achievement motivation

Instinct (evolutionary) Theory

After spending years in the ocean, a mature salmon swims up its home river to return to its birthplace

Which of the following are the stages in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

All of the following are projective assessment techniques EXCEPT A. sentence-completion tests B. inkblot tests C. drawing tests D. the Thematic Apperception Test E. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged

An animal will likely gain weight when what occurs

An individual experiencing a low blood-glucose level would be best advised to do which of the following? A. Take a nap B. Eat a snack C. Drink a glass of water D. Drink a diet soda E. Get some exercise

Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes out his anger on his best friend. Martin's behavior illustrates A. rationalization B. projection C. reaction formation D. regression E. displacement

Which of the following situations describes an approach-avoidance conflict?

Anna must decide whether to buy a used car that is in her price range but has several mechanical problems

which of the following situations describes an approach- avoidance conflict?

Anna must decide whether to buy a used car that is in her price range but has several mechanical problems

Chuck asked Jane out on a date and he offered her two possible options—to see a movie or to go ice skating. Jane felt a bit stressed about making the decision because she liked both activities. Which of the following conflicts was Jane experiencing?

Approach-approach

Which of the following would best explained why people are motivated to ride roller coasters at amusement parks?

Arousal theory.

Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic humans emotions, such as sadness, are innate?

Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures

Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate?

Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures.

Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he felt much happier. According to facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark's mood?

Because it is his job to be courteous to customers Mark smiled at passenger frequently.

Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he felt much happier. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark's mood?

Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently

Carl Jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a person's ancestral past. Which of the following psychological terms refers to that storehouse? A. Id B. Ego C. Superego D. Personal unconscious E. Collective unconscious

Which of the following is the best example of homeostasis process?

Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race

Which of the following statements about mobile networks and social media is accurate? a. There are more home toilets in India than there are cell phones. b. Cell phones have been history's most rapidly adopted technology. c. Fewer than 75 percent of American youth are cellphone users. d. Phone calling has displaced texting. e. Texting has declined in Canada and elsewhere because of e-mail.

Cell phones have been history's most rapidly adopted technology.

Which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision-making

Cerebral cortex

Chris believed he did well on his exam because he was lucky. Which psychological concept applies to Chris's explanation? A. Positive psychology B. Humanistic psychology C. Internal locus of control D. External locus of control E. Self-serving bias

The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the...

Cochlea

Colleen likes to have others do things for her and is quick to criticize other people for being dependent and lazy. This demonstrates which defense mechanism? A. Displacement B. Regression C. Projection D. Rationalization E. Sublimation

Physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization

Correctly list Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from top to bottom

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding emotion? a. Smiles are neither social nor emotional events. b. Inhabitants of individualist countries are more likely to display nonverbal emotions than inhabitants of collectivist countries. c. Mouths convey more emotion than eyes. d. Natively blind people who have never seen a smile will never generate a smile. e. Cultures share a universal facial language for basic emotions.

Cultures share a universal facial language for basic emotions.

In an experiment, which of the following variables refers to the outcome that is measured by the experimenter?

Dependent

For several weeks - ever since she did not receive a raise that was given to several colleagues - Enid has lacked energy, has been unable to go to work, and has expected bad things to happen every day. What is she most likely experiencing?

Depression

One major objection to the early Skinnerian approach to psychology is that it...

Did not take into account internal thoughts and feelings

Drive reduction

Which of the following relates most to the lowest level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Drive reduction

Which of the following argues that physiological needs create aroused psychological states that cause us to try to satisfy those needs?

Drive theory

Homeostasis is most closely associated with which motivation theory?

Drive-reduction theory

Amanda experienced discomfort in class. She put it on a sweater when she realized her discomfort was caused by the cold. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that would best explained her behavior?

Drive-reduction theory.

A drive (internal state of tension)

During math class, Amanda put on a sweater when she began to experience discomfort due to the cold temperature in the room. Her behavior was motivated by...

Name and briefly describe the four stages of the sexual response cycle identified by Masters and Johnson.

Excitement, where physical changes occur to ready the body for sexual activity. Plateau, where sexual excitement is at a peak. Orgasm, characterized by sexual release and muscle contractions throughout the body. Resolution, where the body returns to normal.

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion?

Experience of physiological changes

Exposure to stressors decreases the effectiveness of lymphocytes in the blood stream, which perform the function of A. reducing the stress response B. sending hormones through the body C. defending the body from viruses D. delivering oxygen to the body E. promoting a feeling of pleasure

Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of...

External stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior.

Sarah works hard in school because her parents give her $10 for every A that she earns on her report card. Sarah's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on...

Extrinsic motivation.

What do we call the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness? a. Culture-specific expression b. Moebius syndrome c. Botox d. Facial feedback effect e. Culturally universal expression

Facial feedback effect

A tumor that destroys the ventromedial hypothalamus is likely to produce which of the following?

Frequent eating and obesity

Gustav was out for his daily walk when he was approached by a thief who demanded his wallet. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response? A. Primacy effect B. Avoidance-avoidance conflict C. Approach-avoidance conflict D. Parasympathetic response E. Alarm reaction

Psychotic disorders frequently involve perceptions of nonexistent sensory stimulation, such as voices. Symptoms such as these are called...

Hallucinations

Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome is an attempt to explain A. personality traits B. artificial intelligence C. memory organization D. organic retardation E. reactions to stress

Describe how three different motivational theories could explain a young man's desire to become an excellent soccer player.

He may play because of incentives, like a college scholarship or a pro contract. He may play because soccer provides him with the optimum level of arousal. He may play because it helps him fulfill a need level on Maslow's hierarchy. For example, being a member of a soccer team may help him meet his belonging needs.

A hostile person with a type A personality is most at risk for developing what?

Heart disease

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must first be met before belongingness and love become important?

I & IV only

In general, trait theories emphasize which of the following? A. The changing and temporary nature of human characteristics B. The role of current environmental conditions in controlling behavior C. The lasting nature of personal characteristics D. Identity confusion E. Early childhood experiences

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion? A. Observation of the external stimulus B. Recollection of similar past experiences C. Experience of physiological changes D. Appraisal of cognitive factors E. Initiation of a fixed-action pattern

When a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that are...

In the middle of the list

Isaac's father offers to give him five dollars for every good grade he earns on his report card. Which of the following is a type of motivation being used by Isaac's father?

Incentive

External stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior

Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of

Individuals who exhibit a strong moral sense, accept themselves as they are, are deeply democratic in nature, and are willing to act independently of social and cultural pressures would be described by Abraham Maslow as A. real selves B. ideal selves C. fully functioning D. humanistic E. self-actualized

Hypnosis is best described as a state that:

Induces heightened suggestibility in the hypnotized individual

Which of the following characterizes the "low road" neural pathway to emotions? a. Information travels directly from the thalamus to the amygdala. b. The emotion results more slowly than it would via the "high road." c. It is an example of top-down processing. d. It is more likely to be utilized for complex feelings. e. It passes through the brain's cortex.

Information travels directly from the thalamus to the amygdala.

A complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of species is called an...

Instinct

A genetically programmed action pattern is the ethologist's definition of...

Instinct

Explain the activity of the appetite hormones insulin and leptin.

Insulin controls blood glucose. Leptin causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.

Explain three potentially negative effects of social networking.

Isolates us from others Can become a time-sucking diversion Can become an attention-sucking diversion People may self-disclose too much Can make us feel emotionally distracted Other effects (use teacher discretion)

If you are trying to maintain a healthy balance between connecting with others online and a real-world perspective, which of the following suggestions should you follow? a. Monitor your feelings. b. Dismiss the notion of logging online time. c. Interact often with your more distracting online friends. d. Decrease physical activity. e. Try a social networking marathon.

Monitor your feelings.

Explain three things you can do to manage your social networking.

Monitor your time. Monitor your feelings. Hide your more distracting online friends. Turn off your mobile device. Take a social networking break. Replenish your focus with exercise.

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behavior?

Neuroscience perspective

A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby's action shows development of...

Object permanence

Which of the following is considered the most basic of needs?

Obtaining food and water

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following statements is true?

Physiological needs must be met before an individual achieves self-actualization.

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following statements is true?

Physiological needs must be met before in individual achieves self actualization

Which of the following correctly lists Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the...

Punishment is delivered soon after the behavior

Hans-Selye's general adaptation syndrome is an attempt to explain...

Reactions to stress

Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia?

Relax and drink a glass of milk, instead of soda, before bedtime.

Melvin, a server at a restaurant, is in the middle of a lunch rush. He is completing orders, serving customers, and seating new guests. He has adapted to this level of stress and is coping. Which of the following terms identifies a stage in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome that Melvin is currently experiencing?

Resistance

Two-factor Theory

Robert experienced excessive fear while flying because he interpreted his rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, and heavy perspiration as a reaction to the imminent danger of a plane crash. When his psychotherapist convinced him that this physical arousal was simply a harmless reaction to acceleration, cabin pressure, and confined space, his fear of flying greatly reduced

Extrinsic motivation

Sarah works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she earns on her report card. Sarah's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on

Lee is about to skydive for the first time. He interprets his racing heart to be the result of his eager anticipation and excitement. This best represents which theory of emotion?

Schachter's two factor

Which of the following is true concerning the effect of sex hormones? a. Hormone injections can be used to easily manipulate sexual behavior in males but not in females. b. Hormone injections can be used to easily manipulate sexual behavior in both males and females. c. Sex hormones have a more direct effect on nonhuman animals than on humans. d. The levels of sex hormones are more constant in females than in males. e. While studies have shown that ovulation is associated with changes in women's fantasies, they have not established an association between ovulation and women's sexual behavior.

Sex hormones have a more direct effect on nonhuman animals than on humans.

Which of the following is an example of cognitive appraisal? a. Randal is happy all day because he is savoring the wonderful events of yesterday. b. Charles is frightened in a dark alley because he remembers stories of others being attacked in dark alleys. c. Sherika labels the arousal she is feeling as attraction because she is in the presence of a good-looking young man. d. Dora is angry because she cannot fi gure out how to convince her husband to take her to Hawaii. e. Ann is frustrated because traffi c has made her late for an important meeting.

Sherika labels the arousal she is feeling as attraction because she is in the presence of a good-looking young man.

According to research on attraction, people are most likely to be attracted to others who are...

Similar to themselves in many ways

The overjustification effect

Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with the puzzle than did their couterparts who were not rewarded for the same task. this illustrates what principle

The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are two popular forms of which of the following types of tests? A. Objective B. Neurological C. Aptitude D. Projective E. Intelligence

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain a balanced internal state

Name the phenomenon describing the impact facial expressions can have on our disposition, and give an example.

The facial feedback effect. For example, smiling makes you feel happy and frowning makes you feel a little angry.

The final stage of general adaptation theory is known as A. exhaustion B. resistance C. alarm D. habituation E. systematic desensitization

Explain the role of conscious thinking in emotion according to the theory that some emotions take the high road while others take the low road.

The high-road theory argues that conscious thinking occurs before the emotion. The low-road theory argues that conscious awareness does not occur until after the emotional response.

Divorce reduction as a motivational concept is best exemplified by what?

The injection of heroin by an addict to avoid withdrawal symptoms

The notion of self-actualization is most closely associated with which of the following approaches to explaining personality? A. Sociocultural B. Biological C. Behavioral D. Humanistic E. Psychodynamic

Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with the puzzle then did their counterparts who were not rewarded for the same task. This illustrates which of the following principles?

The over-justification effect.

Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with the puzzle than did their counterparts who were not rewarded for the same task. This illustrates which of the following principles?

The overjustification effect

Amelia is frightened by the sudden barking of a neighbor's dog. Once her mother picks Amelia up, the child begins to calm down as which of the following biological processes occurs?

The parasympathetic nervous system resumes control and reverses the sympathetic responses.

The rationale underlying the use of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test, is that they A. can be efficiently administered in groups and scored by computer B. can be given by almost anyone, since they are simple to administer and score C. reveal the subjects' personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli D. provide clues to the subjects' personalities based on behavioral theory E. reveal patterns of the subjects' personality traits by requiring responses to a large number of objective questions

According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's theory of emotion, which of the following is true?

The same physiological response can produce different emotions, depending on the context within which the response occurs and a person's interpretation of that context.

In the early nineteenth century, German physician Franz Gall invented phrenology, an outmoded approach in psychology involving

The study of the bumps and contours of the skull in an effort to determine mental abilities and personality traits.

Psychologists who emphasize the importance of personality traits are most often criticized for:

Underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation

One of the consistent research findings in the area of facial expressions and emotion is the...

Universality of facial expressions across cultures

Which of the following statements is true? a. We eat less dessert when there are three different desserts available. b. Serving sizes in France are generally larger than in the United States. c. Offered a supersized portion, most of us consume fewer calories. d. We eat more when we're around others. e. Food variety generally decreases appetite.

We eat more when we're around others.

Arousal Theory

What would best explain why people are motivated to ride roller coasters at amusement parks

Which of the following is considered the most basic of needs? A. Physical safety B. Belonging to a community C. Procreation D. Gaining respect and admiration E. Obtaining food and water

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (safety needs)

While at work, Claire's home was broken into and many of her expensive electronics, artwork, and jewelry were stolen. After the break-in, Claire decided to have a new alarm system installed because she was afraid to be at home alone

Instinct (evolutionary) Theory

While cooking dinner, you accidentally touch a hot stove. Without thinking, you immediately move your hand away from the hot burner

Cannon-Bard Theory

While driving home last night, Sally was almost hit by a car that sped through a stop sign. As the car sped by, Sally experienced fear as her heart started racing and her pulse quickened

Who wrote a famous 1890 psychology textbook, Principles in Psychology?

William James

According to research, individuals who are intrinsically motivated as compared to those who are extrinsically motivated tend to...

Work hard and enjoy their work more.

The first psychology laboratory was established by ____ in the year ____.

Wundt - 1879

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (physiological needs)

You are marooned on a desert island. There is nothing to eat except for some bananas at the top of the trees. Therefore, you climb the trees to get the bananas.

James-Lange Theory

You are on your way to school to take a big exam. Suddenly, on noticing that your pulse is racing and that you are sweating, you feel nervous

A person who eats excessively and never seems to feel full may have which of the following conditions? a. tumor in the hypothalamus b. too much insulin c. tumor in the hippocampus d. stomach bypass surgery e. too much PYY

Karl is hungry, so he eats a hamburger and does not feel hungry anymore. Karl's hunger can best be described at a(n) a. drive b. instinct c. incentive d. reflex e. extrinsic reward

Leptin, a protein that causes hunger when its levels are low, is secreted by a. fat cells b. the pituitary gland c. the stomach d. the small intestine e. the large intestine

One night Samar became frightened when she was startled by a noise while walking down the street alone. Which theory of emotion would say that her fear resulted from the startle response alone? a. James-Lange b. Cannon Bard c. Two-factor d. Lazarus e. Schachter-Singer

Roberto is an angry person who is prone to outbursts throughout the day. Psychologists would describe him as having a(n) _______ personality a. type a b. type b c. GAS d. type T e. NK cell

The research of Masters and Johnson found that in the sexual response cycle, a. resolution is the final phase of the cycle b. orgasm is the final phase of the cycle c. plateau is the final phase of the cycle d. excitement follows the plateau phase e. plateau follows the resolution phase

Which of the following characterizes the "low road" neural pathway to emotions? a. information travels directly from the thalamus to the amygdala b. the emotional response happens more slowly than it would via the "high road" c. it is an example of top-down processing d. it is more likely to be utilized for complex feelings e. it passes through the brain's cortex

Which of the following is true concerning the effect of sex hormones? a. hormone injections can be used to easily manipulate sexual behavior in men but not in women b. hormone injections can be used to easily manipulate sexual behavior in both men and women c. sex hormones have a more direct effect on nonhuman animals than on humans d. the levels of sex hormones are more constant in women than in men e. women's estrogen levels do not rise during ovulation

Amanda experienced discomfort in class. She put on a sweater when she realized her discomfort was caused by the cold. Her behavior was motivated by

a drive

Catharsis is defined as

a emotional release, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges.

Which of the following graphs would best picture correlational data about the relationship between scores on the first psychology test and the final exam in psychology for Mr. Sochet's third-period class?

a scatterplot

Adaptation-level phenomenon is described as

a tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

which one of the following statements about stress is true? a. surgical wounds heal more slowly in stressed humans b. stress has no effect on those exposed to cold viruses c. there is no correlation between stress and longevity d. stress makes us more resistant to infection and heart disease e. anxiety, irritation, and guilt all prompt very different physiological responses.

Research suggest that ability to cope with stress in everyday situations is closely related toa person's

ability to predict and control potential stressors

Research suggests that ability to cope with stress in everyday situations is closely related to a person's

ability to predict and control potential stressors

According to Maslow, our need for

adequate clothing must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying esteem.

the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from where?

adrenal gland

People from different cultures can recognize which facial expression?

all of these

a test that is labeled an achievement test is most likely to be given to

allow a student to be exempted from a college course

Brain scans of people viewing erotic material reveal a more active ________ in men than in women.

amygdala

which of the following actions is a violation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

an athlete follows a "no pain, no gain" motto rather than stopping for rest and nourishment

theory

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called

an instinct

sabrina plays on a rugby teams and collects antique dolls. peter is on a football team and loves to cook. both sabrina and peter demonstrate a high degree to

androgyny

what hearing emotions conveyed in another language, what emotion can people most readily detect?

anger

which theory explains why, even when our biological needs are satisfied, we may still feel driven to experience stimulation?

arousal theory

a double-blind control is essential for which of the following?

assessment of a treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms

mary ainsworth's strange situation paradigm is typically used to test young children's

attachment

After an alarming event, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration are high, and you have an outpouring of hormones. Hans Selye would most likely guess that you are in which general adaptation syndrome phase? a. exhaustion b. resistance c. immobilizaiton d. collapse e. shock

Attempts to control social behavior by using the punishing effects of isolation is an example of a. the general adaptation syndrome b. ostracism c. the behavior feedback effect d. wanting to belong e. the tend-and-befriend response

Cylee is thirsty and takes a drink. Her motivation to reduce the need for water is best explained by (the) a. instinct theory b. drive-reduction theory c. achievement motivation d. arousal theory e. hierarchy of needs

Researchers have discovered that people most readily identify which emotion, when given images of faces with a variety of facial expressions? a. happiness b. anger c. sadness d. surprise e. disgust

When asked, "What is it that makes your life meaningful?", people are most likely to answer: a. money b. close relationships c. a satisfying career d. an average level of intelligence e. a skill such as cooking, or a talent such as playing an instrument

Which of the following has shown effectiveness in improving sleep, reducing depression, and increasing heart and lung fitness? a. meditation b. aerobic exercise c. religious involvement d. subjective well-being e. social support

Which of the following is the most basic motive in Maslow's hierarchy of needs? a. belongingness and love needs b. physiological needs c. esteem needs d. self-actualization needs e. self-transcendence needs

Psychologists who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working within the ______ perspective.

behavior genetics

Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses?

behavioral

At the end of your summer barbeque, you are feeling very full due to the activity of your a. cerebellum b. arcuate nucleus c. hypothalamus d. hippocampus e. adrenal glands

In order to reduce risk of heart disease, people should attempt to reduce their levels of a. optimism b. apathy c. pessimism d. competitiveness e. empathy

Julia is experiencing very positive emotions. A brain scan would indicate high levels of activity in her a. right temporal lobe b. cerebellum c. left frontal lobe d. left temporal lobe e. right parietal lobe

Researchers studying the relationship between heavy internet use and grades have found that a. low use is positively correlated with grades b. high use is positively correlated with grades c. high use is negatively correlated with grades d. an illusory correlation exists between internet use and grades e. no correlation exists between those two variables

which of the following statements about nonverbal expression is true? a.people blind from birth do not usually exhibit common facial expressions b. the meaning gestures is the same across cultures c. facial signs of emotion are generally understood across world cultures d. people from different cultures have difficulty understanding nonverbal expressions e. nonverbal expression is not reliably interpreted within culture

Which of the following individuals is also a physician? a. clinical psychologist b. personality psychologist c. psychiatrist d. biological psychologist

c. psychiatrist

Individuals exhibiting a hostile type A personality pattern are at an increased risk for

cardiovascular disease

The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) begins with a. resistance. b. appraisal. c. exhaustion. d. challenge

challenge

According to Kurt Lewin, an approach-approach conflict occurs when a person has to

choose between two outcomes that are both desirable

which of the following situations poses an approach-approach conflict for a person who listens only to classical music?

choosing to study with one of two friends, both of whom listen to classical music while studying

Rachel claims that his special psychic powers enable her to perceive exactly where the body of a recent murder victim is secretly buried. Rachel is claiming to possess the power of

clairvoyance.

Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called:

clinical psychologists

Dr. Waung investigates how a person's interpretation of a situtation affects his or her reaction. Apparently Dr. Waung is working within the _________ perspective.

cognitive

although paul seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. paul agrees to speak with a psychologist, who suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking the psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of behavior?

cognitive

The Schachter-Singer theory of emotions includes a component not discussed in the James-Lange theory. What is this component?

cognitive feedback

The Schachter- singer theory of emotions includes a component not discussed in the James- Lange theory. What is this component?

cognitive labeling

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer view emotion as resulting from

cognitive labels of physiological changes

Damage to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup can result in

conduction deafness

in rational-emotive therapy, the therapist helps clients by

confronting clients with their faulty logic

a man who experience sudden blindness on witnessing the death of his wife is probably suffering

conversion disorder

What type of research strategy would allow you to determine whether students' college grades accurately predict later income?

correlation

Hans grew up in Germany and later moved to Japan for a job opportunity. Back at home, he never had issues making friends or had interpersonal issues with colleagues at work, but in his new home, Hans is having difficulty interacting with his colleagues. According to psychologists who study how culture influences behavior, his difficulties most likely stem from

cultural differences in emotional expression and body language between Japan and Germany

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law a. performance on an easy task is best when pressure is low b. performance is generally best when pressure is ow c. performance on a difficult task is best when pressure is high d. performance is generally best when there is a moderate amount of pressure e. difficult tasks get easier with time

Emily's father has been traumatized by a recent hurricane in Puerto Rico. Described in terms of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), which phase would they have experienced first? a. resistance b. appraisal c. exhaustion d. alarm e. challenge

Marcelo has a good job, a nice house, and plenty of food. On weekends, he skydives for fun. His weekend behavior is best explained by which of the following theories? a. incentive b. drive-reduction c. instinct d. arousal e. two-factor

Thom has been on a diet for several months and has lost 50 pounds. What is happening to the fat cells in his body? a. the number of fat cells is increasing b. the number of fat cells is decreasing c. fat cells are storing excess glucose due to his reduced food intake d. the number of fat cells is remaining constant e. the fat cells are dividing to increase the number of them available for fat storage

WHich psychological concept would predict that smiling warmly on the outside would cause you to feel better on the inside? a. relative deprivation b. mimicry c. empathy d. facial feedback effect e. catharsis

What do we call a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior? a. incentive b. stress c. emotion d. motivation e. instinct

When asked to picture an angry person, researchers found that a. men tend to picture a man and women tend to picture a woman b. women tend to picture a man and men tend to picture a woman c. women and men both picture a woman d. women and men both picture a man e. the responses of men and women were too varied to provide any substantial data

_______ is/are the main female sex hormone(s) a. habituation b.. menopause c. the subcortica d. the estrogens e. testosterone

Which of the following research methods does not belong with the others? a. case study b. survey c. naturalistic observation d. experiment

d. experiment

Which of the following is the measure of variation that is most affected by extreme scores? a.mean b. standard deviation c. mode d. range

d. range

Dr. Kimmel conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely Dr. Kimmel is a(n) _________________ psychologist.

developmental

in experiential psychology, a significan difference refers to a

difference not likely due to chance

the more people present as a scene, the less likely it is that anyone will help a person in need. this phenomenon is a manifestation of

diffusion of responsibility

contemporary definitions of abnormal behavior typically characterize such behavior as all of the following EXCEPT

due to inappropriate child-rearing practices

Dylan has a BMI of 36. She would best be described as a. introverted b. below average on the Buoyant Mood Index c. normal in Basal Metabolism Index score d. extroverted e. obese

Emotions are a mix of consciously experienced thoughts, expressive behaviors, and physiological arousal. Which theory emphasized the importance of cognition in emotion? a. facial feedback theory b. James-Lange theory c. arousal and performance theory d. fight-or-flight theory e. Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

No matter how hard she tries to lose weight, Anne finds it difficult to drop below 145 pounds. The weight of 145 pounds is best described as Anne's a. neophobia b. basal metabolic rate c. body mass index d. PYY e. set point

Peyton sits by herself most days a lunch because her friends are refusing to speak to her. Her friends are demonstrating a. grit b. narcissism c. empathy d. positive reinforcement e. ostracism

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that a. emotional response occurs before cognition b. physiological response occurs before emotional response c. emotional response occurs before physiological response d. cognition occurs before emotional response e. physiological response and emotion occur independently and simultaneously

When individuals were placed on a semistarvation diet, researchers found that these individuals a. became obsessed with physical exercise b. were more interpersonally outgoing c. became more energetic d. were in a state of homeostasis e. lost interest in social activities

Which of the following accurately represents the relationship between income and happiness? a. rapidly increasing income is associated with a slight decrease in happiness because of relative deprivation b. increased income increases happiness equally for almost everybody c. there is no relationship between income and happiness d. gradually increasing income is associated with a slight decrease in happiness because of the adaptation-level phenomenon e. increased income increases happiness for people who don't have enough money to meet their basic needs

Which of the following is a conclusion that can be drawn from the Yerkes-Dodson law? a. Performance on easy tasks is best when arousal is low b. performance is best when arousal is extremely high c. performance is best when arousal is extremely low d. performance on difficult tasks is best when arousal is high e. performance is best when arousal is moderate

Which of the following do individuals experience when their behavior is inconsistent with their attitude? a. homeostatic motivation b. intrinsic motivation c. approach-avoidance conflict d. overjustification e.cognitive dissonance

e. .cognitive dissonance

Which of the following regularities in behavior can most likely be accounted for by the existence of a group norm? a. People perform well-learned behaviors better in the presence of others than when alone. b.Male infants have a higher infant mortality rate than female infants. c.Most people sleep at least six hours a night. d.The average annual income of industrial worksers in 1972 was $7,250. e.Students tend to use less profanity with adults than they do with their peers.

e. Students tend to use less profanity with adults than they do with their peers.

During a psychology experiment, a researcher uses a probe to lesion the ventromedial nucleus of a rat's hypothalamus. After the procedure the rat most likely will

eat more and gain weight

The influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments is known as

embodied cognition.

Some researchers prefer the term settling point to set point because the typical body weight of an adult is influenced by

environmental and biological factors.

The behavioral perspective emphasizes the influence of ___________ on behavior.

environmental circumstances

the role of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is to

establish homeostasis after a fight-or-flight response

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to have respects for ourselves and to be valued by others is classified within the category of

esteem needs

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to have respect for ourselves and to be valued by others is classified within the category of

esteem needs

According to Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) theory, of the following stages, during which are we most susceptible to disease?

exhaustion

The final stage of general adaptation theory is known as

exhaustion

which of the following is the best biological explanation for why the human body stores fat?

fat is fuel reserve during periods when food is scarce

cognitive theorists emphasize the

formation and modification of schemas

Knowing how to ride a bicycle is stored in which of our memory subsystems?

implicit

Which of the following lends the most support to the view that early explorers undertook their explorations to gain wealth and fame?

incentive theory

wolfgang kohler considered a chizpanzee's sudden solving of a problem evidence of

insight

Which of the following is an unlearned, complex behavior exhibited by all members of a species? a. Refl ex b. Drive c. Incentive d. Instinct e. Motive

instinct

Andrew works in the local hospital because he wishes to help others, while Rachel works in the hospital strictly to make money. Their individual motivations demonstrate the difference between

intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

An animal will gain weight when

its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged

which of the following statements best depicts the concept of incentive theory

jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $ 20 for each superior grade that she bring home

surveys conducted with people who have high spinal cord injuries suggest to researchers that emotions are

largely dependent upon our bodily responses and behaviors

for most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the

left cerebral hemisphere

brain scans and EEG recordings indicate that positive emotions are associated with high levels of activity in which brain section?

left frontal lobe

The most critical physiological factor controlling hunger is the

level of blood sugar

which of the following areas of the body has the largest number of sensory neurons?

lips

which of the following research methods is being used if the same subjects are tested at two, four, and six years of age?

longitudinal

research on semi-starvation found that men who were given just enough food to stabilize their weight at 25 percent below their starting weight

lost interest in all social activities

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary facial expression?

love

what do we call a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior?

motivation

taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes?

negative reinforcement

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are:

negatively correlated

While traveling in China, Nadine was offered chicken feet for lunch. Nadine's refusal of such an unfamiliar food reflects

neophobia.

The unit of structure and function of the human nervous system is the

neuron

Compared to clinical psychologists, psychiatrists are especially likely to adopt a ____________ perspective.

neuroscience

Research on obesity and weight control indicates that

no matter how carefully people diet, they never lose fat cells.

the performance of the group on which an IQ test is standardized sets the

norms against which the performance of later test takers can be evaluated

In a written report of their research, psychologists specify exactly how anxiety is assessed, thus providing their readers with a(n):

operational definition

The process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by:

operational definitions

Increases in ________ increase hunger, where as hunger.

orexin; blood glucose

If shoe size and IQ are negatively correlated, what is true?

people with small feet tend to have high IQs; people with large feet tend to have low IQs

in psychology, gestalt principles are used to explain

perceptual organization

Which of the following is a conclusion that can be drawn from the Yerkes-Dodson law? a. Performance on easy tasks is best when arousal is low. b. Performance is best when arousal is extremely high. c. Performance is best when arousal is extremely low. d. Performance on diffi cult tasks is best when arousal is high. e. Performance is best when arousal is moderate.

performance is best when arousal is moderate

The autonomic nervous system regulates the ____________ that accompanies different emotions.

physiological arousal

the phenomenon of transference is a recognized component of which of the following therapeutic treatments

psychoanalysis

Which of the following correctly list Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

psychological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization.

the first area of psychology to be studied as a science is known as

psychophysics

The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiment's results is called:

random assignment

After an alarming event, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration are high, and you have an outpouring of hormones. Which GAS stage would Hans Selye say is occurring?

resistance

after an alarming event, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration are high, and you have an outpouring of hormones. Hans Selye would most likely guess that you are in which general adaptation syndrome phase?

resistance

in operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an "if A, then B" relationship in which A and B, respectively represent

response, reinforcement

learned helplessness is most likely to result when

responses have no effect on the environment

behavior therapists emphasize which of the following in their treatment of clients?

responses that have been reinforced in the past

In order to represent graphically the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a:

scatterplot

the most distinctive characteristic of the experimental method is that it

seeks to establish cause-effect relationships

a supervisor who doubts the competence of a new employee unwittingly criticizes everything the new employee does. If the new employee consequently performs poorly, which of the following will most likely have occurred?

self- fulfilling prophecy

Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the tasks required of her. Albert Bandura would refer to Alicia's sense of confidence as which of the following?

self-efficiency

a teacher who is mistakenly informed that a student is learning disabled begins to treat that student differently from others. the teacher does not call on the student in class or help her with challenging material. the student's grades gradually decline. this result is an example of which of the following?

self-fulfilling prophecy

A supervisor who doubts the competence of a new employee unwittlingly criticizes everything the new employee does. If the new employee consequently performs poorly, which of the following will most likely have occured?

self-fulfilling prophecy.

When alarms on timers started going off in the back of the classroom students were distracted, but the teacher continued lecturing. As more alarms went off, one student got up and the teacher nodded. The student walked toward the back of the room, and the teacher nodded. The students turned the alarms off, and the teacher thanked him. What operant conditioning process does this best illustrate?

shaping

studies of learning have shown that animals develop an aversion for tastes associated with

sickness

Psychologists study animals because:

similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior

An example of a primary drive is

sleeping

the thalamus processes information for all of the following senses EXCEPT

smell

Studies show that people tend to eat much more in social situations, such as parties and celebrations. Which psychological principle best explains why we overeat in these situations?

social facilitation

which of the following findings would support an interpretation of aggression as catharsis?

societies that value aggressive sports are generally less aggressive than societies that do not value aggressive sports

Prisoners of war placed on a semi-starvation diet in which their food intake is cut in half are likely to

spend a great deal of time daydreaming about food.

The experience of an emotion, as described by the James-Lange theory, would follow which order?

stimulus, arousal, emotion

the experience of an emotion, as described by the James-Lange theory, would follow which order?

stimulus, arousal, emotion

which of the following regularities in behavior can most likely be accounted for by the existence of a group norm?

students tend to use less profanity with adults than they do with their peers.

in stanley milgram's obedience experiments, subjects were LEAST likely to deliver maximum levels of shock when the

subjects observed other subjects who refused to obey the experimenter's orders

Which of the following nervous systems work in opposition to each other?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

In describing a ball that is both red and big, we say, "Big red ball," rather than, "Red big ball," in the English language. Such a rule about word order is a specific rule of

syntax

According to Dr. Kipling, ostracism is best defined as

temporary banishment or exclusion.

hypothesis

testable prediction

control condition

the "treatment absent" condition in an experiment

experimental condition

the "treatment present" condition in an experiment

Which theory of emotion holds the view that bodily changes PRECEDE emotion and that we experience an emotion AFTER our body reacts?

the James-Lange theory

Buford complains that he can play his tuba beautifully at home, but each time he tries to play at the local talent show he sounds like a bull elk in rutting season. His problem is explained by

the Yerkes-Dodson law

You are feeling a lot of fear, the brain site most likely involved is

the amygdala

why does further weight loss come slowly following a rapid loss during the initial three weeks of a rigorous diet?

the body reacts as if its being starved and metabolic rates drop

According to the fundamental attribution error, which of the following is most likely to be a student's explanation for a classmate's failing exam grade?

the classmate was too lazy to study hard

Jeff mistakenly assumes that everybody around him enjoys listening to country music just as much as he does. Jeff best illustrates:

the false consensus effect

The tendency to develop a positive attitude toward a product that has been advertised repeatedly in the media is referred to as

the mere-exposure effect

which of the following occurs when a neuron is stimulated to its threshold?

the movement of odium and potassium ions across the membrane creates an action potential

when a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to an observer to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as

the phi phenomenon

random assignment

the process in which subjects are selected by chance for different groups in an experiment

In generalizing from a sample to the population, it is important that:

the sample is representative

Today, Vanessa took an allergy pill that raised her blood pressure, caused her heart to beat faster, and raised her body temperature. Now caught in traffic, she feels angry. Yesterday, when she took the pill, she was with her husband. When her blood pressure rose, her heart sped up, she got hotter, and she felt amorous. This description exemplifies

the two-factor theory.

Which of the following best summarizes why people tend to stay in a slightly elevated state of arousal after a crisis has occurred

their bloodstream continues to contain elevated levels of adrenaline.

carol gilligan's criticism of lawrence kohlberg's developmental theory is based on the argument that kohlberg's

theory fails to account sufficiently for differences between males and females

Tahani is hiking in the woods and sees some movement in the trees. She immediately tenses up. A few moments later, after she realizes that the trees were just rustling in the wind, she calms down. According to Joseph LeDoux, Tahani's reaction is due to the fact that

there is a fast processing path that sends sensory information directly to the amygdala, causing Tahani's initial fear response, and a slower processing path that processes the content of sensory information first, which overrode Tahani's fear response

noam chomsky's view of language proposes that

there is an inherent language acquisition device

Intrinsic motivation occurs when

there is no obvious external reward for one's behavior

the general function of the bones in the middle ear is to

transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

a person who eats excessively and never seems to feel full may have which of the following conditions?

tumor in the hypothalamus

People consume more ice cream when scooping it with a big scoop rather than a small one. This best illustrates

unit bias.

One of the consistent research findings in the area of facial expressions and emotion is the

universality of facial expressions across cultures

which of the following represent respectively, superordinate and subordinate

vehicle, convertible

An individual experiencing a low blood-glucose level would be best advised to do what?

Eat a snack

Gustatory receptors are not sensitive to this taste quality:

Spicy

Lee is about to skydive for the first time. He interprets his racing heart to be the result of his eager anticipation and excitement. This best represents which theory of emotion? A. Cannon-Bard B. James-Lange C. Drive reduction D. Schachter's two factor E. Arousal

The rules of grammar are rules of...

Syntax

According to fundamental attribution error, when explaining the failures of others we usually underestimate the significance of

Situational factors

Homo Stacy is refers to...

The bodies tendency to maintain a balanced internal state.

What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly opiates?

The brain stops producing endorphins.

Two-factor Theory

You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart starts to beat faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that it comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear.

Arousal Theory

Your weekly household chores include folding five loads of laundry. While folding the clothes, you turn on the TV and watch your favorite show that you have recorded on DVR

Which one of the following statements about stress is true? a. surgical wounds heal more slowly in stressed people b. stress has no effect on those exposed to cold viruses c. there is no correlation between stress and longevity d. stress makes us more resistant to infection and heart disease e. anxiety, irritation, and guilt all prompt very different physiological responses.

Stanley Schachter's explanation of emotions places emphasis on

a cognitive appraisal of physiological

Stanley Schachter's explanation of emotions places emphasis on

a cognitive appraisal of physiological arousal.

Stanley Schachter's explanation of emotions places emphasis on

a cognitive appraisal of psychological appraisal

which of the following is a circadian rhythm?

a cycle of biological functions that lasts about 25 hours

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed"?

an American psychologist in the 1950s

processing every possible combination of the letters DBRI to arrive at the word BIRD is an example of the use of

an algorithm

which of the following personality disorders is characterized by behavior that includes dishonesty, repeated trouble with authority figures, and an absence of remorse for these types of conduct?

antisocial

Which of the following is an example of the feel-good, do-good phenomenon a. Anagha tries to keep her 2-year-old son from becoming upset for any reason b. Niko is praised by his teacher and later volunteers to help his mother clean the garage c. Carson feels satisfied after helping the ecology club pick up trash from around the school d. Maggie's parents double her allowance when she is nice to her sister all day e. Rowen is glad to finally be over the flu so he can return to his volunteer work

Which of the following is the best biological explanation for why the human body stores fat? a. fat signals affluence and social status b. fat is a fuel reserve during periods when food is scarce c. fat is a display of abundant food source d. fat keeps the body warm in winter climates e. fat contributes to the global epidemic of diabetes

Which term best describes the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect our health? a. coronary heart disease b. psychoneuroimmunology c. inflammation d. catharsis e. general adaptation

which of the following will NOT increase behavioral and mental activity?

barbiturates

Research on facial expressions and gestures has found that a. facial expressions and gestures both tend to be culture-specific b. facial expressions and gestures both tend to be universally understood c. facial expressions tend to be culture-specific, and gestures tend to be universally understood d. facial expressions tend to be universally understood, and gestures tend to be culture-specific e. facial expressions of emotion influence the gestures of a culture

The Evers' new neighbors make more money and drive nicer cars than the Evers. The Evers used to be content with what they had, but they are now jealous of the status of their new neighbors. The best explanation for this change is a. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon b. the tend-and-befriend response c. the behavior feedback effect d. relative deprivation e. the adaptation-level phenomenon

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from where? a. parasympathetic nervous system b. hippocampus c. brain stem d. adrenal gland e. hypothalamus

montgomery prepares his resume carelessly and arrives late for his job interview. he is rejected by the prospective employer. Montgomery concludes that "it's all a matter of dub luck, anyway." montgomery's judgement of his situation most clearly reflects

external locus of control

Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of

external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior

an individual's fear of dogs that is lost as the individual is exposed to dogs in nonthreatening situation is referred to by behaviorists as a fear that has been

extinguished

The overjustification effect has led some psychologists to question the value of

extrinsic motivation

a nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of erikson's stages of development?

industry vs. inferiority

Although Hannah could barely hear the person on the other side of Maya whisper, Maya couldn't hear him at all. For hearing, compared to Maya, Hannah has a

lower absolute theshold

REM sleep, generally an "active" state of sleep, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics?

lowered muscle tone

which of the following is a brain-imaging technique that produces the most detailed picture of brain structure?

magnetic resonance imaging MRI

Which of the following are stimulants?

nicotine and cocaine

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted alcoholic. This nonalcoholic drink was a:

placebo

You and your friend play three hours of racquetball. Afterwards, you are most likely to prefer

plain water

The placebo effect best illustrates the effect of ________________ on feelings and behaviors.

positive expectations

Correlational research is most useful for purposes of:

prediction

figures such as the one about are used in which of the following kinds of test?

projective personaity

Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome is an attempt to explain

reactions to stress

According to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivated to

reduce tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts

according to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivate to

reduce tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts

If the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, a rat will

refuse to eat until force fed

After Madison complained to her mother about how little she has, Madison and her mother went to the soup kitchen to volunteer to serve dinner to the homeless. After serving 120 dinners, Madison told her mother how happy she is that they can afford to buy delicious foods she loves. Madison's increased perception that she is happy is best explained by applying which of the following theories?

relative deprivation

To David McClelland, which of the following is true of individuals who have a strong need for achievement?

they seek out task that are moderately difficult

According to David McClelland, which of the following is true of individuals who have a strong need for achievement?

they seek out tasks that are moderately difficult

metacognition refers to

thinking about thinking

People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they are unduly influenced by ______________ cases.

vivid

Research on sex hormones and human sexual behavior indicates that

women's sexual interests are somewhat influenced by the phases of their menstrual cycles.

Name and briefly describe the three phases of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

1 point: The alarm phase occurs when you mobilize your resources to cope with the stressor. 1 point: The resistance phase occurs when you actively attempt to cope with the stressor. 1 point: The exhaustion phase occurs when your reserves for coping become depleted.

Name four pieces of evidence that suggest women are more empathic than men.

1 point: When surveyed, women describe themselves as more empathic. 1 point: Heart rates of women increase more than those of men when both are watching a scene of someone in distress. 1 point: Women are more likely to express empathy when observing someone in distress. 1 point: Women experience emotional events more deeply.

A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the A. left frontal lobe B. base of the brain stem C. area of the hypothalamus D. reticular activating system E. somatosensory cortex

Instinct

A complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is a(n)

Drive Reduction Theory

A diabetic has low blood sugar. She drinks fruit juice in order to get her blood sugar level back to normal

How can you use Maslow's hierarchy of needs to explain why a • hungry young person would steal? • lonely new student in a school would join a club? • successful artist would continue to invest tremendous effort in her career?

A hungry young person would steal because of a physiological need. A lonely new student would join a club to meet belongingness and love needs. A successful artist would still work hard to satisfy the need for self actualization.

A parent who keeps a son's room intact even though he's been happily married and in his own home for five years is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms? A. Denial B. Projection C. Reaction formation D. Regression E. Sublimation

A stubborn individual who accuses peers of being uncooperative is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms? A. Identification B. Denial C. Projection D. Reaction formation E. Sublimation

Physiological needs must be met before an individual achieves self-actualization

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what is true about moving up levels

Bill is applying for admission to the University of Michigan and has completed the entire process except for writing his application essay. He is very nervous about writing the essay because it is such an important part of the acceptance process and the topic he was assigned is very challenging. Explain how each of the following psychological concepts might relate to how Bill feels fi ve months later when he receives a letter of acceptance from the University of Michigan. • Maslow's hierarchy • James-Lange theory • Cannon-Bard theory • Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

According to Maslow's hierarchy, Bill's decision to apply to the University of Michigan is the result of a need or drive (motivation) to achieve the higher psychological needs of belonging, esteem, self-actualization, or self-transcendence.Bill is able to focus on these higher-level needs because his physiological and safety needs have already been met. According to the James-Lange theory, when Bill receives the letter in the mail, his heart races and his breathing increases, which causes his brain to automatically interpret this experience as the emotion of excitement. Note: Bill may exhibit any emotion as long as the physical arousal occurs prior to the experience of the emotion. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, when Bill receives the letter in the mail, his heart races and his breathing increases at the same time that he experiences the emotion of excitement. He simultaneously experiences an increase in physiological arousal and the emotion of happiness. According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory, when Bill opens his letter, he experiences an increase in physical arousal and determines that he is experiencing happiness based on his memories and thoughts. Note: Bill may exhibit any emotion as long as the response includes a physical arousal and a cognitive labeling of that emotion.

According to Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which of the following statements is most representative of the id? A. "Practice random kindness." B. "More, more, more!" C. "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." D. "Look before you leap." E. "Balance is best."

According to Sigmund Freud, the personality structure that reflects moral values is called the A. id B. ego C. superego D. self E. collective unconscious

According to psychoanalytic theory, Tom's constant shoplifting suggests that he has an underdeveloped A. id B. superego C. defense mechanism D. pleasure principle E. libido

According to the five-factor model of personality, which of the following is true? A. The five psychosexual stages proposed by Sigmund Freud can explain most aspects of personality. B. Carl Jung's personal and collective unconscious can explain the five dominant components of personality. C. Most personality traits can be derived from the five major traits of the theory. D. There are major differences between conscious and unconscious elements of personality. E. Cognitive and behavioral factors affect the five major personality states.

Which of the following situations describes an approach-avoidance conflict?

Anna must decide whether to buy a used car that is in her price range but has several mechanical problems.

About 7 months ago, 15 year old Katie went on a drastic weight-loss diet that caused her to drop from 110 to 85 pounds. Although she is dangerously underweight and undernourish, she continues to think she looks fat. Katie most clearly suffers from what psychological disorder?

Anorexia Nervosa

John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John's symptoms describe

Anterograde amnesia

Phobic and panic disturbances are examples of what type of disorder?

Anxiety

Describe one influence on sexual motivation from each of the following categories: • Biological • Psychological • Social-cultural

Biological: hormones, sexual orientation. Psychological: exposure to sexually stimulating material, fantasizing. Social-cultural: religious and personal values, media.

Drawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that

Each person in town has the same probability of being chosen for the study

Which of the following is not a suggested strategy for weight loss? (A) Begin only if you feel motivated and self-discipline (B) Beware of the binge (C) Eat only one large meal a day (D) Eat healthy foods (E) Take steps to boost metabolism

Eat only one large meal a day

According to the information processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves

Encoding

An individual's ability to remember the day he or she first swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of what kind of memory?

Episodic

Georgi believes she is capable of playing extremely well in the volleyball game scheduled for tonight. Albert Bandura would most likely say that Georgi's expectations for this task reveal that she is exhibiting high A. self-esteem B. self-actualization C. self-efficacy D. self-monitoring E. self-observation

Which subfield of psychology provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine? a. Cognitive b. Health c. Clinical d. Educational e. Community

Health

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (biological/physiological needs)

It is often more difficult for students living in abject poverty to learn and perform well in school than students living in middle or upper class families

An animal will likely gain weight when which of the following occurs?

It's ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged.

James-Lange

Which of the following statements best depicts the concept of incentive theory?

Jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade she brings home..

John is completing a lengthy test in which he must indicate whether various written statements are true or false about himself. He is most likely taking which of the following? A. A personality inventory B. A projective test C. An achievement test D. An intelligence test E A. neuropsychological test

Jorgas struggles with meeting new people. He is very shy and does not approach people at social events. Because of this, people assume he does not want to talk to them and they avoid him, which in turn reinforces Jorgas' anxiety about approaching people. Jorgas' situation illustrates which of the following principles? A. Locus of control B. Reciprocal determinism C. Implicit personality theory D. Learned helplessness E. Modeling

Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by A. hardening her arteries B. causing the hippocampus to shrink C. suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes D. diverting too much blood to the heart and thereby overloading the system E. increasing melatonin release into the bloodstream

Which of the following is a research-based suggestion for improving your mood and increasing your satisfaction with life?

Keep a gratitude journal and count your blessing.

Leo and Caitlin are both experiencing feelings about their date tonight. Leo has had bad dates lately, and so he feels fear and dejection. Caitlin, meanwhile, has had very good dates, and so she feels excited and happy. According to Richard Lazarus' appraisal theory,

Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them to simultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative and have the appropriate physiological response

The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is:

Locke

Most junior high school students are preoccupied with making friends according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the students would most likely be satisfying their...

Love and belonging needs

Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he felt much happier. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark's mood? A. The flight was so full that Mark did not have time to reflect on events that were troubling him. B. The change in flight altitude helped decrease Mark's stress. C. Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently. D. Mark helped several passengers who then told his supervisor how nice he was. E. Mark is good friends with some of the other flight attendants, and they cheered him up during the flight.

In Sigmund Freud's view, the role of the ego is to...

Mediate among the id, the superego, and reality

Which of the following best describes the relationship between gender and orgasm? a. You can use fMRIs to identify when orgasm occurs in men, but this method is unreliable in women. b. Men describe orgasm in physical terms and women describe orgasm in emotional terms. c. Orgasm activates subcortical regions in men and cortical regions in women. d. Men and women describe orgasm similarly. e. Orgasm serves evolutionary purposes in women but not in men.

Men and women describe orgasm similarly.

Arousal Theory

Michele loves working on very challenging jigsaw puzzles. Although she frequently gets frustrated, she still finds them enjoyable

Which of the following behaviors best demonstrates an emotional response associated with the short route from the thalamus to the amygdala, as described by Joseph LeDoux?

Miguel jumps up on a chair because he thinks he sees something moving along the wall. When he realizes it was just a dust ball, he gets off the chair.

Love and belongingness needs

Most junior high students are preoccupied with making friends. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the students are most likely satisfying their

The result of the evolutionary process that preserves traits that enhance adaptation of an organism and suppresses traits that do not is called...

Natural selection

Neo-Freudian theories of psychoanalysis such as those of Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from Freud's conceptualization in that they are less likely to A. emphasize the libido B. emphasize the ego C. account for cognitive development D. be based on empirical findings E. call for the use of group therapy as a mode of treatment

Nick admitted to his parents that he was not working to his potential in his academics and sports. Even though his parents were disappointed, instead of yelling at Nick, they accepted him and wanted to help him work through his feelings. His parents' behavior exemplified A. congruence B. reciprocal determinism C. ambivalent attachment D. authoritarian parenting E. unconditional positive regard

One feature that distinguishes Carl Rogers' person-centered approach to personality development from behaviorist approaches to personality development is that the person-centered approach suggests that A. personality is shaped by unconscious defense mechanisms, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments B. personality is an innate characteristic, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that it is not C. personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is shaped by unconscious defense mechanisms D. personality is shaped by unconditional love and support for children's behavior, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments E. personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments, whereas behaviorist approaches endorse unconditional love and support for children's behavior

The graph above supports which of the following statements?

Optimal performance is a function of task difficulty and level of arousal.

which of the following is one of the stages of the sexual response cycle described by Masters and Johnson?

Plateau

Priscilla has recently found diaries from her family dating back multiple generations. She has noticed that there are similarities in their life events and in the way they thought about things that happened to them. She believes that it has to do with the fact that they all have the same inherited instincts that drive their behavior and that these instincts exist in all humans. Priscilla's way of thinking is most in line with A. Sigmund Freud's superego B. Carl Jung's collective unconscious C. Abraham Maslow's self-actualization D. Alfred Adler's individual psychology E. Paul Costa's five-factory theory of personality

Which of the following is an example of stress? a. Ray is tense and anxious as he has to decide which college to attend. b. Sunga is assigned an extra shift at work. c. Joe's parents are allowing him to stay home alone while they go away for a weekend. d. Linda remembers to repay a friend the $10 she owes her. e. Enrico learns of a traffic accident on the Interstate.

Ray is tense and anxious as he has to decide which college to attend.

Franz is 17 and wants to lose 15 pounds. Explain how the following factors might contribute to the success or failure of his weight-loss attempt. • Social influence • Set point • Sleep • Incentive theory

Research indicates that our social group can impact our eating behaviors. We are more likely to become and stay obese if we have obese friends. If Franz's close friends are obese, social influence may work against his weight loss. However, if Franz' friends work to maintain healthy body weights or if a friend tries to lose weight with him, social influence might help him succeed in losing weight. Our set point, the stable weight that our body tries to maintain by adjusting hunger and "fullness" signals, can be changed by slow, sustained changes in eating patterns and weight. If Franz loses weight too quickly, his set point might influence him to put the weight back on. If Franz makes more long-lasting changes to his eating and exercise habits, his set point could change, helping him maintain his weight loss. Studies indicate that sleep deprivation influences the levels of hormones and chemicals that help control hunger and satiation. Franz should make sure he is getting adequate sleep in order to help him achieve and maintain his weight loss. Incentive theory describes the motivational influence of incentives, positive or negative stimuli that either attract or repel us toward or away from behaviors. Franz should analyze which foods "trigger" him to overeat, which foods are incentives to eat, and which help him maintain healthy eating habits.

Rufus wanted to go to college after high school, but he did not go because he was afraid it would be too much work. For years he has considered going to college but he still fears that it will be too hard. Eventually he feels so unhappy that he goes to see a therapist, who follows Carl Rogers's theory of humanistic personality. The therapist is most likely to explain Rufus's unhappiness as being a result of A. his undiagnosed generalized anxiety disorder B. his inability to properly resolve the identity versus role confusion stage of development C. his fixed mindset D. having repressed his memories of failing tests as a child E. a mismatch between his ideal self and his real self

Melinda went skydiving. As soon as she landed, a handsome man helped her gather her parachute. Melinda's heart was beating quickly and her hands were perspiring. Melinda inferred that she must be attracted to him. Which of the following is a theory of emotion that would best explain the relationship between Melinda's physiological state and her apparent attraction to the man that helped her?

Schachter two-factor

When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explains these results?

Schachter-Singer

Which of the following words or phrases best identifi es our gauge of how valued and accepted we feel? a. Hope b. Autonomy c. Competence Multiple-Choice Questions d. Self-esteem e. Ostracism

Self-esteem

Explain the difference between set point and basal metabolic rate.

Set point is the "weight thermostat"; when weight falls below a certain level, hunger increases and metabolism slows. The basal metabolic rate is the body's resting rate of energy expenditure.

Which of the following terms is used in hunger and weight-control research to do you know the concept that each person has a body- fat level that remains fixed and resistant to change...

Set-point.

Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for an individual who wears a patch over one eye primarily because

Some depth perception is lost

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer view emotion as resulting from A. biochemical changes in the pituitary B. cognitive labels of physiological changes C. instinctual behavior D. level of arousal E. need for affiliation

Set-point

Term used in hunger and weight-control research to denote the concept that each person has a body-fat level that remains fixed and resistant to change

The Barnum effect in psychological assessment refers to A. when there is insufficient statistical support to confirm a test's reliability B. the tendency of individuals to accept vague personality descriptions as accurate C. when an interviewee demonstrates a consistently negative response set D. the influence of an interviewer's personal bias on the outcome of an interview E. the influence of distracting test conditions on a test taker's performance

Lynn's boyfriend has not replied to her last three text messages. Lynn is experiencing anger, increased blood pressure, and rapid breathing. Analyze this situation using both the James-Lange and the Cannon-Bard theories of emotion.

The James-Lange theory argues that the blood pressure and breathing changes would lead to the emotion of anger. The Cannon-Bard theory argues that the physical changes (blood pressure and breathing) happen at the same time as, but do not cause, the emotion of anger.

Hope's soccer team is playing in the championship game today. Hope knows the opposing team is the defending champion and that this will be a challenging game. Explain how the following theories apply to Hope's performance and reactions during the game. • Yerkes-Dodson law • Affi liation needs • Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

The Yerkes-Dodson law states that for most tasks a moderate level of arousal is best for optimum functioning, but that for difficult tasks like the one Hope is facing, a slightly lower level of arousal will result in the best performance. If Hope can keep her arousal level at a moderate level, where she is "psyched up" for the game but not overly anxious, she will be able to give her best performance. Hope's need to connect or affiliate with others is mostly likely related to her sense of belongingness with her team and her desire to win the championship game. This need drives her desire to win the game and thus helps motivate her to make her best effort when faced with the difficult task of defeating the defending championship team. According to the Schachter- Singer two-factor theory, as Hope plays in the game, she experiences an increase in physical arousal and this arousal along with the cognitive label Hope applies to the emotion will impact the intensity of the emotion she perceives. For example, if Hope scores a goal, she will most likely label this as an extremely joyous experience, and the combination of the intense physical arousal and the cognitive label will produce an especially powerful emotional experience.

The defense mechanism of projection is best illustrated by which of the following examples? A. When scolded by his parents, a college student reverts to childlike behavior to gain sympathy. B. A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances. C. A young man who is shy becomes the center of attention at a party given by friends. D. After exams were graded and returned, a college student looked at his low grade and decided that the test was unfair and difficult. E. After a fight with her boyfriend, a woman yells at her roommate for sitting in her favorite chair.

The defense mechanism of reaction formation is best exemplified in which of the following situations? A. A college student speaks sharply to her room-mate after quarreling with her professor about her grades. B. A woman who is unaware of her anger toward her friend expresses affection for that friend. C. A runner forgets the name of the opponent who just defeated her in an event for which she held the record. D. A man who dislikes his supervisor believes that his supervisor dislikes him. E. An elderly man lights up a cigarette just after learning that he has been cured of a respiratory ailment.

According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's theory of emotion, which of the following is true?

The same psychological response can produce different emotions, depending on the context within which the response occurs and a person's interpretation if that context.

Which scenario below is most descriptive of the psychoanalytic theory of personality? A. Charlie is overly precise and methodical in everything he does, to the point that he is constantly annoying his family and missing deadlines at work. Dr. Katz believes that this is because Charlie never moved past the anal stage of development. B. Miranda's peers treat her like she is funny, so in turn she thinks she is funny and develops a lightheartedness to her personality. C. Mahoni, who is president of a charitable nonprofit organization, is known for her positive contributions to global society and is said by many to have reached her ultimate potential as a person. D. Kerry is very shy, and her therapist thinks this is because her parents punished her for trying new things as a child. E. Dr. Kane believes that people have relatively stable personality traits throughout their lives.

Cannon-Bard Theory

You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart starts to beat faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes occur you also experience the emotion of fear

James-Lange Theory

You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart starts to beat faster, and your breathing deepens. Due to these physiological changes your body prepares for a fearful situation. You then experience fear.

Instinct theory is related to the _______ perspective of psychology. a. motivational b. evolutionary c. arousal d. drive-reduction e. self-actualization

Research on achievement motivation has found that a. people who demonstrate grit tend to have lower levels of achievement b. those with high levels of self-discipline have higher levels of achievement c. achievement is simply due to ability d. people who keep their goals to themselves are more successful than those who share them with others e. those who have a plan succeed less often than those who do not

Which of the following explains the behavior of normally law-abiding people who act destructively when they are part of a crowd? a. fundamental attribution error b. deindividuation c. group polarization d. entrapment e. mere exposure effect

b. deindividuation

All of the following are characteristics of physiological arousal EXCEPT a. dilation of the pupils. b. increase in salivation. c. increase in perspiration. d. increase in secretion of stress hormones. e. decrease in peristalsis.

b. increase in salivation.

according to elisabeth kubler-ross one of five stages frequently experience by people facing death is

bargaining

Which of the following is the best term or phrase for the body's resting rate of energy expenditure? a. Hunger b. Set point c. Basal metabolic rate d. Body chemistry e. Settling point

basal metabolic rate

which of following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate?

basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures

A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in:

basic research

which of the following therapeutic approaches is most likely to be criticized because it does not treat the underlying cause of the disorder?

behavioral

when struck by light energy, cones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the

bipolar cells

The World Health Organization identifies obesity as a high

body mass index.

A hungry person eats in order to maintain an internal balance known as a. hierarchy of needs b. basal metabolic rate c. homeostasis d. instinct e. motivation

Seligman's positive psychology seeks to a. enable people to be happy all the time b. treat stress with meditation c. enable people to flourish d. examine the biological systems affected by stressful events e. reduce daily hassles in people's lives

Which of the following is an example of cognitive appraisal? a. Randall is happy all day because he is savoring the wonderful events of yesterday b. Charles is frightened in a dark alley because he remembers stores of others being attacked in dark allies c. Sherika labels the arousal she is feeling as attraction because she is in the presence of a good-looking man d. Dora is angry because she cannot figure out how to convince her husband to take her to Hawaii e. Ann is frustrated because traffic has made her late for an important meeting

Which of the following provides the largest nonverbal cue to the emotional state of another person? a. bouncing leg b. eyebrows c. mouth and eyes d. hair standing up e. respiration rate

In a test of the effects of air pollution, groups of students performed a reaction-time task in a polluted or an unpolluted room. To what condition were students in the unpolluted room exposed?

control

Maslow's hierarchy of needs would have difficulty explaining why a. a person in a war zone is not interested in being self-actualized b. a lonely person does not look beyond themselves to find their identity c. a hungry person works hard to feed herself d. a prisoner engages in a hunger strike to improve their cell conditions e. a teenager with many friends works to earn the respect of his elders

People can most readily detect the emotion of ________ in a set of facial expressions a. sadness b. happiness c. anger d. fear e. surprise

If a difference between two samples is not statistically significant, which of the following can be concluded? a. the difference is probably not a true one. b. the difference is probably not reliable c. the difference could be due to sampling variation d.all of the above can be concluded

d.all of the above can be concluded

a normally functioning 65-year-old who cannot solve abstract logic puzzles as quickly as he did when he was younger is experience a

decrease in his fluid intelligence

Exposure to stressors decreases the effectiveness of lymphocytes in the blood stream, which perform the function of

defending the body from viruses

In an experiment to determine the effects of attention on memory, memory is the:

dependent variable

The organization of two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perceptions is called

depth perception.

Last week, David, a 92 year-old rich "ladies" man, won the Missouri Powerball worth 3.5 million dollars. Since David is already wealthy,piling up more and more money matters less and less to him. Which phenomenon is described above?

diminishing returns

Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked their expressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone. American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of an authority figure. Ekman's findings illustrate what he calls

display rules

Shaniqua is a fourth grader who loves to read whenever she has free time. To encourage Shaniqua to continue to read, her parents would best be advised to

do nothing additional

one suspected cause of schizophrenia is the abnormal increase of which of the following neurotransmitters in the brain?

dopamine

Which of the following is an aroused motivational state created by a physiological need? a. Drive b. Instinct c. Incentive d. Refl ex e. Motive

drive

Which of the following argues that physiological needs create around psychological states that cause us to try to satisfy those needs?

drive theory

which of following argues that physiological needs create aroused psychological states that cause us to try to satisfy those needs?

drive theory

Which of following theories suggests that a physiological need creates a state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy the need?

drive- reduction

Which of the following theories suggests that a psychological need create s state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy the need?

drive-reduction

which theory explains that physiological needs create an aroused state that motivates an organism to reduce the need?

drive-reduction theory

Which of the following would be most difficult to explain using Maslow's hierarchy of needs? a. A person who moves to a new city gets an apartment before beginning to make friends b. a very hungry reality show contestant searches for food before trying to win a competition c. a professor spends time socially with her colleagues before she works on her own research d. an artist works to win a local award before spending time on his own personal projects e. an athlete follows a 'no pain, no gain' motto rather than stopping for rest and nourishment

Which of the following is the phase of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome wherein individuals are most vulnerable to illness, co;;apse, and even death?

exhaustion

in the james-lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion?

experience of physiological changes

Which research method provides the best way of assessing whether cigarette smoking boosts mental alertness?

experiment

double blind

experimental process in which neither the subject nor the experimenter knows which condition the subject is in

Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas in long hours practicing field hockey in the hope of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates the idea of

extrinsic motivation

Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas puts in long hours practicing field hockey in the hope of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates the idea of

extrinsic motivation

As the time for the AP Psychology exam approached, several students in the class who had not been doing homework or attending classes earlier in the term became more concerned about studying and attending regularly. Their motivation seems to be

extrinsic.

The view that human emotions are universal has been supported by studies of

facial expressions

Which of the following is the most reliable indicator of emotions across all cultures?

facial expressions

which psychological concept would predict that smiling warmly on the outside would cause you to feel better on the inside?

facial feedback

which of the following methods is used in studies designed to determine the primary components of intelligence?

factor analysis

an important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologist believe in the importance of

free will

A tumor that destroys the ventromedial hypothalamus is likely to produce which of the following

frequent eating and obesity

Which of the following is the major source of energy in your body? a. PYY b. Arcuate nucleus c. Hypothalamus d. Ghrelin e. Glucose

glucose

Researchers have found that happy people tend to

have high self-esteem.

stimulation of portions of the left temporal lobe of the brain during surgery will cause the patient to

hear sounds

Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have predicted the election outcome. This best illustrates:

hindsight bias

Which if the following concepts explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium?

homeostasis

Which of the following concepts provides the best explanation for why people seek to put on warmer clothing when they start to field cold?

homeostasis

what term refers to the ability of the body's physiological processes to maintain a balanced or constant internal state?

homeostasis

which of following concepts provides the best explanation for why people seek to put on warmer clothing when they start to feel cold?

homeostasis

which of the following concepts explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium

homeostasis

Which approach emphasizes the nature of people to maximize their own potential?

humanistic

The section of the brain considered most vital to the initiation of feeding behaviors is

hypothalamus

The section of the brain considered most vital to the initiation of feeding behaviors is the

hypothalamus

people who have experience severe damage to the frontal lobe of the brain seldom regain their ability to

make and carry out plans

when participants in dichotic listening experiments are repeating aloud a message presented in one ear, they are most likely to notice information on the unattended channel if that channel

mention's the participant's name

attempts to control social behavior by using the punishing effects of isolation is an example of

ostracism

Sheila has a favorite book that she enjoys so much she has read it several times. This book is now assigned in her literature class, and students receive gift certificates for each chapter they read. As the class progresses through the book, Sheila finds she enjoys it less. This illustrates

overjustification

Which of the following subsystems of the autonomic nervous system help the body return to "business-as- usual" after an emergency

parasympathetic nervous system.

Alfred Kinsey used a method that allowed for extensive information to be collected from discussions with individual participants. The research method that he used, and his research contributions, were

personal interviews; sexual behavior in women

The basic components of emotion are

physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

Which of the following is the lowest priority motive in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs? a. Belongingness and love needs b. Physiological needs c. Esteem needs d. Self-actualization needs e. Self-transcendence needs

physiological needs

To Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must first be met before belongingness and love become important?

physiological needs & safety needs

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that a. emotional response occurs before cognition. b. physiological response occurs before emotional response. c. emotional response occurs before physiological response. d. cognition occurs before emotional response. e. physiological response and emotion occur independently and simultaneously.

physiological response and emotion occur independently and simultaneously.

the correct order of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top ?

physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization

replication

repeating an experiment to see whether the same results are obtained

The employees at a factory were excellent workers until the week before Christmas when a rumor spread that economic conditions would force the plant to close in four days. The quality and quantity of work took a downturn as the workers spent time discussing among themselves the plausibility of the rumor and what they would do if it were true. Maslow would say that these workers were motivated by

safety and security

schachter- singer

Emotions are a mix of consciously experienced thoughts, expressive behaviors, and physiological arousal. Which theory emphasized the importance of consciously experienced thoughts?

schachter-singer two factor theory

which of the following is the most appropriate criterion for evaluating the predictive validity of an intelligence test?

school grades

Today, psychology is defined as the:

science of behavior and mental processes.

a student who obtained a percentile rank of 75 on an achievement test is best characterized as having

scored higher that 75% of the test takers

intense artificial light is most successfully used as therapy for

seasonal affective disorder

Dr. Ramirez is studying whether emotionally reactive infants tend to become emotionally reactive adults. Dr. Ramirez's research illustrates the ____ issue in psychology.

AP Psych Quiz 7, Psych Final #3, AP PSYCH TEST 4 BOOK QUESTIONS, AP Psychology Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion, Stress, Psych Motivation and Emotion, Psychology Motivation and Emotion Test :(, AP Psychology Exam Study Guide, chap.8, AP Psych Ch. 8 Quiz,...

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