AP Psych Unit X Review
Carl Jung
He believed the unconscious contains more than our repressed thoughts and feelings. He believed we also have a collective unconscious, a common reservoir of images derived from our species' universal experiences.
Free Association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
Defense Mechanisms
In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
Fixation
According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.
Unconscious
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
Personality Inventory
A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
Self-Serving Bias
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
Id
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
Empirically Derived Test
A test (such as MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.
Terror-Management Theory
A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.
Oedipus Complex
According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
Self-Actualization
According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.
Unconditional Positive Regard
According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
Individualism
Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
Collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.
Alfred Adler
He agreed with Freud that childhood is important. He also believed that childhood social, not sexual, tensions are crucial for personality formation.
Carl Rogers
He believed that people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies. We are like a flower, we grow!
Martin Seligman
He believed that the main purpose of positive psychology is to measure, understand, and then build the human strengths and the civic virtues.
Abraham Maslow
He proposed that we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. He believed if our physiological needs are met, we become concerned with personal safety; if we achieve a sense of security, we then seek to love, to be loved, and to love ourselves; with our love needs satisfied, we seek self-esteem. We ultimately seek self-actualization; the process of fulfilling our potential.
Albert Bandura
He proposed the Social-Cognitive Perspective which emphasized the interaction of our traits with our situations.
Sigmund Freud
He was the first to focus clinical attention to on the unconscious mind, and he is a part of psychology's historical development.
Self-Concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?".
Personality
An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
According to Carl Rogers, when we are in a good marriage, a close family, or an intimate friendship, we free to be spontaneous without fearing the loss of others' esteem. What did he call his accepting attitude? a. A Peak Experience b. Unconditional Positive Regard c. Self-Transcendence d. Humanistic Psychology e. Our Self-Concept
B
A question on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) such as "I get angry sometimes" is included to determine what about the test taker? a. Whether the person has a personality disorder. b. If the person needs immediate help for anger management. c. If the person is more extraverted or introverted. d. Whether the person has a stronger id or superego. e. If the person is answering the questions truthfully.
E
Humanistic Theories
View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
In Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister's research, how did people with unrealistically high self-esteem react when they were criticized? a. The became exceptionally aggressive. b. Many were more receptive to the criticism. c. Some become easily depressed. d. Most worked harder to do better the next time. e. They quit the task without completing it.
A
What did Sigmund Freud call his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques? a. Psychoanalysis b. Humanism c. The Self-Concept d. Psychosexual Stages e. Free Association
A
Which term is defined as all the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question, "Who am I?" a. Self-Concept b. Ideal Self c. Self-Esteem d. Empathy e. Self-Acceptance
A
Trait
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
Projective Test
A personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
Positive Psychology
The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.
Identification
The process by which, according the Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superego.
Athletes who often privately credit their victories to their own abilities, and their loses to bad breaks, lousy officiating, or the other team's exceptional performance, are exhibiting which psychological concept? a. A low self esteem b. The self serving bias c. Pessimism d. The spotlight effect e. Incompetence
B
Someone from a collectivist culture is more likely to do what? a. Develop a strong sense of self. b. Give priority to group goals. c. Form casual, often temporary relationships. d. Achieve personal goals. e. Focus on how they are different from the group.
B
According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms buries threatening or upsetting events in the unconscious? a. Regression b. Displacement c. Repression d. Projection e. Rationalization
C
Children's TV-viewing habits (past behavior) influence their viewing preferences (internal personal factor), which influence how television (environmental factor) affects their current behavior. What is this an example of? a. Personal Control b. Learned Helplessness c. Reciprocal Determinism d. The Big Five Traits e. Implicit Learning
C
What did Abraham Maslow call the process of fulfilling our potential? a. Love needs b. Self-esteem c. Self-actualization d. Self-transcendence e. Hierarchy of needs
C
Collective Unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.
Amy was sure everyone noticed how nervous she was when she spoke in front of the entire school, but later no one that she talked to mentioned it. What is the term for the belief that others are always noticing and evaluating us more than they really are? a. Self-Monitoring b. Self-Schemas c. Possible Selves d. The Spotlight Effect e. The Social-Cognitive Perspective
D
Critics to humanistic psychology have suggested that this theory fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for which of the following? a. Empathy b. Love c. Negativity d. Evil e. Laziness
D
Albert Bandura proposed the social-cognitive perspective, which... a. Explains the nature-nurture debate. b. Predicts human nature. c. Focuses on how our environment controls us. d. Explains human motivation. e. Emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations.
E
Which term describes questionnaires that cover a wide range of feelings and behaviors and are designed to assess several traits? a. Factor Analysis Studies b. Peer Reports c. Achievement Tests d. Cognition Tests e. Personality Inventories
E
Narcissism
Excessive self-love and self-absorption.
Paul Costa
His work shows that where someone falls on the five dimensions (conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion) reveals much of what there is to say about our personality.
Robert McCrae
His work shows that where someone falls on the five dimensions (conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion) reveals much of what there is to say about our personality.
Self
In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.
Behavioral Approach
In personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development.
Psychodynamic Theories
Modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.
Self-Esteem
One's feelings of high or low self-worth.
Self-Efficacy
One's sense of competence and effectiveness.
Spotlight Effect
Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).
Karen Horney
She agreed with Freud that childhood is important. She also believed that childhood social, not sexual, tensions are crucial for personality formation.
Psychosexual Stages
The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.
Reciprocal Determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
Ego
The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation of the blots.
Superego
The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provide standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
False Consensus Effect
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors.
