AP PSYCH UNIT 7

Jacinda failed her last history midterm. Which of the following conclusions would be most representative of a self-serving bias on Jacinda's part?

"I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing."

Brain scans of people viewing erotic material reveal a more active ________ in men than in women.

Amygdala

People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of

Anger

Which of the following is an example of a person experiencing ostracism?

Anthony was frequently ignored in the locker room by his teammates who were angry with him

Every day, after a long day of work, Juan heads out to practice his skydiving maneuvers. He often spends weekends jumping out of planes and bungee jumping. Which of the following motivation theories most correctly explains why Juan enjoys these risky behaviors?

Arousal Theory

What is inferiority complex?

Belief that adult struggles are linked to childhood experiences of feeling inferior

What affects libido?

Both hormones and age affect libido

Tranquilizing drugs that inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity often reduce people's subjective experience of intense anxiety. Which theory of emotion would have the greatest difficulty explaining this effect?

Cannon-Bard

Of the following, who would be most interested in the fact that many cultures share stories containing a "hero" character, such as King Arthur of Great Britain, Quetzlcoatl of the Aztecs, and Hercules of the ancient Greeks?

Carl Jung

What is the collective unconscious?

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities is known as

Denial

Where is PYY And what's its effect on hunger?

Digestive Tract;Decreases Hunger

A survivalist has been in the forest for over two weeks and is out of food and water. In desperation, she has begun eating leaves and various insects and can think of nothing more than satisfying her hunger. Which of the following theories would best explain her motivation to eat these items?

Drive-Reduction Theory

Our natural tendency to be ignorant of our own incompetence is called

Dunning-Kruger Effect

Seligman's positive psychology seeks to

Enable people to flourish

Ernie has begun watching sexually explicit movies. Based on research, how might this activity affect his relationship with his wife?

Ernie is likely to view his wife as less attractive.

According to Masters and Johnson, what is the correct order of the sexual response cycle?

Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution

External and Internal Sexual Stimuli are not impacted by Sociocultural Norms and Values.

False

Gender and Sex are the same

False

Positive emotions, negative emotions, and fear look the same on brain scans.

False

There is no evolutionary purpose to the female orgasm.

False

Where is Leptin? And what's its effect on hunger?

Fat Cells;Decreases Hunger

What is psychoanalysis?

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

What is Type A?

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

What is Type B?

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

Mohandas Gandhi and Alice Paul are two historical figures who often fasted or used hunger strikes as a means of gaining attention to their cause. Their motivations would be best explained by which of the following theories of motivation?

Hierarchy of Needs

During the oedipus complex a boy would be in love with

His mother

Where is Orexin And what's its effect on hunger?

Hypothalamus;Increases Hunger

Which is developed first?

Id

Freud believed our minds were divided into three driving forces. what were there names?

Id, Ego, and Superego

What is hierarchy of needs?

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Who is the best example of a Type B personality?

Mauriucca, a relaxed, understanding social worker

What part of the mind is the Id stored in?

Mostly Unconscious

Which of the following is an example of the feel-good, do-good phenomenon?

Niko is praised by his teacher and later volunteers to help his mother clean the garage.

The sweet spot where you have just enough adrenaline to keep you alert, but not so much that you are freaking out.

Optimal arousal

What is the arousal theory?

Our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal motivates behaviors that meet no physiological need (such as our yearning for stimulation and our hunger for information)

Secretion of the female hormones, the estrogens, peaks during

Ovulation

Feelings of hunger are suppressed at least temporarily by the hormone

PYY

Where is Insulin? And what's its effect on hunger?

Pancreas;Increases and Decreases Hunger

Participants with golf tees attached above the eyebrows were asked to make the tees touch. In doing so, they created expressions consistent with frowning. Based on facial-feedback research, what are the participants most likely to experience while viewing scenes of war?

Participants would be more likely to feel sad

What is the general adaptation syndrome?

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

It is more accurate to say:

Sexual Orientation is due to nature

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer

Where is Ghrelin? And what's its effect on hunger?

Stomach;Increases Hunger

What is empathy?

The ability to share others' feelings and reflect their meanings

What is testosterone?

The main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes and it stimulates sperm production

Theory that states to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.

Two-Factor Theory

Which researcher believed that our body's responses were not distinct enough to evoke different emotions?

Walter Cannon

The fight-or-flight response is to ________ as the general adaptation syndrome is to ________.

Walter Cannon; Hans Selye

What is terror management theory?

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

American students are more likely than Japanese students to describe themselves in terms of their

academic abilities

What is self-actualization?

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

What is self-transcendence?

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are

alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

What is a self-concept?

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

The characteristic that most clearly contributes to the disease vulnerability of Type A personalities is their feelings of

anger

Research on nonverbal communication indicates that

blind children who have never observed others demonstrate normal facial expressions of emotion

According to the optimal arousal theory, people are motivated to avoid both ____ and ____.

boredom and stress

The Oedipus complex is the term used by Freud to describe

boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother.

Personality is best defined as an individual's

characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of

childhood sexual instincts

Within the framework of Bandura's reciprocal determinism, an external locus of control refers to a(n)

cognitive factor

Contemporary psychologists are LEAST likely to agree with Freud's belief that

conscience and gender identity form during the process of resolving the Oedipus complex.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the body's arousal is related to the sympathetic nervous system in the same way that subjective awareness of emotion is related to the

cortex

A person whose self-esteem is momentarily threatened is especially likely to

criticize the shortcomings of others.

During adulthood, people's level of openness tends to ________ slightly and their level of agreeableness tends to ______.

decrease; increase

Which of the following Freudian concepts has received some support from recent research?

defensive mechanisms

Self-confidence that is easily punctured by criticism is most indicative of

defensive self-esteem

What is obesity?

defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher, which is calculated from our weight-to-height ratio

What is ostracism?

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Research on the physiological states accompanying specific emotions indicates that

different emotions involve activation of different brain circuits

An aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)

drive

Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and

drive reduction

The second theory psychologists use to explain motivation is called the ____ which claims behavior is guided by a desire to return to ____.

drive reduction theory; homeostasis

Rats become very hungry when they experience

elevated levels of orexin

Researchers who explore emotion from a social-cultural level of analysis are especially likely to emphasize cultural differences in

emotional expressiveness

According to Carl Rogers, people nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, and

empathetic

Basal metabolic rate is the body's resting rate of

energy expenditure

Research on the sexual response cycle indicates that

enough sperm may be released prior to male orgasm to enable conception

A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is

epinephrine

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are also referred to as

epinephrine and norepinephrine

In the 1920s, Walter Cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of ________ into the bloodstream.

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Freud suggested that the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body known as

erogenous zones

When humans were able to establish social bonds with others, they were more likely to survive, reproduce and nurture their offspring to maturity. These actions are most closely related to which psychological perspective?

evolutionary

It has been suggested that baring the teeth is universally associated with the expression of anger because this ability to convey threats has helped humans to survive. This suggestion best illustrates the

evolutionary perspective

What is narcissism?

excessive self-love and self-absorption

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for explaining an infant's urge to

explore

The basic components of emotion are

expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience

The most unambiguous nonverbal clue to our specific emotional state is provided by our

facial muscles

Which of the following is a statistical procedure that allows researchers to identify clusters of correlated test items that tap basic components of personality, such as outgoingness, talkativeness, and sociability that reflect extraversion?

factor analysis

Leptin, a hunger-dampening protein, is secreted by

fat cells

The eyebrows raised and pulled together most clearly signal

fear

The Cannon-Bard Theory suggests that

feelings and bodily reactions happen simultaneously.

What is behavioral approach?

focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for

food and drink

The story of Aron Ralston demonstrated how the power of motivation enabled him to

free himself from a canyon (which he had become entangled by a rock) by ultimately sawing off his arm with a pocket knife

When people with severe obesity undergo bypass surgery that seals off part of the stomach, the remaining stomach then produces much less

ghrelin

The first of four theories psychologists rely on to explain motivation is the evolutionary perspective which attributes human behaviors largely to

instincts

When people's images on a video monitor are widened to make them look fatter, observers perceive them as

less sincere and less friendly

Hunger is a need that is shaped by psychology, culture, and

mood

According to Freud, understanding how the id, ego, and superego interact is essential to grasping the nature of

motivational conflict

Because people are biopsychosocial organisms, the study of personality most clearly benefits from the use of

multiple levels of analysis

criticize the shortcomings of others.

narcissism

Lack of body fluids is to cold water as ________ is to ________.

need; incentive

Emotional instability is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of

neuroticism

The World Health Organization defines ________ as a BMI of 30 or more.

obesity

Which of the following are the "Big Five" personality factors?

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Evidence of the powerful need to belong as a motivator for humans is the use of

ostracism as punishment for wrongdoing

In one experiment, college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a joyful or an irritated person. The results of this experiment support the idea that

our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal

Self-esteem refers to

our feelings of high or low self-worth

What is the adaptation-level phenomenon?

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

A stress-moderating hormone released by cuddling and associated with pair-bonding is known as

oxytocin

Freud believed that personality forms as children

pass through a series of psychosexual stages

What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon?

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Which personality characteristic is associated with increased risk of heart disease?

pessimistic

Resistance to stress is greatest during ________ of the general adaptation syndrome.

phase 2

The James-Lange Theory suggests that . . .

physical reactions happen first which cause the emotional reaction

Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ________ principle.

pleasure

For purposes of lie detection, investigators have most commonly made use of a(n)

polygraph

An incentive is a

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others is known as

projection

Tests that present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics are called ________ tests.

projective

The Minnesota Hunger Experiment was conducted to assess the affects of starvation on men. It found that the ____ effects were worse than the ____ effects.

psychological, physical

An understanding of how stress affects our resistance to disease is the central focus of the field of

psychoneuroimmunology

The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is

rationalization

Freud emphasized that the ego operates on the ________ principle.

reality

Carl Rogers believed that in order to be a fully-functioning individual, you must

receive unconditional positive regard

The consumption of carbohydrates is most likely to

reduce tension and anxiety.

Maslow studied the lives of exceptional, healthy, and creative people such as Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Eleanor Roosevelt. For this reason, his theories could be criticized for

reduced generalizability

Coping with anxiety by retreating to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier, more infantile stage of development is called

regression

What are the 6 defense mechanisms?

regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, and denial

According to Freud, the defense mechanism that underlies all others is

repression

Freud suggested that slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete

repression

The defense mechanism that's thought to work by banishing any thoughts, feelings, or memories that cause anxiety into the unconscious is called

repression

A frontal lobe area involved in ________ is ________ active in extraverts than in introverts.

restraining behavior; less

Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for

self-actualization

Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is a central feature of personality.

self-concept

The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of

self-determination

Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________.

self-flattery; personal modesty

Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates

self-serving bias

Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential for growth and self-actualization. According to Maslow, Jin is striving for

self-transcendence

Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as

self-transcendence needs

Our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible and are influenced by environmental as well as biological factors. Some researchers have therefore adopted the term

settling point

What are estrogens?

sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males

Despite criticisms of arranging motivation to meet needs into a hierarchy, psychologists generally agree we are driven by which three needs?

sex, hunger, need to belong

According to the third theory of optimal arousal that psychologists use to explain motivation, behavior is shaped by a drive to maintain a balance between

simulation and relaxation

The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our

situations

Contemporary psychodynamic theorists assume that childhood experiences have long-term consequences for our

social attachment styles

A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of

social harmony

If your close friend becomes obese, the odds of you likewise becoming obese increase. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on obesity.

social influence

Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of

social obligations

In their dispute over the role of cognition in emotion, both Zajonc and Lazarus agree that

some emotional reactions involve no conscious thinking

Evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed has convinced Robert Zajonc that

sometimes emotion can precede cognition

What is a trait?

specific characteristic of an individual

Prisoners of war placed on a semistarvation diet in which their food intake is cut in half are likely to

spend a great deal of time daydreaming about food

The recipes commonly used in countries with hot climates are more likely to include ________ than those in countries with colder climates.

spices

The term homeostasis literally means

staying the same

While taking a difficult test, Cindy's muscles tense and her heart pounds. These physiological responses are

stress reactions

Rush hour traffic is to upset stomach as ________ is to ________.

stressor; stress reaction

According to Freud, the part of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the

superego

What is aerobic exercise?

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

Trait theorists would be most likely to highlight the impact of our biologically inherited ________ on personality.

temperament

After watching a movie in which a female character is being followed by a man in a dark alley, McKenzie kept looking over her shoulder at passersby as she walked to her car. This experience best illustrates

that stress arises from both the events and our cognitive appraisal of them

The suggestion that we share a friend's feelings of joy if we smile with him or her best illustrates the logic of

the James-Lange theory

Which instrument has been used for career counseling and work-team development to help identify individuals' personality types?

the MBTI

The idea that one should be alert but not overly aroused to perform best on a test is most closely related to which of the following?

the Yerkes-Dodson law

What is repression?

the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

People experience a mood shift when they switch from taking short shuffling steps to taking long strides and swinging their arms by their sides. This best illustrates

the behavior feedback effect

What is basal metabolic rate?

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

What psychosexual stages?

the childhood stages of development (oral (0-18 months), anal (18-36 months), phallic (3-6 years), latency (6 to puberty), genital (puberty on)) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus erogenous zones

What is coronary heart disease?

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

The spill-over effect is when

the emotional response from one event directly impacts the emotional response for the next event

What is glucose?

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

What is the sexual response cycle?

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

What is the drive reduction theory?

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

What is reciprocal determinism?

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

What is the Ego?

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders.

What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

What is affiliation need?

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

In its most basic sense, motivation can be defined as

the need to do something

What is relative deprivation?

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

What is set point?

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

What is stress?

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

What is identification?

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

The time span after orgasm during which a male cannot be aroused to another orgasm is called

the refractory period

The facial expressions associated with particular emotions are

the same throughout the world

What is positive psychology?

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Which of the following is said to function as an organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?

the self

The set point is

the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time

Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called

the spotlight effect

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

What is health psychology?

the subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health

Following a catastrophic earthquake, residents of one community came together and provided each other with emotional support. This reaction best illustrates

the tend-and-befriend response

What is the facial feedback effect?

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

According to Freud, the unconscious is

the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are largely unaware

Research on the genetic and environmental influences on body weight revealed that

the weight of adoptive people correlates with that of their biological parents, not with that of their adoptive parents

What is humanistic theories?

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

What are psychodynamic theories?

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Research on fat cells indicates that

they increase in number as a result of adult overeating patterns

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that

to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.

People often overestimate the clarity of their intentions in their e-mails or text messages because they underestimate the importance of ________ in communication.

tones of voice

A consistent tendency to be shy is best described as a(n)

trait

The Big Five is the term currently used to refer to basic

trait dimensions

Emotions play an important role in how we think and behave, and are usually helpful

true

The spillover effect is best explained in terms of the

two-factor theory

Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as

unconditional positive regard

What is tend-and-befriend response?

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

According to the social-cognitive perspective, one of the best ways to predict a person's future behavior is to

underestimates the importance of enduring personality traits.

When encouraged to eat as much as they want, people tend to eat less if the foods are offered in smaller rather than larger portion sizes. This illustrates

unit bias

Martin is optimistic, impulsive, excitable, and restless. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions, he would be classified as

unstable-extraverted

In research studies, college students were less likely to report pain when

viewing a photo of a loved one

What is social-cognitive perspective?

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context

What is incentive?

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Karen Horney emphasized that childhood anxiety is caused by

A sense of helplessness

What is homeostasis?

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Which of the following explains why good and bad events usually only have a short effect on our happiness?

Adaptation-level phenomenon

Which of the following has shown effectiveness in improving sleep, reducing depression, and increasing heart and lung fitness?

Aerobic Exercise

Which of the following accurately represents the relationship between income and happiness?

Increased income increases happiness for people who don't have enough money to meet their basic needs.

Studies have shown that newborn waterfowl, when presented with a model of a hawk, a threat, were more prone to try to escape than when they were shown model of a goose. The young waterfowl's motivation to try to flee from the natural predator is best explained by which theory?

Instinct Theory

Which of the following is true of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory?

It is an empirically derived test

Which of the following best describes task performance?

It is best when physiological arousal is moderate

Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences. This finding supports the

James-Lange theory

The fact that facial expressions of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotion serves to support the

James-Lange theory

Martin is a fairly new brain surgeon. Each difficult surgery he undertakes requires painstaking precision, patience, and skill. According to research into optimal arousal, what would Martin's optimal arousal level be prior to beginning a new operation?

Low

A "jump scare," like in a scary movie, would be an example of a ___________ emotional response.

Low-Road

What is polygraph?

Machine that measures the several autonomic responses. It is said that it measures changes that are specific to lying

Who has a longer refractory period?

Males

What is instinct theory?

There is a genetic basis for unlearned, species-typical behavior

What is subjective well-being?

a self-evaluation of one's life as pleasant, interesting, satisfying, and meaningful

What is empirically derived test?

a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

A complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n)

instinct

Why does the ego use defense mechanisms?

To reduce anxiety

The biological responses of fear, love, and anger are very similar.

True

True or False: There are many purposes to sex.

True

what is personality?

Your feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

What is a physiological need?

a basic bodily requirement

An integrated understanding of rising obesity rates in terms of set points, culturally learned taste preferences, and the ready availability of large food portions is best illustrated by

a biopsychosocial approach

What is unconditional positive regard?

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.

a cognitive label; physical arousal

What is instinct?

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

What is achievement motivation?

a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard

Walter Cannon observed that a variety of stressors trigger

a fight-or-flight reaction.

Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated to form close friendships with fellow citizens. Professor Sanford is providing an example of

a hierarchy of motives

What is fixation?

a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

According to psychologists, although sex is classified as a motivator, it can't be classified as

a need

What is motivation?

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Motivation is defined by psychologists as

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

What is the projective test?

a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

What is the Thematic Apperception Test?

a projective test designed to reveal a person's social drives or needs by their interpretation of a series of pictures of emotionally ambiguous situations.

What is a personality inventory?

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

What is mindfulness meditation?

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

What is the Id?

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Type A is to ________ as Type B is to ________.

hard-driving; easygoing

What is being Asexual?

having no sexual attraction to others.

As a psychologist employed by a medical school, Dr. McNerney specializes in research on the causes of stress and on the effectiveness of various techniques for coping with stress. Dr. McNerney is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. Responses

health

A psychologist would have the greatest difficulty differentiating between anger and fear by monitoring the ________ associated with each.

heart rates

Whenever people face famine, obesity is a sign of

high social status

People from different cultures are most likely to differ with respect to

how they interpret hand gestures such as the "thumbs up" signal

A. L. Washburn swallowed a balloon. When inflated, the balloon filled his stomach and transmitted his stomach contractions to a recording device. Washburn found that

hunger pangs accompany feelings of hunger.

Prior to his use of free association, Freud had encouraged patients to retrieve their forgotten memories by means of

hypnosis

Hunger controls are located within the brain's

hypothalamus

Freud suggested that the superego develops through the process of

idenification

What is the refractory period?

in human sexuality, a resting period occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm

The fourth way in which psychologists explain motivation is by theorizing that we meet our needs

in order from most basic (thirst, hunger, etc.) to more complex (emotional)

What is free association?

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

What are defense mechanisms?

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

What is grit?

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

What is Catharsis?

in psychology, the idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

North Americans are more likely than Japanese citizens to display their feelings openly. This cultural difference best reflects the American culture's greater emphasis on

individuality

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be a human fixed action pattern.

infant sucking