AP PSYCH TEST CHAPTER 3&5

Hughberette has agreed to take part in a sleep study. The researchers are most likely using a(n) __________ to measure her brain waves as she sleeps.

EEG

An undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as ________ is linked to seizures.

GABA

At 3 o'clock in the morning, Hughbertaki has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of

REM sleep

Brain regions that are active are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience

REM sleep

Alpha waves are associated with

a relaxed but awake state

Opiate drugs such as morphine are classified as

agonists because they mimic other neurotransmitters' pain-diminishing effects

When Compton was in high school, he a major crush on Cynde. One afternoon, while sitting together on Cynde's couch, Compton embarrassed himself by saying (in a very breathy way) that her hair smelled really good. The intense emotional experience of being embarrassed arose from a brain structure called the ------, which sits adjacent to the ----- that forms memories, which is why highly emotional events are remembered with a greater accuracy.

amygdala; hippocampus

Curare is a poison with a molecular structure so similar to acetylcholine (ACh) that it blocks the effects of ACh in synapses, making curare which kind of molecule

antagonist

The most expensive regions of the human cerebral cortex, which enable learning and memory, are called the

association areas

Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia, are

barbiturates

The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was

behaviorism

The medulla is to the control of ________ as the cerebellum is to the control of ________.

breathing; walking

Resting potential is to action potential as ________ is to ________.

dendrite; axon

Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter

dopamine

The tremors of Parkinson's disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter

dopamine

The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of

ecstasy

After a car swerves in front of you on the highway, you notice that your heart is still racing, even though you know you are no longer in danger. Why do the physical symptoms of fear linger even after we cognitively realize the danger has passed?

endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by

fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day

An individual experiences brain damage that produces a coma. Which part of the brain was probably damaged?

frontal lobe

In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head. The once friendly, soft-spoken Gage became irritable and dishonest. Gage's case provided evidence that which region of the brain plays a role in personality and behavior?

frontal lobes

Nerve cells in the brain receive life-supporting nutrients and insulating myelin from

glial cells

Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that

hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects

Animal research has revealed a general reward system in the ____ that triggers the release of the neurotransmitter _____

hypothalamus; dopamine

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?

in response to decreasing light to the hypothalamus' suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep

Researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a night's sleep than after several hours awake. This finding suggests that sleep

is involved in the memory process

Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that

many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help

Direct stimulation of the motor cortex would be most likely to result in

movement of the mouth and lips

Research indicates that memories retrieved during hypnosis are

often a combination of fact and fiction

Consciousness is

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?

parietal

Motor neurons are to the _____ nervous system as interneurons are to the _____ nervous system

peripheral; central

The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system that controls ______

peripheral; voluntary muscle movement

If Hughbie doesn't drink caffeinated sodas daily, he experiences severe headaches. Hughbie is most clearly showing signs of

physical dependence

At the age of 22, mrs. hughbertowski was less than 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the

pituitary gland

Which of the following techniques would surgeons use in mapping very specific the areas of the brain responsible for activities, such as movement or speech?

position emission tomography (PET)

What is the pineal gland's role in sleep?

producing melatonin

After drinking three cans of beer, Hughbertowski felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has

reduced his self-awareness

Which part of the brain plays a significant role in our sense of alertness and arousal?

reticular formation

Hughbert has been prescribed Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression that prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place?

reuptake

A picture of a cat is briefly flashed in the left visual field and a picture of a mouse is briefly flashed in the right visual field of a split-brain patient. The individual will be able to use her

right hand to indicate she saw a mouse

As you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming from this paper. Which type of neuron is carrying this message to the brain?

sensory

_________ is the single most important behavioral experience you have

sleep

Mr. Hughbertson occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. His partner complains that he snores. Clearly, Mr. Hughbertson suffers from

sleep apnea

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called

sleep spindles

When Compton thought he was about to be attacked by a black bear, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Compton's state of arousal was activated by his ____ nervous system

sympathetic

REM rebound involves the

tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?

thalamus

Brain plasticity refers to which of the following?

the ability of brain tissue to take on new functions

What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with opiate pain killers?

the brain stops producing endorphins

The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the

threshold

The surgical removal of a large tumor from Hughberthas occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Hughbertha is most likely to suffer some loss of

visual perception

Hughbert has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to

vital infections

Hughbie was able to jerk his hand out of the scalding water before sensing any pain because this withdrawal reflex

was activated by interneurons in her spinal cord

When asked to describe a picture that showed two boys stealing cookies behind a woman's back, a patient replied, "Mother is away her working her work to get her better, but when she's looking the two boys looking the other part." Which brain region has most likely been damaged?

wernicke's area

Forty-year-old Hughbertina insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably

would report a vivid dream if she were awakened during REM sleep