AP Psych: Units 12 & 13 Abnormal Behavior and Treatments with LearningCurve Questions

Insight

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Stimulus generalization

A form of learning that occurs when one stimulus leads a person to fear all the stimuli that are is similar to the first; "for example, when a person attacked by a fierce dog later develops a fear of all dogs"

Mania (manic)

A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state; Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep, etc.

Lithium

A mood stabilizing drug used to treat bipolar disorder and sometimes major depressive disorder

Depakote

A mood stabilizing drug used to treat mania in bipolar disorder and some seizure disorders

Virtual reality exposure therapy

An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

Eclectic approach

An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy; Treating a person based on their condition and what works for them

depressants

Antianxiety drugs are very strong __________.

Parkinson's

Deep-brain stimulation can help reduce the symptoms of _________ disease.

Psychopaths

Individuals who don't experience emotions normally; they are aware of their actions and don't care

Dorothea Dix

Reformer who was a pioneer in the movement for better treatment of the mentally ill; facilitates the transition from insane asylum to mental hospital/institution

Classical Conditioning

A type of learning in which 2 or more stimuli are linked to elicit a desire reaction; such as everyone getting up when the bell rings

Client-centered therapy

AKA person-centered therapy; a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth

Phobias

Aan anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation; An irrational, debilitating fear

Panic disorder

Aan anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.; Often followed by worry over a possible next attack

Therapeutic lifestyle changes

Aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, anti-rumination, nutritional supplements

Philippe Pinel

Said that psychological disorders tend to have biological causes; Could be brain development, neurotransmitters, etc.

Flat affect

The display of little or no emotion—a common symptom of schizophrenia

hyperattentive

The link between conditioned fear and general anxiety helps explain why anxious people are _____ to possible threats, and how panic-prone people come to associate anxiety with certain cues. (choices: hyperattentive, under-attentive, oblivious)

late teens and twenties

The onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) occurs around: (choices: late childhood and the early teens, early teens and late teens, late teens and twenties, late twenties and early thirties)

Resilience

The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

Borderline personality disorder

This disorder can involve self-mutilation and intense relationships

Psychological disorders

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Persistent depressive disorder

A deep depression for an extended period of time that generally has lower, less severe symptoms that are still long-lasting

Borderline personality disorder

A disorder where people experience emotion differently and more sensitivity than others due to their emotional vulnerability; Intense severe reactions to small things; Divided into 3 categories: Emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal instabilities

Active listening

A feature of Roger's client-centered therapy involving empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

Freud

Father of psychoanalysis

unconscious

Psychoanalytic theory suggests that psychological disorders are caused by ______________ motives and conflicts

Anxiety disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Ellis, depression

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was created by Albert _______ to treat more severe __________.

2 treatments of phobias

Systematic desentization and flooding

values, characteristics, preferences, and circumstances

The 4 pillars that clinical decision making adheres to are a patient's....

humanistic

The _____ perspective has emphasized people's inherent potential for self-fulfillment. (choices: cognitive, humanistic, family, psychoanalytic)

Munchausen syndrome

The extreme and chronic form of FAKE disorder for attention

cognitive

The placebo effect best illustrates the importance of _____ processes in therapeutic outcomes. (choices: conscious, cognitive, rational, emotional)

Cognitive therapy

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Behavioral conditioning

This therapy is empirically supported for treating sexual dysfunction. (choices: behavioral conditioning, psychodynamic therapy, family therapy, cognitive therapy)

Systematic desensitization

A strategy commonly used to treat phobias

Flooding

A treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless

Clinical psychologists

A type of professional: Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. (includes research training) or Psy.D (focused on therapy) supplemented by a supervised internship, and often, postdoctoral training; About half work in agencies and institutions and the other half in private practice

client-centered therapy

Chelsea's therapist uses active listening within an empathic environment. Her therapist is most likely using: (choices: psychoanalysis, cognitive therapy, client-centered therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy)

psychodynamic treatment

Clarice seeks treatment for a history of childhood sexual abuse. She is interested in therapy which will help provide insight into her ongoing symptoms. Clarice is likely to receive _____. (choices: humanistic therapy, behavioral therapy, psychodynamic treatment, traditional psychoanalysis)

depression, mood

Cognitive therapy encompasses thought therapies that can help treat _________ and ________ disorders.

thinking, behavior

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) aims to change the person's __________ and ________

classical

Counterconditioning used _________ conditioning in its treatments.

Aaron T. Beck

Created Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing; Can be used to cope with mental stress and confront emotional issues

Psychotic episode

one instance of a diminished mental state when the person might not be aware of their actions or repercussions of their actions

Post-traumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

Attention deficit disorder (ADD)

a person's selective attention breaks down and they attempt to pay attention to all of the stimuli around them Treatment- adderall (amphetamines) allows their brain to focus

Avoidant personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by avoiding people and interactions/contact

Dream analysis

A psychoanalytic technique in which the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams

Somatic symptom disorder

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause; A psychological illness that is ONLY demonstrated physically; You have a physical symptom without a physical cause

Rapid cycling

A quick shift in phases where a person can be depressed one day and manic the next; Requires a person to have 2 diagnoses in order to have bipolar disorder

Catatonia

A state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate

Negative symptom

A symptom of schizophrenia characterized by the ABSENCE of behaviors that are normally present: social withdrawal, lack of affect, and reduced motivation

Positive symptom

A symptom of schizophrenia evident by its ADDED presence: delusions, hallucinations, or thought disorders

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

A therapy the involves the frequent movement of eyes to help a person process stress to cope with trauma

learning

Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when she approaches any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear is the result of a traumatic childhood boating accident. The therapist's suggestion reflects a _____ perspective. (choices: humanistic, psychoanalytic, biological, learning)

antisocial personality disorder

Bob has never been able to keep a job. He has been in and out of jail for theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Bob would most likely be diagnosed as having: (choices: dissociative identity disorder, major depressive disorder, antisocial personality disorder, schizophrenia)

psychiatric social worker

Bonnie has just finished a two-year master program and now is in postgraduate supervision that is preparing her to offer psychotherapy to people with everyday personal and family problems. Bonnie is mostly likely preparing to be a: (choices: cognitive psychologist, clinical psychiatrist, psychiatrist, psychiatric social worker)

depression, drug

Brain stimulation is used to alleviate ________ when a person has been unresponsive to _______ therapy.

Hallucinations

False sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus; Can be in any of the 5 senses; Most common: Hearing voices

Agoraphobia

Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open spaces, where one has felt loss of control and panic; Fear of the outside world

Dysfunctional behavior

Individual behavior/action that make a person's life and quality of life suffer

Social anxiety disorder

Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such (Formerly called social phobia)

metaphor

Interpretation is the idea that everything is a __________.

Humanistic

_____ therapists strive to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance. (choices: humanistic, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive)

Disturbed behavior

A significant change in behavior that isn't seen as normal for the culture; Being "possessed" in Voodoo culture is viewed as normal but abnormal outside of that culture

Deep-brain stimulation

A surgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes in a particular region of the brain and attaching a device that permits the electrical stimulation of that region through the electrodes

Psychological disorder

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

Light exposure therapy

A therapy that exposures a person to light in order to get their brain to produce nutrients, such as Vitamin D

Operant conditioning

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened with a reinforcer or diminished with a punisher

Antidepressant drugs

Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (Several widely used antidepressants are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - SSRIs.)

dopamine, synaptic

In people with Schizophrenia their brains contain overactive and excess amounts of ___________. This keeps the _______ gaps open longer than normal.

Interpretation

In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Resistance

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Transference

In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

emotions

In transference, a person's ________ are redirected or misplaced.

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

Involved in processing information in your frontal lobe and high order processing; Can trigger the sympathetic nervous system if it malfunctions

avoidant

Jackie is extremely afraid of rejection. Because of this, she has always been withdrawn. Her inflexible and enduring behavior patterns have impaired her social functioning, and she would likely be considered to have a(n) _____ personality disorder. (choices: antisocial, schizoid, narcissistic, avoidant)

poorer

Meta-analysis: Those without therapy have __________ (poorer/better) outcomes than those who have received therapy.

Mood disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes; Disorders that affect the stability of your mood

serotonin

Trina suffers from depression. Her physician has placed her on an antidepressant that will help to increase her _____ supplies by blocking reuptake so that her receptor sites get enough of this neurotransmitter. (choices: serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, glutamate)

Drug therapy

A biomedical therapy that alters brain chemistry through the use of drugs

Therapeutic alliance

A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem; A therapist not belittling a person's problem

Unconditional positive regard

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance; incorporated in client-centered therapy

Rational-emotive therapy (REBT)

A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Autism spectrum disorder

A developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior

Post-traumatic stress disorder

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Savant disorder

A disorder characterized by having an exceptionally good memory

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of 3 key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity; Can't get their body to stop moving; Some therapy and medications can help

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Persistent feeling of anxiety over a long time span (several weeks to month); Not 24/7 anxiety, but large pangs of anxiousness multiple times a day; Ruminate/obsess over an issue that COULD happen and the outcomes, reactions, consequences, etc

Nondirective therapy

An aspect of client-centered therapy in which the therapist doesn't lead the conversation in order for the patient to talk the majority of the time and lead the conversation

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight;Fear or nervousness of gaining weight;More females affected by males; Extremely severe case: Not longer burning fat/proteins, but burning your own organs

Bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) excessive exercise, or fasting; Terrible for your body's hormone systems, teeth, etc.; People with this have trouble gaining weight later in life because their hormones are messed up

demanding

An effective way to break the cycle of depression is to explain _____ events in terms that are specific and temporary. (choices: carefree, demanding, boring)

Free floating anxiety

Anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source; a person might have nothing wrong going on in their life but their bodies get an anxious response

bipolar disorder

Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It is very likely that Boris is suffering from a(n): (choices: dissociative disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder)

attention-deficit hyperactivity

Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of _____ disorder. (choices: attention-deficit hyperactivity, attention-deficit, antisocial personality)

Aaron Beck's Therapy for Depression

Changing people's thinking can change their functioning; attempt to reverse clients' catastrophic beliefs about themselves, their station, and their future; gentle questioning to reveal irrational thinking

depression, family

Client-centered therapy can be useful for treating ________ or ________ counseling by helping with an inability to relate emotions.

Counseling

Client-centered therapy is also referred to as __________.

Evidence-based practice

Clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Rumination

Compulsive fretting; overthinking about problems and their causes

cope

Dissociating become a problem when you use it to ________ with stress.

symptoms, neurotransmitter

Drug therapies aim to control ___________ of psychological disorders caused by ____________ malfunctions.

Antiaxiety drugs

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation by stopping a person's fight-or-flight response; includes medications like Xanax, Ativan, and D-cycloserine

Antipsychotic drugs

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (mania), DID, and and other forms of severe thought disorder

free association

During a psychoanalytic therapy session, Jenny focuses on several intrusive thoughts that have been bothering her. The therapist tells Jenny to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny's therapist is using a technique known as _____. (choices: systematic desensitization, free association, active listening, disputing negative thoughts)

mood disorder

Elaine feels that her life is empty. She has lost interest in career and hobbies, and she wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from a(n): (choices: specific phobia, mood disorder, antisocial personality disorder, dissociative disorder)

seizure

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) applies electricity to the brain to cause a _________ to reactivate dormant parts of the brain.

brain

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) activates various parts of a person's _________ to help them cope with trauma.

Delusions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders; Often paired with paranoia

major depressive disorder

For the past four weeks, Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. It is very likely that Odessa is suffering from: (choices: major depressive disorder, mania, free-floating anxiety, schizophrenia)

interpersonal

Nadine has decided to seek help for some problems she is having. She knows a little about different therapies and has decided she does not want to get involved in anything long-term. However, she does want to gain insight into the roots of her difficulties and is drawn to psychodynamic therapy. If Nadine wants to gain insight into current issues, rather than delve into the past, she should try to find a therapist who specializes in _____ psychotherapy. (choices: humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, interpersonal)

norepinephrine

Nathaniel is a heavy smoker, and for the past three months, he has been severely depressed. His doctor told him that it is likely that he smokes so much because nicotine can temporarily INCREASE ___________ (norepinephrine/serotonin), a neurotransmitter scarce in people with depression.

Biomedical therapy

Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's physiology

Clinical decision making

Problem-solving approach used to select appropriate treatment for patients

Personality disorder

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

frontal lobe

Psychopaths have lower activity in the _________ ________.

anorexia nervosa

Raquel was initially excited to make the cheerleading squad. However, her parents noticed that she stopped eating dinner with them, wanted to help make most meals, and had a list of good and bad foods. She began portioning the amount of food she ate and weighing food. Most concerning was the significant weight drop from a healthy 115 pounds to 90 pounds. This case demonstrates symptoms of: (choices: binge-eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, phobia, bulimia nervosa)

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

anxiety

Resistance is the concept that avoiding talking about the issue or problem is causing a person _________.

antidepressant medication and therapy simultaneously

Sadia is suffering from depression. She wants long-term relief from this problem and is willing to work hard to make changes in her life. What treatment is likely to have the best effects long-term? (choices: antidepressant medication and therapy simultaneously, therapy then medication, antidepressant medication, therapy)

walks in the woods

Sharif has mild depression. Recently he read that research has shown that something as simple as frequent _____ can relieve symptoms. (reading, psychosurgery, walks in the woods, food intake)

rewards

Token economies don't work once the __________ stop being passed out.

DSM-5

Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system most often used in the U.S., she should read the _____. (choice: DSM-5, mental health magazine, twitter post)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders; Current version: DSM-5

Medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured often through treatment in a hospital

Maladaptive behavior

"Behavior that hinders a person's ability to function in work, school, relationships, or society"; Interferes with day-to day life; Ex: A person with autism hitting their head against the wall when stressed

Reinforcement

"Helps maintain our phobias and compulsions after they arise; Avoiding or escaping the feared situation reduces anxiety, thus reinforcing the phobic behavior"

Cluster A

"Odd/eccentric" cluster: Includes Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

Counterconditioning

A behavior therapy procedure that used classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

anorexia nervosa

Although she is underweight, Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey most clearly demonstrates symptoms of: (choices: anorexia nervosa, phobia, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder)

Token economy

An OPERANT conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats; the minor rewarding of behaviors

behavior conditioning

As a parent, Wendy is skeptical of treatments that sound too good to be true. When she arrives at the psychologist's office, she asks about what is the empirically-supported treatment for bed-wetting because her 6-year-old son has been having difficulties. She learns that _____ is the empirically-supported treatment. (choices: psychodynamic therapy, behavior conditioning, family therapy, cognitive therapy)

transference

At his weekly therapy session, Henry became agitated at his therapist, saying that she was controlling, domineering, and trying to ruin his life with all of her mothering. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates _____. (choices: poor rapport, transference, rationalization, avoidance)

Exposure therapies

Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

antisocial personality disorder

Bobby stole money from the local grocery store on the corner to buy beer. He later assaulted a 72-year-old woman and stole her purse. In the alley, he dumped the purse, went to Starbucks for a cup of coffee, and proceeded to take the train. On the train, someone stepped on his shoes, and he threw the hot coffee on their face and laughed. Bobby would be considered to have a(n): (choices: antisocial personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder)

Malingering

Deliberate faking of a physical or psychological disorder for attention

generalized anxiety disorder

Diane is concerned about things at work even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life even when she is at work. Diane has a free-floating anxiety that leaves her tense and irritable, impairs her concentration, and results in many sleepless nights. Diane suffers from a(n): (choices: obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, persistent depressive disorder, phobia)

Dissociative disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings; You frequently space out when experiencing anxiety; Common symptom: Extreme loss of time

Psychoses

Disorders in which some loss of contact with reality has occurred and can result in hallucinations or delusions

positive symptoms

Frank was seen laughing inappropriately in the library as if he was responding to internal stimuli. On the bus home, he was crying uncontrollably and suddenly became angered when a fellow passenger offered him a tissue. His excess of inappropriate behavior is known as: (choices: disordered thinking, delusional thinking, negative symptoms, positive symptoms)

Philippe Pinel

French physician who contributed to the more humane treatment of psychiatric patients in the late 1700s; Said that psychological disorders tend to have biological causes

Lithium

Gerald suffers from bipolar disorder. He is likely to be prescribed ___ to combat mania. (choices: Zoloft, Prozac, lithium, Xanax)

Acute post traumatic stress disorder

Happens immediately after the event and generally only lasts a few weeks to months; Does go away; Same symptoms as PTSD, but the timeline is different

conscious

Humanistic therapists focus on _____ thoughts. (choices: unconscious, conscious, blocked, repressed)

aromatherapy

If Roxanne, who suffers from episodic depression, wants to have the best long-term improvement, which lifestyle change would be the LEAST effective? (choices: exercise, light therapy, aromatherapy, nutritional supplements)

token economy

In an eating disorders clinic, the patients receive merits for good eating behaviors such as finishing their meal, not exercising after their meal, and for appropriate behaviors on the unit. This best illustrates an application of: (choices: stress-inoculation, virtual reality exposure therapy, systematic desensitization, token economy)

depressive

John has been having difficulties getting out of bed. He is not interested in going out with friends, and does not even answer the phone. John has let a number of bills go unpaid, he is sleeping 12-14 hours a day, and he cannot concentrate at work. He has called in sick to work at least once each week. John is most likely suffering from a _____ disorder. (choices: anxiety, depressive, social)

phobia

Learned, avoided behavior calms anxiety and builds a ________

client-centered therapy

Malika sees her therapist every other week. When she is at her therapist's office, she feels accepted and can share everything with her therapist. While her therapist listens to what Malika has to say without judgment, he also seeks understanding by paraphrasing as well as asking for clarification. Malika's therapist is using which therapeutic approach? (choices: interpersonal psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, client-centered therapy, exposure)

Mood-stabilizing medications

Medications used to treat bipolar disorder and other disorders by decreasing brain activity and stopping the "spikes" in these disorders

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Sally is focused on cleaning her home, which she does for four hours per day. In particular, the fringe on her rugs must be straight on both sides in all five rooms. This takes considerable time, and she often repeats this 10 to 12 times per day. Her experience is most symptomatic of a(n): (choices: obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, phobia panic disorder)

Rosenhan's study

Sent in patients into a hospital with a fake mental illness, acted normal in the hospital, the patients were held in the hospital for months even though they didn't have any disorders; Rosenhan publishes his study; Agrees with the hospital to send more fake patients in- doesn't actually send any in, but the hospital catches a bunch of "fake patients"

relationship between thoughts and feelings

Shania sees a cognitive therapist for depression. Shania's therapist has explained to her that cognitive therapy is very effective for depression because it addresses _____. (choices: behavior change, underlying feelings, relationship between thoughts and feelings, unconscious processes)

Dissociate

To become separated from reality (includes daydreaming)

systematic desensitization

To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates _____. (choices: aversive conditioning, virtual reality, systematic desensitization, exposure)

aversive conditioning

To help Jacob overcome his smoking habit, a therapist puts him in a room with a carton of cigarettes laced with a chemical to induce nausea. He displays images of the dangers of smoking both on the walls and on a television set. This approach to treatment best illustrates _____. (choices: aversive conditioning, systematic desensitization, virtual reality, exposure)

Mental drift

the tendency to drift downward in society for a mentally ill person Includes job, personal hygiene, etc

Mood congruent theory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood; the idea that a good mood results in positive thinking (And Vice versa)

Bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (formerly called manic-depressive disorder.); Has 2 phases: mania and depression

Adderall (amphetamine)

A drug prescribed to those with ADD that allows the brain to focus

Munchausen syndrome by proxy

A form of child abuse where the parent causes injury or illness to a child

Word salad

A jumble of incoherent speech as sometimes heard in schizophrenia

Major categories of the DSM

Mood disorder, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, somatic disorders, etc.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Name the therapy that has the following side effects: temporary short-term memory loss, slight damage to the brain

SSRIs

Prevent serotonin uptake from occurring too quickly

Psychopharmacology

The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

biological

Therapeutic lifestyle changes are used to restore a person to a healthy __________ state.

Insight therapies

A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Conversion disorder

A disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no psychological basis can be found. (Also called functional neurological symptom disorder); It's all in their heads- the body's response to underlying stress; Unconscious symptoms that the mind and body does to avoid stress; Patients display neurological symptoms when there isn't an actual illness

illness anxiety disorder

A disorder, formerly alled HYPOCONDRIASIS) in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of the disease

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter thought to trigger anxiety

Major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood, or (2) lost of interest or pleasure; A long established pattern of these behaviors (Months at a time)- One of the severe diagnoses of depression

Lobotomy

A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

drug mechanism

A patient who experiences bipolar disorder may be hesitant to try a mood stabilizer because the ______ _____ is unknown. (choices: potential benefit, side effect, drug mechanism)

Schizoid personality disorder

A person with little interest or involvement in relationships or interactions with anyone; Content being alone but they don't avoid people

Narcissistic personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance

Histrionic personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

Antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Clinical expertise

A practitioner's knowledge, skills, and past experience in accurately assessing, diagnosing, and managing an individual patient's health needs

Meta-analysis

A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies; the tracking of patients that have or haven't gone to therapy

Psychosis (psychotic disorder)

A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions; When you're having an episode

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities; Formerly called multiple personality disorder; A person that is withdrawing within themselves and bringing forth another personality to deal with a stressful situation; Their voice changes and their face contorts

Binge-eating disorder

A significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

exposure

A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates the _____ technique in behavioral therapy. (choices: exposure, virtual reality, aversive conditioning, systematic desensitization)

Client-centered therapy

A therapy involving: Nondirective therapy, genuineness, acceptance, and empathy, active listening, paraphrasing, inviting clarification/elaboration, and reflecting feelings

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A therapy that can be used to treat numerous disorders, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders by changing a person's MINDSET and BEHAVIOR

Aversive conditioning

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol); Pairing a desire when an unpleasant stimulus in order to get the person avoid that desire

Aversive conditioning

A type of counterconditioning that can be used to treat minor disorders and addictions

Systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.

Clinical/psychiatric social workers

A type of professional: A 2 year master of social work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems; About half have earned the National Association of Social Workers' designation of clinical social worker

Counselors

A type of professional: Marriage and family counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations; Clergy provide counseling to countless people; Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse/child abusers and their victims; Mental health and other counselors may be required to have a 2 year master's degree

Psychiatrists

A type of professional: Physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders; Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s or D.O.s they can prescribe medications; They tend to see those with the most serious problems and often have their own private practice

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Sharon was admitted to the hospital with severe depression. She nearly killed herself by slitting her wrists. The only reason she survived is because her husband came home from work early. One type of treatment that might bring her out of depression quickly and potentially save her life is: (choices: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), electrocardiogram (EKG), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT))

antidepressants

Side effects of _________ are weight changes (gain especially) and increased thoughts of suicide.

anxiety

Sigmund Freud proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings, and that this submerged mental energy sometimes produces mystifying symptoms, most notably _____. (choices: depression, nausea, antisocial behavior, anxiety)

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique that believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Psychological, phsyical

Somatic symptom disorder: ___________ stress leads to a ________ reaction.

word salad

Spencer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a _____. (choices: train of thought, word salad, organized speech)

eclectic approach

Stephanie meets with her therapist once a week in order to talk about her marriage as well as the relationship she has with her parents. In addition to helping Stephanie seek insight about these relationships, Stephanie's therapist prescribes Stephanie medication. This is an example of: (choices: exposure therapy, psychoanalysis, eclectic approach, counterconditioning)

Psychosurgery

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

agoraphobia

Susan has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Susan suffers from panic disorder as well as _____. (choices: PTSD, agoraphobia, arachnophobia)

panic disorder

Symptoms that can be incorrectly perceived as those of a heart attack are most characteristic of: (choices: bipolar disorder, panic disorder, persistent depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder)

norepinephrine and serotonin

The 2 neurotransmitters that can lead to depression if they are lacking in the body

Disturbed, dysfunctional, maladaptive

The 3 behaviors needed to have a psychological disorder

Disturbed, dysfunctional, and maladaptive

The 3 types of behaviors that must be present for someone to have a psychological disorder

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations (rTMS)

The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity; Directly inserting electrodes into the parts of the brain that you want them to go

Cluster B

The cluster that craves attention/focus from others; includes antisocial, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

Aversive conditioning

The following is an example of what type of counterconditioning: Smoking is paired with nausea, which makes a smoker dislike the taste of cigarettes

Token economy

The following is the example of what operant conditioning procedure: People working in order to receive money

Group therapy

Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction; often deals with addiction

Psychodynamic therapy

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

Humanistic therapy

Therapy involving increasing awareness of one's self concept to reach their highest potential and focusing on the positive aspects of one's life/personality

Behavior therapy

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors; such as classical and operant conditionings

Family therapy

Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

aversive conditioning

To help Monica overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment best illustrates: (choices: stress-inoculation training, aversive conditioning, light exposure therapy, systematic desensitization)

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).

Today, Ellen is going to the mental health clinic for a relatively new treatment. During the procedure her brain will be exposed to repeated pulses of magnetic energy. This type of treatment is known as: (choices: electrocardiogram (EKG), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS))

interpersonal psychotherapy.

Tracy is a manager for a large corporation and has been placed in charge of an important project. She now has to report to someone who she does not like, and is responsible for a staff that has a history of underperforming. On top of this, she is getting married in the next six months. She and her fiance are fighting all the time and she has become irritable at work. Instead of talking about childhood memories, as well as Tracy's relationship with her mother, Tracy's new therapist decides to focus exclusively on the relationship she has with her boyfriend as well as her coworkers. Tracy's therapist is using: (choices: interpersonal psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, systematic desensitization, token economy)

Psychotherapy

Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Magnetic stimulation

Uses strong magnets to stimulate certain parts of the brain without causing a lot of damage; less invasive and more precise

negative symptoms

Victor's mother is frustrated because she cannot get Victor involved in any activities. Most days he sits in a chair with no expression on his face. This type of absence of appropriate behavior is known as: (choices: disordered thinking, positive symptoms, delusional thinking, negative symptoms)

Humanistic therapy

What therapy focuses on the following: Boosting self-fulfillment, promoting positive growth, taking immediate responsibility, conscious rather than unconscious thoughts, and the present/future rather the past

Psychosurgery

What type of surgery is the following: Severing the Corpus callosum for those with seizures

clinical psychiatrist

Yvonne works for a government agency where she treats those who have psychological disorders. In order to do this, she has a Psy.D. When she was younger, she also had a supervised internship and postdoctoral training. Yvonne is most likely a: (choices: psychiatric social worker, counselor, clinical psychiatrist, psychiatrist)

Biomedical therapy

_____ is a type of treatment whose primary goal is to physically change the brain's functioning. (choices: biomedical therapy, systematic desensitization, EMDR, counterconditioning)

Schizophrenia (split mind)

aA group of severe disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression; Visual/auditory Hallucinations and delusions; Racing thoughts, suicidal thoughts, disorganized speech