AP psych unit 2 test

This graph shows the changing electrical charge of a neuron when it activates. Pick the alternative that correctly labels the different phases depicted in the graph.

1= resting potential, 2= ions cross membrane, 3= action potential, 4= refractory period

1=hypothalamus, 2=thalamus, 3=hippocampus, 4= amygdala

1=hypothalamus, 2=thalamus, 3=hippocampus, 4= amygdala

_____ is to Alzheimer's disease as _____ is to Parkinson's disease.

Acetylcholine; dopamine

The effects of opiates mimic the endorphin neurotransmitter. This class of psychoactive drug is considered which of the following?

Agonist

Known for the Bobo Doll Experiment, _____________, was interested in seeing the impact of how modeling a specific behavior could influence one's own imitation of that same behavior.

Albert Bandura

Which drug is incorrectly matched with its category?

Alcohol; stimulant

Following her stroke, Fernando's grandmother could understand what she read or what was being said to her. However, she had great difficulty speaking. Based on these observations, Fernando suspected that his grandmother's stroke had produced damage in:

Broca's area.

Carla has agreed to take part in a sleep study. The researchers are most likely using a(n) _____ to measure her brain waves as she sleeps.

EEG

Which dream theory believes that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories?

Information-processing.

This group is responsible for reviewing all proposed research to make sure it follows ethical guidelines.

Institutional Review Board

Eric became extremely frustrated and angry with his brother so Eric decided to meet with a psychologist to discuss his situation. Eric's psychologist told him that it is best to reward himself every time he says something nice to his brother in order to change his behavior. Eric's psychologist is most likely in alignment with which of the following individuals?

John Watson

What is the main difference between an MRI scan and an fMRI scan?

MRI scans show structural details of the brain, fMRI scans show structure and activity levels.

While engaged in an argument with his brother, a man suddenly falls asleep. With which sleep disorder is he most likely to be diagnosed? What type of sleep disorder is this categorized as?

Narcolepsy, Dyssomnia

"Little Mo" was extremely short for his age. His doctors concluded the brain was not stimulating the proper release of hormones necessary for growth. What area of the brain are they probably focusing on?

Pituitary Gland

Dreaming usually takes place during _____ sleep and is typically accompanied by _____.

REM; physiological arousal, brain activity, and rapid movement of the eyes

_____ neurons convey information about the environment from the sense organs to the brain, and _____ neurons communicate information to the muscles and glands.

Sensory; motor

What occurs during the refractory period?

The neuron reestablishes the negative-inside/positive-outside condition.

Which term describes the brain's adaptation to a drug's chemistry, requiring larger and larger doses to experience the same effect?

Tolerance

Which of the following best defines a neurotransmitter?

a chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons

When a neuron receives enough excitatory signals to reach the stimulus threshold at -55mv the neuron will now fire no matter what. This response is known as

an all-or-none response.

Most neurons have all of the following parts, EXCEPT:

association areas.

Heartbeat, digestion, and other self-regulating bodily functions are governed by the:

autonomic nervous system

Tracy is a split-brain patient seated in front of a screen. As she focuses on the middle of the screen, the image of a fork is briefly flashed on the RIGHT side of the screen. Tracy will:

be able to verbally name the object.

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

circadian rhythm.

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of

conscious experience

Alcohol initially produces feelings of euphoria, talkativeness, and outgoing behavior because it:

depresses activity in the brain regions involved with self-control and judgment, lowering inhibitions.

__________ is to motor neurons as __________ is to sensory neurons.

efferent, afferent

After surgery, physicians may prescribe a medication to relieve pain. Such a medication would most likely mimic the effects of _____.

endorphins

Following a nail gun wound to his head, Jack became more uninhibited, irritable, dishonest, and profane. It is likely that his personality change was the result of an injury to his:

frontal lobe

The endocrine system involves communication by chemical messengers called _____, which circulate through the _____.

hormones; bloodstream

Over the course of several months and for no apparent reason, Jennifer became progressively more despondent, withdrawn, and listless. Her doctor accurately diagnosed the problem as major depression and started Jennifer on an antidepressant drug called Prozac. Three weeks later, Jennifer was much improved. Like some other antidepressant drugs, Prozac works by _____ the availability of _____ in the brain.

increasing; serotonin

Hadley is complaining to her physician that she has great difficulty falling asleep, and that when she does fall asleep, she regularly wakens later during the night. She will most likely be diagnosed with

insomnia

Sigmund Freud believed dreams have ___________________ content (images themselves) and ________________ content (disguised meaning).

manifest; latent

When President John F. Kennedy was hit by a sniper's bullet in the back of his head, he died almost instantly, because the bullet destroyed the part of his brain called the _____, which controls breathing, heartbeat, and other vital body functions.

medulla

Presynaptic neuron is to postsynaptic neuron as:

message-sending neuron is to message-receiving neuron.

The stimulus threshold of the neuron refers to the:

minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron.

In synaptic transmission, the action potential stimulates the release of:

neurotransmitters by the synaptic vesicles.

Paul was awakened by a thumping noise in the middle of the night. Frightened, he jumped out of bed to investigate. Hearing a muffled meow, Paul realized that his cat was shut in the closet and was pushing against the door. Breathing a sigh of relief, Paul let the cat out of the closet and went back to bed. Which subdivision of the nervous system helped calm down and restore Paul's body functioning back to normal?

parasympathetic

As you wait in line at the airport, the guy behind you is standing so close that his briefcase is pushing against your leg. The sensation of the briefcase touching and pushing against you is being processed in your:

parietal lobe.

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the _____ and the _____.

peripheral nervous system; central nervous system

-70 millivolts is to a _______________ neuron as +30 millivolts is to a ________________ neuron.

polarized, depolarized

In a resting state, the axon is:

polarized, with mostly positively charged ions outside and negatively charged ions inside.

Which of the following invasive techniques would surgeons use in mapping the areas of the brain responsible for specific activities, such as movement or speech?

positron emission tomography (PET)

When a neurotransmitter communicates an inhibitory message to a postsynaptic neuron, which of the following statements is true about the postsynaptic neuron?

postsynaptic neuron is less likely to have an action potential.

Chemical substances that can alter arousal, mood, thinking, sensation, and perception are called:

psychoactive drugs.

The function of dendrites is to

receive incoming signals from other neurons.

Following a head injury, a person has ongoing difficulties staying awake. Most likely, the damage occurred to the:

reticular formation.

A parasomnia called _____ involves sharply increased physiological arousal, restlessness, sweating, a racing heart, and intense fear accompanied by a panic-stricken scream or cry for help with no recollection of the episode in the morning.

sleep terrors

As you are taking a test, you inadvertently drop your pencil, reach down, pick it up, and put it back on the desk. This voluntary action involved motor signals that were communicated out to your muscles via the _____ nervous system.

somatic

As you are lying in bed, your mind begins to drift and you become increasingly drowsy. During this short, transitional stage of sleep you disengage from the routine sounds in your environment. This sleep stage is called:

stage 1 NREM.

The appearance of sleep spindles & K complexes on an EEG indicate the beginning of _____ of sleep.

stage 2

You are a subject in an experiment who is told: "Look at this apple very carefully and tell me your exact sensations and feelings as you experience them." The experimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology?

structuralism

Maria heard a strange banging noise just outside her bedroom window in the middle of the night. She froze in fear, and her heart began to pound. Maria's heightened physical arousal involved the activation of which subdivision of the nervous system?

sympathetic

Dr. Frankenstein made a mistake during neurosurgery on his monster. After the operation, the monster "saw" with his ears and "heard" with his eyes. It is likely that Dr. Frankenstein "rewired" neural connections in the monster's:

thalamus

Multiple sclerosis is a disease that involves:

the degeneration of the myelin sheath, slowing or interrupting the transmission of neural messages.

You've been studying biology in the library for the last couple of hours when you realize that you're getting really hungry and thirsty. Which brain structure played a key role in triggering feelings of hunger and thirst?

the hypothalamus

Neurotransmitters are released into:

the synaptic gap.

The occipital lobe is to _____ as the temporal lobe is to _____.

vision; audition

If people abstain from a drug after they have become physically addicted to it, they may experience _____, which include craving for the drug and unpleasant physical reactions that are sometimes opposite to the drug's original effects.

withdrawal symptoms