ap psych unit 14
Charles is studying for a psychology test he has the next day. He re-reads his notes but realizes that he did not take many notes during class because he was always texting. He decides to read the book, but after five minutes Charles is texting again and soon it is midnight. Charles starts to read again, but falls asleep after five minutes. After taking the test and receiving a low score Charles turns to his friend and says, "This teacher is horrible, I stayed up until midnight studying, and I got a 62%. He just doesn't know how to teach." Charles's statement is an example of what?
Self-serving bias.
According to the reward theory of attraction, Julia would most likely be attracted to
Simon, who holds the door open for her each day at school.
Carley and her boyfriend attended a comedy show. The comedian had a packed house and was hilarious. A few weeks later, they asked some friends to join them for the same comedy show. Very few people were in attendance and the comedian was not nearly as funny. Carley and her friends leave disappointed. Which of the following explains why the comedian's performance was compromised in front of a small crowd?
Social facilitation.
Freddy's soccer team is comprised of many talented players. When the team plays at home in front of a cheering crowd, they are undefeated. However, when they are away for games and have very few fans in attendance, they do not play as well. As a result, the team has won only half of their games on the road. According to social psychology, what might play a role in why Freddy's team does so well at home?
Social facilitation.
On the basketball court, Kobe usually makes about seven out of ten shots when he practices alone. When his friends come to watch him shoot, he makes nine out of ten shots. Which of the following BEST illustrates this phenomenon?
Social facilitation.
Mr. Johnson asks his students to return any pencils they borrow to the container at the front of the room when they are done. However, many students do not take the time to do this and within a couple of days, he finds that his pencil container is empty. Which of the following BEST illustrates what has happened with Mr. Johnson's class and the pencil container?
Social trap.
In 1951, one of the very first social psychology experiments was conducted. In this "vision test" participants were asked to identify which line on a set of cards was the same length as the sample in a group setting. Unbeknownst to the participants, the other participants were part of the study and were told to intentionally give an incorrect answer on some cards. The psychologist wanted to see if a person would go against their better judgment and conform to the group. Which social psychologist is known for this study?
Solomon Asch.
One of the first social psychology experiments on conformity tested whether individuals would go against their own visual perception to agree with others in a group. The groups were shown a series of cards that depicted lines of varying lengths. On each card, participants were asked to select which line was the same length as the line in the question. Unbeknownst to the participant, they were the only one participating in the experiment. The other seven were told which answer to give, even if it was incorrect at times. Which social psychologist was responsible for this famous study?
Solomon Asch.
In a study conducted in the 1960s, participants were assigned as either "teachers" or "learners." The "teachers" were told to read a series of word pairs for the "learner" to remember. If the "learner" answered incorrectly, the "teacher" was instructed to administer an electrical shock. The "teachers" were encouraged by the researcher to increase the voltage with each incorrect answer. While the "learners" were never actually shocked, they played the part by crying out in pain. Which of the following psychologists is responsible for this famous social psychology experiment?
Stanley Milgram.
In the 1960s, a social psychology experiment was conducted to try and explain why people like Eichmann and millions of others participated in the Holocaust. This experiment was conducted to see if a person could do horrible things because they were following the orders of someone in authority. Who was responsible for this important social psychology experiment AND how was it conducted?
Stanley Milgram; obedience study using electrical shocks.
Negative stereotypes about certain races or ethnic group can cause members of those groups to perform poorly on tasks at which they would otherwise be successful. Which of the following best describes this concept?
Stereotype threat
Tom is a sixteen-year-old male. He is a fairly aggressive person, sometimes vandalizing school property. He is a linebacker on the football team, where often knocks down the opposing quarterback. During his football games and when engaging in competitive activities, he becomes even more aggressive than usual. Which of the following hormones would have the MOST impact on his aggressive nature?
Testosterone.
According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, what are the two methods of encouraging someone to make a certain choice?
The central route based on facts and the peripheral route, which might use celebrity endorsements.
Aaron's mother will not let him play video games. She makes him turn off his computer and go outside. Aaron loses points for leaving the game early so he lets out the air from his mother's tires. Which of the following concepts explains Aaron's aggressive behavior?
The frustration-aggression principle.
A psychology student concludes that participants in the Milgram study who administered the highest level of shock lacked empathy for others. This student's conclusion most likely results from which of the following?
The fundamental attribution error
When considering the behavior of participants in Milgram's study of obedience, an outside observer assumes that the participants who went to the highest level of shock were inherently vindictive and evil. This is MOST likely due to which of the following?
Fundamental attribution error
Savannah shows up late to her first psychology class. Her professor, Dr. Smith, assumes this happened because Savannah is lazy and disorganized. Dr. Smith's perception of Savannah is BEST explained by which concept?
Fundamental attribution error.
Tonya is accustomed to listening to her teacher talk about psychological terms and theories that seem to contradict each other. With an upcoming vacation and an approaching exam to think about, Tonya is not focused on anything the teacher is saying. However, when Tonya hears about how people would slowly shock a stranger to death in the Milgram experiment, she raises her hand and tells her teacher that she would never do that. What is likely going on inside Tonya's mind?
Fundamental attribution error.
You and your friends are planning to hang out on Friday night. You would really like to see the new movie that is playing, but your friends quickly mention the new amusement park in town. Instead of mentioning the movie, you decide the amusement park is a great idea. This is an example of which of the following social psychological concepts?
Groupthink.
According to the concept of proximity, with which of the following people is Juan most likely to develop a relationship?
His lab partner in biology class.
Which of the following clearly demonstrates the frustration-aggression principle?
In baseball, a pitcher is more likely to hit a member of the opposing team if that opponent previously scored a point against the pitcher's team.
What is a key difference between groupthink and group polarization?
In groupthink, the group needs to come to a decision, whereas in group polarization, people are discussing their individual views.
Michael strongly believes that cheating is wrong and prides himself on the fact that his academic achievement is a product of his own hard work and effort. According to Solomon Asch's conformity studies, which of the following situations would MOST likely influence Michael to cheat?
In his calculus class with students his own age, the teacher regularly leaves the classroom during tests. Students freely ask for help from one another while the teacher is out of the room.
When it is time to register for classes for next school year, Phoebe will only sign up for classes that her friends are also taking. She thinks the other students at her school would make poor classmates. Which of the following psychological concepts is Phoebe exemplifying?
In-group bias.
If harm was inflicted on a person, it would only be called aggression if there was which of the following?
Intent.
Ella is an introverted 28-year-old woman who is finishing her residency in pediatric oncology and enjoys watching horror movies. Based on the concept of similarity, with which of the following people would Ella most likely form a relationship?
José, who is an introverted 28-year-old medical student who enjoys ghost stories.
In 1964, a young lady was brutally murdered on her way home from work in Queens, New York. Dozens of people reported hearing her scream out for help, but none came to her personal aid. Who was the young lady that was murdered AND what social psychology term has been created to explain why people did not come to her aid?
Kitty Genovese; bystander effect.
Chase recently cheated on a math test. He knew cheating was wrong but rationalized his behavior by telling himself that people cheat all the time and he didn't have time to study. Which of the following concepts best explains Chase's behavior?
Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance
Stanley is hired as a security guard at a local store so that customers feel safe and potential shoplifters are discouraged from stealing. He has never worked in security before and is unsure of how to make people think that he has authority. Which of the following pieces of advice would help Stanley the MOST?
Make sure to find a uniform, and if possible a badge and store identification so as to be clearly identified as security.
Eight-year-old John notices that his dad is more aggressive than his mom. According to the biological theory of aggression, which of the following BEST explains this observation?
Males have higher levels of testosterone than women
Heterosexual females tend to be attracted to males with physical attributes that indicate an ability to survive and provide for offspring. For this reason, which of the following physical attributes would heterosexual females most likely find attractive in a male?
Mature facial features
Stanley Milgram became famous for his "shocking" experiment in the 1960s. In this experiment, he divided participants into two groups: "teachers" and "learners." "Teachers" were instructed to shock the "learners" for every wrong answer they provided. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Milgram's social psychology experiment?
Most of the "teachers" protested that they did not want to continue the study, but almost two-thirds of the "teachers" proceeded with the researcher's demands and continued all the way to 450 fake volts.
Which of the following is an example of a social norm?
Only certain clothing is acceptable to wear to a funeral.
In the popular Chinatown in New York City, Chinese-American residents see themselves as unique and individual. However, many other people living in the area see all Chinatown residents as the same. Which social psychology principle does this best demonstrate?
Out-group homogeneity bias
Stanley Milgram implemented a number of features to increase participants' level of obedience in his famous study. Which of the following elements probably did NOT cause participants to be more obedient?
Participants were paid for taking part in the experiment.
Thomas needs a new pair of shoes. Instead of doing extensive research on many types of shoes, he runs to the store and buys a new pair of shoes after seeing that his favorite professional basketball player wears them during games. Thomas' behavior is MOST indicative of what psychological phenomenon?
Peripheral route to persuasion.
Which of the following correctly pairs the social psychology experiment with the appropriate psychologist?
Philip Zimbardo . . Stanford prison experiment.
Which of the following BEST explains the main difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is a behavior.
When Thomas became a father, his attitude about safety changed almost immediately. This BEST shows the impact of what concept?
Role-playing.
Samantha is the pitcher on the high school softball team. When her team wins, she is quick to take credit for the number of batters she struck out. However, when they lose, she fails to mention the number of hits she gave up. Instead, she blames her team's fielders for not playing well. Which social psychology principle is Samantha demonstrating?
Self-serving bias
When Johanna does well on her first psychology exam, she believes it is due to her diligent preparation. When she struggles on a subsequent exam, she complains to her friends that it is because the professor did a poor job teaching the material. Johanna's perception of her performances on the two exams is BEST explained by which concept?
Self-serving bias
Which of the following is an example of instrumental aggression?
A defensive lineman tackles the ball carrier to prevent the opposing team from scoring a touchdown.
A student is diagnosed with a learning disability and consistently feels as though the teacher is calling him out. As a result, the student stops trying, since he believes that he is going to fail anyway. What does this situation exemplify?
A self-fulfilling prophecy.
Nathan and Min-Jung have been dating for nine months and have expressed that they love one another. They are excited at the thought of seeing each other and describe this sensation as "butterflies in their stomach". Which hormones and neurotransmitters are at work in Nathan and Min-Jung?
Adrenaline and dopamine.
Which example BEST illustrates groupthink for the prom committee trying to choose between "masquerade" or "Paris" as their theme for the dance?
All members of the group quietly have concerns about "Paris" but do not voice them because they want the group to get along, and it seems like people are leaning towards "Paris."
Farley was driving to school when he was cut off by a truck. Farley feared he was going to get into an accident. Unable to control his anger, Farley shouted at the driver. Which part of Farley's brain activated his anger response?
Amygdala.
Research suggests that frustration alone is not enough to lead to aggression. In combination with frustration, which additional factor MOST often contributes to aggression?
Appropriate environmental cues.
Which of the following is the best example of discrimination?
Candance refuses to allow any teenage boys to babysit her two-year-old daughter.
Sherry is a very effective car saleswoman. Rather than being pushy with customers or relying on her charisma, she is extremely knowledgeable about her product, listens to her customers, and suggests cars with features that match their wants and needs. Which term BEST describes how Sherry is able to convince her customers to buy cars?
Central route to persuasion.
An experiment was conducted in which some subjects were given $20 to complete a boring task, and others were given $1. Afterwards, subjects rated how much they enjoyed the task. Surprisingly, those that were given only $1 reported enjoying the task more than those receiving $20. Researchers concluded that this occurred because those receiving $1 felt a greater need to justify completing the task for such a small amount of money. The results of this experiment BEST illustrate which psychological concept?
Cognitive dissonance theory.
A client wants to quit smoking because he knows it is unhealthy. However, he tells his therapist that he smokes cigarettes because he eats healthily. The client believes that the benefits of eating healthy will outweigh the damage caused by smoking. What concept explains the thought process that the therapist should help the client overcome?
Cognitive dissonance.
Johnny decided to cheat on his psychology test. While he initially felt guilty about doing this, he concluded that it was an appropriate action to take because his teacher had done a poor job teaching the unit, and he was not going to become a psychologist anyway. Johnny's change in attitude is BEST explained by which of the following?
Cognitive dissonance.
The famous Robber's Cave experiment (Sherif, 1954, 1958, 1961) involved two different groups of boys at a summer camp in Oklahoma. The groups engaged in intense competitions while at camp and quickly started to dislike one another. Then, the two groups were forced to work together to accomplish specific tasks. In this experiment, the researchers studied which of the following concepts in regards to the feelings of the groups toward one another?
Conflict resolution
A school hosts a soccer game in front of the entire student body. The girls' team is very young and inexperienced, but the boys' team is full of seniors who have played for four years. While both teams have a similar record going into the game, the teams play very differently during the in-school game in front of a packed stadium. The girls play well below their ability and lose miserably. However, the boys who typically play tougher opponents, revel in the attention and play their best game of the season. How would a social psychologist explain EACH teams' performance during the in-school game?
The girls are experiencing social inhibition, while the boys are demonstrating social facilitation.
A young lawyer feels upset about arguing on behalf of a client whose actions she believes are immoral. According to Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following is MOST likely to occur?
The lawyer will adjust her personal ideas to justify her role as an advocate for the client.
A television commercial featuring the voice of a world-famous athlete features a detailed description of the challenges he faced when he was young and the hard work required to become a champion. At the end of the commercial the audience sees the logo of the athlete's signature brand of shoe but is never given any specific information about the product. What form of persuasion does this commercial represent?
The peripheral route to persuasion.
According to research on pluralistic ignorance, what variable impacts the likelihood that individuals will try to report an emergency situation such as smoke entering a room?
The presence of other people in the room who are not doing anything about the situation.
What is confirmation bias?
The tendency to search for information that is consistent with our beliefs.
In a culture with a pervasive stereotype that males are aggressive, which of the following is most likely true?
Two men in an argument are more likely to raise their voices than two women in an argument.
According to evolutionary psychology, which of the following best describes why we are attracted to people who look similar to us?
We develop relationships with people who do not appear to be a threat to us, which includes people who look like us.
The idea that we should return favors to people who have helped us in the past is called
a reciprocity norm.
Eustace is a noodler (somebody who fishes with his bare hands). Eustace worries this unusual hobby will hinder his ability to make friends. Thus, he is quiet around new people who do not get the chance to get to know him. They in turn find him stand-offish and do not invite him to gatherings. This is an example of
a self-fulfilling prophecy.
The "prisoner's dilemma" is a famous thought experiment in which two robbers are arrested and given the opportunity to confess their crimes or remain silent. The prisoners are forced to weigh their own best interests against the interest of their partner. This dilemma is a classic example of
a social trap.
In Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, young men assigned to the role of guards were given mirrored sunglasses and uniforms. While feeling a sense of anonymity in a group, they began to lose self-restraint and act aggressively. This describes a phenomenon known as
deindividuation.
Demetri's family moves to rural Pennsylvania, where there is a large Amish population. When Demetri sees the Amish families living in homes without air conditioning or working hard in their fields, he tells his dad he feels bad for the Amish people and feels it is wrong that they have to live how they do. Demetri's judgment of the Amish culture is an example of
ethnocentricism.
Charlie was not aware that the father of the pitcher on his son's baseball team had recently passed away. The pitcher has two bad games in a row and Charlie tells his son that the pitcher has been slacking and is not taking the game seriously. This incorrect assessment of the pitcher is due to the
fundamental attribution error.
Joanne and her friends are supporters of a new movement. After going to a rally with thousands of fellow supporters, they become stronger in their views. This strengthening of their views BEST exemplifies
group polarization.
Tyson's friends want to go out for pizza, but he would rather eat something else. Tyson is most likely to conform to the opinions of his group of friends and go out for pizza if
he is new to the group and looking to make friends.
Studies on groupthink show that this phenomenon often occurs in group decision making settings where
individuals in the group avoid sharing doubts or contradicting opinions in order to avoid conflict.
A psychologist is studying the impact of personality on a person's initial judgment of others. He or she is most likely studying
interpersonal perception.
Desegregation started to take place in the U.S. during the 1960s. One of the goals of this process was to help build positive associations and relationships between Caucasians and African Americans by utilizing the
mere exposure effect.
People are MOST likely to be influenced by peripheral route to persuasion if they are
not as invested in the outcome.
According to the evolutionary approach, aggression
once helped our ancestors compete for a mate.
Because many of her favorite celebrities follow a vegetarian diet, Tyra has decided to commit to a meat-free diet. Tyra's decision is most likely the rest of
peripheral route to persuasion.
When companies use beautiful supermodels to endorse their products, they are attempting to use
peripheral route to persuasion.
Donald is a 70-year-old healthy and active senior. After being retired for a few years, he decides to re-enter the workforce and applies to work as a server at a popular restaurant in town. When reviewing his application, the restaurant manager expresses concern for Donald's ability to perform the duties of the job at 70. The manager's concern is an example of
prejudice.
The mere exposure effect is most dependent upon
proximity.
John did not get into the college of his choice, and he blames his teachers for failing to adequately prepare him. John's beliefs are an example of
scapegoating.
When gas prices increase after an election, people often blame the newly elected officials, especially if they belong to the opposite political party. This is an example of
scapegoating.
Zach blamed his teacher for making bad test questions when he failed his science test. Zach's assessment of cause and effect in this situation is an example of the
self-serving bias.
Sally is competing in a race. Once she sees her family cheering for her in the stands, she immediately begins to run faster. This response can MOST likely be attributed to
social facilitation.
Sam's old neighbor had teenage boys that were very noisy and rambunctious. When a new neighbor moves in with three teenage boys, he assumes they will be loud and rowdy. Sam's preconceived opinion about his new neighbors is an example of
stereotyping.
The Freudian idea that we attribute our own opinions to others is most closely related to the modern social psychology concept of
the false consensus effect.
When Ellie sees her best friend stealing a small trinket from a store, Ellie assumes she must be doing it for a good reason. Ellie's beliefs are based on
the halo effect.
According to evolutionary psychology, males are more likely to be attracted to females with a low waist-to-hip ratio because it represents
the likelihood that the female produces healthy offspring.
Students in a psychology class are divided into two groups based on whether they wore sandals or sneakers to school that day and asked to describe the opposite group. According to in-group and out-group biases, the students who wore sneakers will most likely claim that
the sandals group made poor decisions about their footwear and look unattractive in sandals
Heterosexual males might have increased attraction to physical attributes that suggest females can produce healthy offspring. For this reason, heterosexual males would most likely be attracted to females with
youthful facial features.
Jordan has a crush on Morgan. According to research on the mere exposure effect, how can Jordan increase the chance of gaining Morgan's affection?
By running into and hanging out with Morgan frequently.
After the local football team won the championship, fans began to riot, loot local businesses, and damage private property. Which phenomenon of group behavior BEST explains this occurrence?
Deindividuation.
Which of the following would BEST explain why people participate in riots?
Deindividuation.
Which of the following is the BEST example of deindividuation?
Devon, who is normally quite polite, feels anonymous in a large crowd waiting in line for tickets and shouts rude insults at the concert venue.
Dr. James is usually a kind and patient teacher, but one day in class he loses his temper with a couple of students. His students are MOST likely to make a dispositional attribution when explaining Dr. James' behavior if
Dr. James has lost his temper in class before.
According to research, which statement BEST summarizes the effects of viewing violent media?
Experiments have shown that viewing violent media can cause increased levels of aggressive behavior in children.
Which of the following scenarios led to the highest levels of obedience to authority in Stanley Milgram's shock experiments?
When the authority figure was from a prestigious institution.
