AP Psych Unit 4 Review

During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could detect very few of them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's • absolute threshold. • auditory threshold. • subliminal threshold. • difference threshold. • adaptation threshold.

absolute threshold. (correct answer)

Subliminal messages flashed for a fraction of second during a television program may go unnoticed by viewers because it is below their • synaesthesia. • difference thresholds. • parallel processing. • absolute threshold. • kinesthesis.

absolute threshold. (correct answer)

Feature detectors • are retinal cells that allow you to see in dim light and are located in the periphery of the eye. • are primarily located in the fovea. • cause the lens to change its curvature in response to incoming light waves. • are nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that fire in response to specific edges, lines, and angles. • combine to form the optic nerve, which sends visual information to the brain.

are nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that fire in response to specific edges, lines, and angles. (correct answer)

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the colored muscle known as the • optic nerve. • iris. • feature detectors. • retina. • lens.

iris. (correct answer)

The fact that people have color deficient vision, or are colorblind, is attributed • to an absence of rods in the fovea. • lack of red or green sensitive cones. • deterioration of their pupil. • damage to the iris. • thalamus malfunction.

lack of red or green sensitive cones. (correct answer)

Joe Wilson, age 55, has been told by experts that a hearing aid would restore his conduction hearing loss. It is likely that Joe's hearing loss involves problems within the • auditory canal. • outer ear. • auditory nerve. • middle ear. • fovea.

middle ear. (correct answer)

Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the • cochlea. • semicircular canals. • inner ear. • middle ear • vestibular sacs.

middle ear. (correct answer)

Why is transduction important to sensation? • It causes the lens to focus light waves on the retina by changing its curvature. • It explains our diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. • It converts physical stimuli, such as light, into neural messages. • It demonstrates how our experiences and expectations affect whether we perceive a stimuli. • It illustrates how much of information processing occurs automatically.

It converts physical stimuli, such as light, into neural messages. (correct answer)

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates • Weber's law. • accommodation. • the opponent-process theory. • the McGurk effect. • sensory adaptation.

Weber's law. (correct answer)

Evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the ________ theory. • Young-Helmholtz • frequency • signal detection • opponent-process • gate-control

Young-Helmholtz (correct answer)

The amplitude of electromagnetic waves determines the ________ of light. • absolute threshold • hue • wavelength • difference threshold • brightness

brightness (correct answer)

While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. Afterwards, the man failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates • bottom-up processing. • gate-control theory. • change blindness. • blind spot. • top-down processing.

change blindness. (correct answer)

The coiled, fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called the • vestibular apparatus. • auditory canal. • eustachian tube. • cochlea. • semicircular canal.

cochlea. (correct answer)

Damage to the fovea would have the greatest effect on • kinesthesis. • color distinctions and visual detail. • sensory adaptation. • night vision. • peripheral vision.

color distinctions and visual detail.

Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish colors and fine detail in daylight conditions? • cones • bipolar cells • optic nerves • feature detectors • rods

cones (correct answer)

Which of the following is the correct order of structures light passes through in the eye? • pupil, optic nerve, retina, lens, rods • cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina • lens, cornea, pupil, retina, iris • retina, lens, cornea, rods, cones • pupil, cornea, retina, lens, optic nerve

cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina (correct answer)

Bobby did not notice when an extra 1 pound weight was added to the weight machine but he did notice when a 10 pound weight was added. This illustrates • parallel processing. • absolute thresholds. • sensory adaptation. • sensory interaction. • difference thresholds.

difference thresholds. (correct answer)

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that sound waves pass through on the way to the auditory nerve? • inner ear, middle ear, cochlea, eardrum • hammer, eardrum, basilar membrane, cochlea • hammer, anvil, stirrup, eardrum, cochlea • eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea • cochlea, hammer, anvil, stirrup, eardrum

eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea (correct answer)

Jim has been diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss as a result of damage to hair cells in his cochlea. He now has a cochlear implant to convert sounds into • decibels. • fluid vibrations. • neurotransmitters. • air pressure changes. • electrical signals.

electrical signals. (correct answer)

The mechanical vibrations triggered by sound waves are transduced into neural impulses by • the eardrum. • the auditory cortex. • the oval window. • the vestibular apparatus. • hair cells.

hair cells. (correct answer)

Standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, Jerry kept looking at his watch to see the time. As a result, he failed to see that a store employee in the next checkout line was being robbed. Jerry most clearly suffered • feature detectors. • place theory. • sensory interaction. • blind spot. • inattentional blindness.

inattentional blindness. (correct answer)

Movement of the hair cells along the basilar membrane • produces large-fiber activity in the spinal cord that closes the "gate" so we don't feel pain. • initiates transduction and the transmission of neural messages to the auditory cortex. • stimulates the taste receptor cells and helps us to distinguish between different taste sensations. • allows us to sense our body's position and movement. • causes the olfactory bulb to send signals to the primary smell cortex.

initiates transduction and the transmission of neural messages to the auditory cortex. (correct answer)

The ability to simultaneously recognize the color, shape, size, and speed of an oncoming automobile best illustrates • parallel processing. • blindsight. • subliminal perception. • sensory interaction. • kinesthesis.

parallel processing.

Being able to simultaneously perceive the color, motion, and form of a bird in flight illustrates • trichromatic theory. • parallel processing. • place theory. • serial processing. • opponent-process theory.

parallel processing. (correct answer)

As the brain receives information about the lines, angles, and edges of objects in the environment, higher-level cells process and interpret the information to consciously recognize objects. This process best illustrates • inattentive blindness. • perception. • selective attention. • psychophysics. • sensation.

perception. (correct answer)

After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, Jason experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. Jason's hearing loss is best explained by the ________ theory. • Weber • place • gate-control • Young-Helmholtz • opponent-process

place (correct answer)

Photographs of people were rated more positively if the photos immediately followed a briefly flashed image of kittens. This best illustrates the impact of • interposition. • retinal disparity. • sensory adaptation. • priming. • prosopagnosia.

priming. (correct answer)

The black opening in the center of the eye that light passes through before hitting the lens is the • blind spot. • iris. • retina. • fovea. • pupil.

pupil. (correct answer)

The light-sensitive inner surface at the back of the eye, containing the rods and cones, is the • optic nerve. • iris. • retina. • cornea. • fovea.

retina. (correct answer)

The receptor cells that convert light energy into neural signals are called • ganglion cells. • bipolar cells. • rods and cones. • opponent processors. • feature detectors.

rods and cones. (correct answer)

Under very dim levels of illumination • rods fire according to place theory to perceive the available light. • feature detectors in the retina activate. • rods are more light-sensitive than cones. • the iris constricts to allow less light to reach the retina. • foveas react to increase the sensitivity of the optic nerve.

rods are more light-sensitive than cones. (correct answer)

Because she was listening to the news on the radio, Mrs. Schultz didn't perceive a word her husband was saying. Her experience best illustrates • opponent-process theory. • choice blindness. • Gestalt. • gate-control theory. • selective attention.

selective attention. (correct answer)

In University of Utah driving-simulation experiments, students conversing on cell phones were slower to detect and respond to traffic signals. This best illustrates • retinal disparity. • gate-control theory. • place theory. • the phi phenomenon. • selective attention.

selective attention. (correct answer)

When you look at an apple, its reflected light travels to the eye where the rods and cones absorb the light. This process best illustrates • psychophysics. • sensation. • selective attention. • perception. • top-down processing.

sensation. (correct answer)

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates • Weber's law. • the volley principle. • sensory adaptation. • transduction. • accommodation.

sensory adaptation. (correct answer)

Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the • optic nerve. • sensory receptors. • feature detectors. • occipital lobe. • cerebral cortex.

sensory receptors. (correct answer)

Because of his training, a forest ranger may notice the faintest scent of a forest fire, whereas visitors staying at the campground may not detect the same scent. This fact could be explained by • the Young-Helmholtz theory. • frequency theory. • signal detection theory. • opponent-process theory. • place theory.

signal detection theory. (correct answer)

Visual sensory information is processed in the • cochlea. • front area of the brain. • thalamus then relayed to the occipital lobe. • auditory nerve. • electromagnetic spectrum

thalamus then relayed to the occipital lobe. (correct answer)

Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as • the color red and the shortest visible waves as blue-violet. • the color red and the shortest visible waves as green. • the color blue and the shortest visible waves as yellow. • the color blue-violet and the shortest visible waves as red. • the color black and the shortest visible waves as white.

the color red and the shortest visible waves as blue-violet. (correct answer)

The pitch of a sound is determined by what? • the vestibular level of the sound wave • the frequency of the sound wave • the decibel level of the sound wave • the amplitude of the sound wave • the loudness of the sound wave

the frequency of the sound wave (correct answer)

Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by • the opponent-process theory. • the gate-control theory. • place theory. • the Young-Helmholtz theory. • frequency theory.

the opponent-process theory. (correct answer)

Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of • accommodation. • difference thresholds. • transduction. • top-down processing. • sensory adaptation.

top-down processing. (correct answer)

The local fire department sounds the alarm. The process by which your ears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses that your brain recognizes as the alarm is an example of • transduction. • parallel processing. • sensory adaptation. • accommodation. • sensory interaction.

transduction. (correct answer)

If we could stop our eyes from quivering as we stared at a stationary object, the object would probably __ as a result of our sensory adaptation. • appear to expand. • stimulate feature detector cells located in the retina. • vanish from sight. • glow in the dark. • appear more brilliantly colored.

vanish from sight. (correct answer)