AP Psych U2

Rik, who is an adolescent, was always studious and quiet throughout childhood. His parents are concerned because he suddenly dyed his hair, pierced his tongue, and started hanging out with a different crowd. A few months later, he tried out for the football team and became so active in sports that he neglected his schoolwork. According to psychologists, which of the following would best explain Rik's changes in behavior?

He is going through the process of exploring his identity that many adolescents experience.

19) A nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson's stage of development?

Industry vs. Inferiority

7) Fekru knows that when his teacher pours water from a small, wide glass into a tall, thin glass, the amount of water remains the same even though the tall, thin glass looks like it has more water. Which of the following theories best explains Fekru's ability?

Jean Piaget's theory of conservation

8) Jerry is not able to tie his shoes on his own, but he is able to tie his shoes with the help of his father. Which of the following theories best explains the interaction between Jerry and his father?

Lev Vygotsky's social learning theory, because it includes the concept of zone of proximal development

11) Which of the following scenarios best describes what Erik Erikson thought someone might experience in early adulthood?

Mohammed has dated a few people but has not been very successful, so he has decided to give up on dating.

25) The argument over the relative contributions of heredity and environment in the development of various behaviors and personality traits is known as which of the following controversies?

Nature versus nurture

Trinna and Suzanne are identical twins who were the same length at birth. They were adopted by different families at birth and then reconnected in their early thirties. Trinna is two inches shorter and was a severely selective eater as a child. A researcher was conducting an investigation about twins separated at birth. What research method and explanation best fit this scenario?

A case study, because both heredity and environment are important in determining length and height.

According to Diana Baumrind, which of the following is a parenting style that, among children raised in the United States, is most closely associated with the development of self-reliance and confidence?

Authoritative

Researchers hypothesize that the older a baby is when it begins to crawl, the longer it will take the baby to stop exhibiting earlier rocking behaviors. The researchers go into the infant room of a day care center every day for six weeks. Every time a baby rocks, the researchers record it. They document which babies are already crawlers and at what age each started crawling. What will help the researchers with their investigation?

Their knowledge that rocking behavior develops before crawling behavior and that rocking behavior eventually goes away once crawling behavior begins

Sexual orientation is most likely developed as a result of

a combination of genetics, prenatal hormones, and social influences

16) Four-year-old Craig understands that birds build nests in trees. In his front yard, Craig notices an unusually large nest. He is scared to go near it, fearing that some large bird may attack him. Craig's father explains to him that squirrels also build nests and that the nest in the front yard is that of a squirrel. Craig changes his thinking to now include the fact that squirrels build nests. Jean Piaget would say that Craig's new way of thinking about nests is an example of

accomidation

3) Researchers want to study the effects of teratogens. They should conduct

an experiment using pregnant rats

23) Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm is typically used to test young children's

attachment

17) Five-year-old Mary watches while her teacher pours equal amounts of water into two similar glasses. The liquid from one of the glasses is then poured into a tall, thin container, and Mary is asked which contains more—the original glass or the tall, thin container. She says the tall, thin container contains more liquid. According to Jean Piaget, this example illustrates a lack of

conservation

21) Melissa reads in a parenting magazine that the average age at which children first walk on their own is twelve months old, and most children walk within the range of nine to seventeen months old. The article is discussing the concept of

developmental norms

22) In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, infants who were classified as securely attached were more likely to

express happiness when the mother returned to the room

18) Seven-year-old Maria helps her mother wash the dishes, while her nine-year-old-brother helps their father with the yard work. This involvement of the children in helping activities directly illustrates the process of

gender-role development

Researcher Renee Baillargeon found that four-month-old infants will look longer at a ball if it appears to roll through a solid barrier, demonstrating that babies seem to grasp basic physical laws intuitively. Which of the following theories does this finding challenge?

jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development

15) When ten-month-old Frances throws her toy out of sight, she looks to see where it falls. Developmental psychologists would say that Frances' behavior indicates that she has developed

object permanence

10) Marion is about to turn 102. The death-deferral theory would predict that

she is less likely to die immediately before her birthday

12) Gender stereotypes are developed as a result of

societal norms and other environmental factors

Alexandra wants to test her new baby's Babinski reflex. To elicit the appropriate response, Alexandra will have to

stroke the sole of her babys foot

5) Jaime, a six month old, is fussy and does not transition well between situations. According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, this behavior is part of Jaime's

tempermant

28) A child reading a book points to a picture on the page and calls to his mother in another room and says, "Mommy, who's in this picture?" He expects that she will know what he is pointing at, even though she cannot see it. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this example?

Egocentrism

9) Shaquille is 25 years old and is actively dating in order to find someone to settle down with. Which of the following theorists would best be able to explain Shaquille's behavior?

Erik Erikson

14) Which of the following is true about gender roles in children?

Children often develop traditional gender roles despite parents discouragement of such roles.

4) Mr. and Mrs. Stanley are very strict with their children. They do not spend a lot of time talking with them, except to tell them what to do. Which of the following theorists would be most likely to study this type of parenting behavior?

Diana Baumrind

Amehd, a fifth grader, is passing a note to his friend in class while his teacher is teaching a new type of math problem. When he is later tested on the material, he is unable to recall how to solve a similar problem. Which of the following theories best explains Amehd's difficulty in recalling how to do this type of problem?

The information processing approach, because it focuses on encoding and retrieving information