AP PSYCH: UNIT 9
11.When parents set few controls on their children's television viewing, allowing children freedom to set individual limits, make few demands, and do not punish for improper television viewing, the parents exemplify a parenting style referred to as A.Permissive B.Authoritative C.Authoritarian D.Rejecting-neglecting E.Pessimistic
A
2. Mary Ainsworth's research indicates that a toddler with a secure attachment style is most likely to do which of the following when left with a caregiver, such as a babysitter, for the first time? A. Show distress when the left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns B. Cry when left and continue to cry until the mother returns C. Play happily when the mother leaves and not seek attention from the mother when she returns D. Play happily when the mother leaves but exhibit anger and rejection toward the mother when she returns E. Show distress when the mother leaves and not seek attention when the mother returns
A
25. Which of the following accurately describes a major change in perspective in the field of developmental psychology over the past twenty-five years? A.A shift from an emphasis on childhood and adolescence to an interest in development over the lifespan B. A shift from a cognitive to a psychoanalytic interpretation of developmental phenomena C. A shift in research focus from cognitive to personality development D. A decrease in interest in the physiological factors affecting growth and development E. A decrease in interest in the study of the cognitive components of intellect
A
27. When a newborn infant is touched on the cheek, the infant will turn its head toward the source of stimulation. This behavior is known as A. rooting B. suckling C. the patellar reflex D. the Moro reflex E. the Babinski reflex
A
50. Sigmund Freud once compared psychological development to the migration of a population: "as time passes most of the group moves on, but some of the members remain at an earlier location. Which concept was was Freud describing? A.Fixation B.Repression C.Regression D.Sublimation E.Reaction formation
A
51. A child believes that all birds can fly, yet comes to realize that a penguin is a bird. Which of the following terms was used by Jean Piaget to refer to this developmental process of changing one's ways of thinking in order to incorporate new information? A. Accommodation B. Egocentrism C. Formal operational thought D. Assimilation E. Concrete operational thought
A
55. Gender differences have most often been found in which of the following? A. Aggression B. Short-term memory C. Auditory discrimination D. Visual acuity E.Pattern matching
A
8. "We were not surprised to discover that contact comfort was an important basic affectional or love variable, but we did not expect it to overshadow so completely the variable of nursing.." This quotation was written by which of the follow psychologists? A. Harry Harlow B. Konrad Lorenz C. B. F. Skinner D. John. B Watson E. Mary Ainsworth
A
80.In studying the behavior of five year olds in free-play situations, a cognitive psychologist would be most interested in the children's A. problem-solving strategies B. toy preferences C. degree of cooperative behavior D. prosocial play activities E. choice of playmates
A
9. The developmental theories of Lev Vygotsky differed from those of Jean Piaget in that Vygotsky A. Emphasized the role of the social environment B. Thought that Piaget ignored the psychosexual development of children C. Question Piaget's focus on adult development D. Focused more on moral development E. Thought that the spiritual component of the children's growth was essential.
A
17. Which of the following research methods is being used if the same subjects are tested at two, four, and six years old? A. Cross cultural B. Longitudinal C. Cross Sectional D. Projective
B
29. Cognitive theorists emphasize the A.Powerful unconscious impulses that motivate behavior B. Formation and modification of schemas C. Impact of rewards and punishments D. Individual's desire to become self-actualized E.Social norms that determine expected behavior
B
3.Neo-Freudian theories of psychoanalysis such as those of Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from Freud's conceptualization in that they are less likely to A. Emphasize the libido B. Emphasize the ego C. Account for cognitive development D. Be based on empirical findings E. Call for the use of group therapy as a mode of treatment
B
30.According to Erik Erikson, in late adulthood the individual reaches the eighth and final stage of the life span in which one reviews and evaluates one's life and the choices one has made. Erikson labeled this stage A.initiative versus guilt B.integrity versus despair C.generativity versus stagnation D.identity versus role confusion E.intimacy versus isolation
B
35. Which of the following describes the different emotional dispositions of infants? A. Imprinting B. Temperament C.Mental set D. Instinct E. Attachment
B
38. A schema can be described as A. An outer layer of the eye B. A mental construct C. A fissure between the lobes of the brain D. An optical illusion E. An fixed response to a particular stimulus
B
41. Mary Ainsworth designed the "strange situation" experiment in order to determine A.How creative young children could be in novel environments B.Whether children had developed a secure attachment to their mothers C.If children were more motivated by social anxiety than by peer pressure D.If the parenting style of mothers affect their children's temperament E.If early signs of imprinting in young children could be reverses
B
45. The concept of habituation is best exemplified by which of the following situations? A.An infant recognizes her father's voice B.A college student is no longer kept awake by her roommate's late-night typing C.A kitten avoids a couch after being reprimanded for sitting on it D.A rat learns to press a bar for food when a red light is flashed E.A motorist drive at the speed limit when there is a police officer in sight in the highway
B
62.Drinking alcohol while pregnant increases the chance that the child A. will be born with an addiction to alcohol. B. will have a low birth weight. C. will suffer from mental retardation. D. will grow up to be a drug dealer. E. will have heart disease.
B
7.Which parenting style is characterized by high demands for obedience and low warmth? A. Permissive B. Authoritarian C. Authoritative D. Neglectful E. Indulgent
B
70. A conscientious objector refuses to engage in combat because he cannot support the taking of human life. His reasoning best illustrates which stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? (A) Authoritative (B) Postconventional (C) Concrete operational (D) Conventional (E) Egocentric
B
72. Primary sex characteristics include which of the following? (A) Deepened voice in males (B) Breast development in females (C) Presence of ovaries (D) Body hair (E) Menopause
B
73. A disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that A. differences observed among participants of different ages are usually due to differences in the environment in which they were reared B. participants who drop out during the course of the study may be different in important ways from ones who do not drop out C.unfamiliarity with testing situations can put older participants at a disadvantage D. personality traits do not remain constant across the lifespan E. men and women confront different developmental crises in the course of their lives because of their different social roles
B
75.In response to a set of ambiguous pictures, Rita writes several stories in which the main characters desire to compete with some standard of excellence and surpass their own previous performances. Psychologists in the tradition of Henry Murray, David McClelland, in Christiana Morgan would be likely to characterize Rita as rating high in A. the need for affiliation B. the need for achievement C. the need for power D. self-monitoring skills E. ego strength
B
57. In a famous series of experiments conducted by Harry Harlow, infant monkeys were separated from their mothers at birth. The infants were then given two surrogate mothers (a terry-cloth "mother" and a wire "mother"), each of which alternately had a nursing bottle that provided food to the infants. The experimental results showed that in frightening situations the infant monkeys A. Were more likely to become aggressive toward the wire mother than toward the terry-cloth mother B. Failed to seek out either of the mothers because of their lack experience in seeking contact comfort C. Preferred the wire mother, even when the terry-cloth mother had the nursing bottle D. Preferred the terry-cloth mother, even when the wire mother had the nursing bottle
D
6.In developmental psychology, one advantage of cross-sectional over longitudinal studies is that cross-sectional research A. controls for cognitive ability B. controls for gender C. controls for cultural influences D. involves subjects of the same age E. requires comparatively little time
D
65.Which of the following behaviors is most clearly associated with Jean Piaget's concrete operational stage? A. Sally thinks everyone's favorite color is blue, because it is her favorite color. B. Tom received the highest grade in his philosophy course. C. Gracie forgets about her toy because it is under her blanket. D. Nikos can consider both the height and width of a container. E. Ava does not like being around unfamiliar people.
D
66. After finishing work on a big English project, Leo's room is a mess. His parents are furious and, without letting him explain, prohibit him from using his car or his cell phone for a month. Using this information, which parenting style are Leo's parents most likely using? A. authoritative B. indulgent C. neglectful D. authoritarian E. democratic
D
69.A statistical technique that would allow a researcher to cluster such traits as being talkative, social, and adventurous with extroversion is called A. A case-study B. Meta-analysis C. Statistical significance D. Factor analysis E. Z score
D
71. The fact that imprinting is most certain to occur if the opportunity for imprinting is presented to the organism at a very specific age indicates the existence of (A) a schema (B) a reflex (C) an archetype (D) a critical period (E) an unconscious inference
D
12. Researcher Renee Baillargeon found that four-month-old infants will look longer at a ball if it appears to roll through a solid barrier, demonstrating that babies seem to grasp basic physical laws intuitively. Which of the following theories does this finding challenge? A. Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development B. Lev Vygotsky's social cognition learning model C. Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development D. Mary Ainsworth's finding form the Strange Situation E. Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
C
14. Developmental research on the formation of attachment indicates that a child's secure attachment to its mother during infancy is predictive of which of the following during its toddler years? A. Social rejection B. Impulsive behavior C. Social competence D. Divergent thinking E. Shyness
C
15. A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby's action shows development of A. Conservation of mass B. Reversibility C. Object permanence D. Logical thinking E. Metacognition
C
16. The result of the evolutionary process that preserves traits that enhance the adaptations of an organism and suppresses traits that do not is called A. Habituation B. Accommodation C. Natural selection D. Eugenics E. Species assimilation
C
19. In their discussions of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize which of the following? A. Socialization B. Cognition C. Maturation D. Experience E. Information processing
C
21.Research suggests that there is a common connection between parenting style and social skills. Children with lower scores on measures of social skills and self-esteem tend to have parents who are A. authoritative. B. permissive. C. authoritarian. D. neglecting. E. demonstrative.
C
24. Which of the following is typically cited as a characteristic of autistic children? A.Minor developmental delays in academic achievement B.Above-average performance on tests of creativity C.Severely impaired interpersonal communication D.Tendency to seek younger playmates E.Paranoia comparable with that experienced in schizophrenia
C
34. A researcher asks participants to identify red shapes presented on a video screen. Following this, novel objects of various colors are depicted on the screen. Participants correctly identify red objects more quickly than objects of a different color. The result illustrates A. assimilation B. modeling C.priming D. cone saturation E. imprinting
C
37. A researcher dabs color on a 16 month old child's face and places the child in front of a mirror. Which of the following developmental milestones has been reached if the child realizes there is something wrong with its face? A. Visual discrimination B. Recognition of the human form C. Recognition of the self D. Identification of the gender of the image E. Perception of the image as a playmate
C
40. When a person performs a heroic act solely for public praise, she is on which developmental level according to Lawrence Kohlberg? A.Preconventional B.Postconventional C.Conventional D.Concrete operational E.Formal operational
C
47.Keisha was able to roll over at two months, crawl at five months, and walk at ten months. This sequence of development is most likely due to A.egocentrism B.social context C.maturation D. attachment E.assimilation
C
53. Dr. Anders wants to investigate how people of different ages communicate via the internet, so she does an experiment with three groups of three different ages: 18-21, 47-50, and 75-78. Concurrently comparing how people of different ages behave is an example of which of the following kinds of research? A.Case study B.Longitudinal C.Cross-sectional D.Factor Analysis E.Qualitative research
C
56.Which of the following studies demonstrates a cross-sectional research design? A. Testing the first graders, and testing them again when they are in third grade B. Testing first graders at the end of the school year C. Testing first, third, and fifth graders at the beginning of the school year D. Observing first graders as they test in two different subject areas E. Observe first graders as they interact with either third graders or fifth graders
C
59. Which Piagetian stage of cognitive development is characterized by mastery of conservation tasks? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C.Concrete operations D. Formal operations E. Tertiary circular reactions
C
60.Which psychologist reported that infant attachment to another goes beyond the satisfaction of the need for nourishment? A.Albert Bandura B.Jean Piaget C.Harry Harlow D.Erik Erikson E. Konrad Lorenz
C
61.Supporters of attachment parenting argue that babies like to be held all the time and that parents should seek to maximize the amount of physical contact they have with their babies. Such research is most in line with the findings of A. Gilligan. B. Piaget. C. Harlow. D. Freud. E. Kohlberg.
C
64.When a newborn baby is sleeping, which reflex will be elicited by a sudden noise or touch? A. Babinski B. plantar C. rooting D. Moro E. grasping
C
68.Daniel is learning that five pennies spread out on his desk are the same number of coins as five pennies in a pile. According to Piaget, how old is Daniel likely to be? (A) 1 year (B) 2 years (C) 4 years (D) 8 years (E) 13 years
C
76.A researcher asks elementary, junior high, senior high, and college students to define the term "cheating," and analyzes differences in their definitions across age groups. This is an example of which type of study? A. longitudinal B. sequential C. cross-sectional D. case study E.observational
C
77. The most well-adjusted and socially competent children tend to come from homes where parents employ which of the following parental styles A. Minimal supervision B. Authoritarian C. Authoritative D. Indulgent E. Permissive
C
78.Which of the following is true regarding cross-cultural studies on attributional tendencies? A. The actor-observer bias is universal B. People in collectivist cultures are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error than people in individualistic cultures C. People in individualistic cultures are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error than people in collectivist cultures D. People in collective cultures are more likely to base their attributions about people on their appearance than are people in individualistic cultures.
C
18. According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Symbolic D. Concrete operational E. Formal operational
D
20. The debate over whether development occurs gradually, without discernible shifts, or through a series of distinct stages is termed A. Nature vs. nurture B. Developmental vs. cognitive C. Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal D. Continuity vs. discontinuity E. Maturation vs. learning
D
26. Understanding that things continue to exist even when they are not within view is called A. mental representation B. deep structure C. a schema D. object permanence E. assimilation
D
32. When ten-month-old Frances throws her toy out of sight, she looks to see where it falls. Developmental psychologists would say that Frances' behavior indicates that she has developed A. centration B. conservation C. egocentrism D. object permanence E. accommodation
D
33. In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following best exemplifies the concept of accommodation? A. A newborn touched lightly on the right cheek turns his head to the right. B. An infant reaches out toward the moon as if to grasp it. C. An infant stops reaching for a toy as soon as it is covered by a cloth. D.An infant acquires a fear of heights after learning to crawl. E. An infant trying unsuccessfully to suck her fist opens her mouth wider and is successful.
D
36. Two-year-old Jia tells her grandmother that she "sweeped" the floor yesterday. The scenario illustrates that children A. cannot learn grammatical rules during the first two years of life B. learn language primarily through operant conditioning C. will model only words used by adults in their environment D. overgeneralize the use of grammatical rules E. are not born with an innate language acquisition device
D
42.A mother gives her child an orange for the first time. The child rolls it across the table and says, "ball." Which of the following Piagetian processes would account for this behavior? A.Seriation B.Accommodation C.Reversal D.Assimilation E.Conservation
D
43. A young couple was having a picnic outdoors when a sudden rainstorm approached. They became soaked, because they did not think of using their plastic tablecloth for protection from the rain. Their oversight best illustrates A.Ill-structured problems B.Insight C.Divergent thinking D.Functional fixedness E.Incubation
D
44. According to Erik Erikson's theory of development, the key concern of early adulthood is A.Establishing a career B.Leaving the parents' world C.Raising children D.Sharing intimacy with another E.Building an identity
D
46. Carlo Gilligan's critique of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development focuses primarily on A.The order in which stages of moral development occur B.The key events that mark the transitions between stages of moral development C.The number of stages in moral development D.How the course of moral development might be altered within certain cultures E.Differences between males and females in the course of moral development
D
49.Which of the following statements is true of behaviorism? A.It was formulated to account for cognitive development. B.It is rooted in Sigmund Freud's view of the importance of early experiences. C.It focuses on the development of thought processes and knowledge. D.It holds that development is largely a product of learning. E.It emphasizes the dominance of heredity over environment.
D
54. A young child shown a nine-inch round bowl and a six-inch round bowl containing equal amounts of popcorn says he is certain the smaller bowl has more popcorn than the larger bowl. This child has yet to acquire what Jean Piaget called A.object permanence B.equilibrium C. functional fixedness D.conservation E.circular reactions
D
48.Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is best described by which of the following? A.Personal conscience is innate and all human beings develop it at the same rate. B.By adulthood, all people judge moral issues in terms of self-chosen principles. C.Ethical principles are defined by ideals of reciprocity and human equality in individualistic societies, but by ideals of law and order in collectivistic societies. D.Children grow up with moral similar to those of their parents. E.Children progress from a morality based on punishment and reward to one defined by convention, and ultimately to one defined by abstract ethical principles.
E
5. Gender typing is best described as A. The realization that gender is stable, regardless of superficial behaviors such as dress B. A preferential interest of a female child in the attention of the mother C. A child showing ambivalence toward both the mother and father D. Adolescents integrating social, sexual, intellectual, and ethical aspects into a self-identity E. The acquisition of the roles associated with distinctions between male and female
E
52. Dr. Williams is a therapist who believes that his client's depression is caused by internalized anger and other intrapsychic conflicts. Of which psychological perspective is Dr. Williams most likely a proponent? A. Biopsychological B. Evolutionary C. Humanistic D. Behavioral E. Psychoanalytic
E
63.Kate, a newborn baby, probably most likes to look at A. her cousin's toy robot. B. pastel colored blocks. C. her stuffed sheep. D. cartoons on television. E. her mother's face.
E
67.Saluja decides she wants to try hanging out with a new group of friends. She used to be on the debate team but now tries out for the spring musical. Which of Erikson's stages is she most likely to be in? (A) generativity versus stagnation (B) intimacy versus isolation (C) autonomy versus shame and doubt (D) initiative versus guilt (E) identity versus role confusion
E
74. According to social learning theory, aggression is the result of which of the following? A.The death instinct B.Postconventional thought C.Catharsis D.Displacement E.Modeling
E
79. In which of the following types of research are the same children tested periodically at different points in their development? A. Clinical case study B. Between subjects C. Cross -sectional D. Ethnographic E. Longitudinal
E
1.Which of the following correctly lists Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top? A. Safety, physiological, esteem B. Basic, subordinate, intermediate C. Basic, subordinate, superordinate D. Physiological, safety, esteem, belonging, self-actualization E. Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization
E
13.James was born with a condition that makes it impossible for him to metabolize certain proteins. Due to early screening and a special diet, he was able to avoid developing potentially serious symptoms. Which of the following disorders does James have? A. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) B. Down syndrome C. Autistic disorder D. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) E. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
E
22. A babysitter cuts a sandwich into three equal pieces, then keeps two and gives one to the child she is caring for. The child is upset that it is unfair, so the babysitter divides the child's piece into two. Since each of them now has two pieces, the child is content. According to Jean Piaget, this is because the child lacks A. accommodation. B. assimilation. C. formal operational knowledge. D. sensorimotor ability. E. conservation.
E
23. Which of the following is a genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of a liver enzyme which, if not treated soon after birth, may eventually lead to profound mental retardation? A.Down syndrome B.Tay-Sachs disease C.Fetal alcohol syndrome D.Toxoplasmosis E.Phenylketonuria (PKU)
E
28. Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's developmental theory is based on the argument that Kohlberg's A.work has been invalidated by changes in the structure of families in the United States B. stages are too limited in their capabilities of infants and children C. theory underestimates the capabilities of infants and children D.stages do not apply equally well to all racial and ethnic groups E.theory fails to account sufficiently for differences between males and females
E
31.Which of the following is LEAST likely to be used in research on personality? A.Interviews B.Observations C.Inventories D.Projective tests E.Conservation tasks
E
39. Psychologists characterize parents who consistently demand their children's compliance without discussion as: A. indifferent B. permissive C. indulgent D. authoritative E.authoritarian
E
4. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, children at the first level of moral reasoning make judgements about right and wrong on the basis of A. Cultural norms B. Social conventions C. Religious beliefs D. The likelihood of punishment E. The approval of siblings and same-sex peers
E
10.According to Jean Piaget, children cease to exhibit egocentrism during which of the following stages? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Post-conventional E. Pre-conventional
C
