AP Psychology Chapter 18

Norms

_________ - • Socially based rules that prescribe what people should or should not do in various situations • Not all are universal

Task - Oriented Leaders

_________ - ___________ ___________ • A leader who provides close supervision, leads by directives, and generally discourages group discussion (tend to be men)

Expert Social Power

_________ ___________ __________ - • The ability to influence people because they assume the person in power is a knowledgeable and responsible expert

Zero - Sum Game

__________ - ________ _________ • A social situation in which one person's gains are subtracted from another person's resources, so that the sum of the gains & losses is zero (Ex: election campaigns or children competing for a toy)

Empathy - Altruism Theory

__________ - __________ __________ - • A theory suggesting that people help others because of empathy with their needs • People likely to engage in altruistic or unselfish helping

Social Influence

__________ _____________ - • The process whereby one person's behavior is affected by the words or actions of others

Prisoner's Dilemma

__________ ________________ - • A social dilemma in which mutual cooperation guarantees the best mutual outcome

Social Dilemmas

__________ ________________ - • Situations in which actions that produce rewards for one individual will produce negative consequences if adopted by everyone

Arousal: Cost - Reward Theory

__________: _______ - _________ _______ - • A theory attributing people's helping behavior to their efforts to reduce the unpleasant arousal they feel in the face of someone's need or suffering • Before rushing to the victim's aid, the bystander will evaluate the costs of helping and the costs of not helping • Clarity of the need for help/Presence of others

Altruism

____________ - • An unselfish concern for another's welfare

Person - Oriented Leaders

____________ - ___________ __________ • A leader who provides loose cooperation, asks for group member's ideas, and is concerned with subordinates' feelings (tend to be women)

Public Goods Dilemma

____________ __________ ___________ - • People must decide how much to contribute to a common resource • Ex: You will benefit greatly from tax laws in the short run if you don't pay taxes, but if everyone failed to pay, no one would have police/fire protection, highway repairs, or other vital government services

Bystander Effect

____________ ___________ - • A phenomenon in which the chances that someone will help in an emergency decreases as the number of people present increases • Diffusion of responsibility - Seeing other bystanders allows each individual to lower the costs of not helping • Personality of the helper - Some people who are likely to help than others

Social Loafing

____________ ______________ - • Exerting less effort when performing in a group than when performing the same task alone

Social Facilitation

____________ _________________ - • A phenomenon in which the presence of others improves a person's performance

Social Impairment

____________ __________________ - • A reduction in performance due to the presence of other's • Being watched by others increases our sense of being evaluated, producing worry turning into arousal • Arousal increases the tendency to perform those behaviors that are most dominant - Can help or hinder performance • If performing something easy (like riding a bike) the increased arousal caused by the presence of others should allow you to do the task faster than normal • If performing something unfamiliar (playing a piano), the most dominant responses may be incorrect and cause your performance to suffer

Frustration - Aggression Hypothesis

_____________ - ___________ __________ • A proposition that frustration always leads to some form of aggressive behavior

Helping Behavior

_____________ _______________ - • Any act that is intended to benefit another person

Obedience

______________ - • Changing behavior in response to a demand from an authority figure

Conformity

______________ - • Changing one's behaviors or beliefs to match those of others, generally as a result of real or imagined, though, unspoken, group pressure

Conflict

______________ - • The result of a person's or group's belief that another person or group stands in the way of their achieving a valued goal

Injunctive Norms

______________ _________ - • Give more specific information about the actions that others find acceptable and those that they find unacceptable • Subtle pressure exists to behave in accordance with these norms

Resource Dilemma

______________ _______________ - • A situation in which people must share a common resource, creating conflicts between the short - term interests of individuals and the long - term interests of the group

Commons Dilemma

______________ ________________ - • People have to decide how much to take from a common resource • Ex: Farmers all want to draw water for their crops from the same lake. Each individual farmer would benefit greatly from unrestricted use of the the water, but if all farmers did the same, the water will soon be gone

Compliance

_______________ - • Adjusting one's behavior because of an explicit or implicit request

Cooperation

_______________ - • Any type of behavior in which people work together to attain a goal

Reciprocity

_______________ - • Tendency to respond to others as they have acted toward you • Example: Restaurant servers often apply this norm by leaving some candy with the bill; Customers who receive this gift tend to reciprocate by leaving a larger tip

Descriptive Norms

_______________ _________ - • How most people behave in a given situation • They tell us what actions are common in the situation and thereby implicitly give us permission to act the same way • (Ex: walk when green or "walk" sign)

Legitimate Social Power

_______________ _________ __________ - • The ability to influence people because they assume the person in power has the right or legitimate authority to tell them what to do

Transformational/Charismatic Leaders

_______________/___________ _______ - • Concentrate on creating a vision of the group's goals, inspiring others to pursue that vision and giving their followers reason to respect/admire them • (Ex: MLK Jr., Winston Churchill)

Aggression

________________ - • An act that is intended to cause harm to another person

Competition

________________ - • Behavior in which individuals try to attain a goal for themselves while denying that goal to others

Environmental Psychology

________________ _____________ - • The study of the relationship between behavior and that physical environment • Temperature, especially hot weather is a source of stress/arousal may be linked to aggressiveness • Noise, especially if it is unpredictable and irregular Living in crowded apartments buildings can make people tense and uncomfortable

Transactional Leaders

________________ _____________ - • Whose leadership behavior depends on the actions of those they lead. Reward those who behave as the leader wishes, and correct/punishes those who behave otherwise

Groupthink

_________________ - • A pattern of thinking in which group members fail to evaluate realistically the wisdom of various options and decisions • Likely when members of a group place a higher value on reaching a decision than on being sure they have reached the best decision

Deindividuation

__________________ - • Phenomenon in which a person becomes "submerged in a group" and loses the sense of individuality • Become emotionally aroused and feel less intense closeness with the group • People become "part of a herd" and may perform acts they would not do otherwise (Example: Fans at rock concerts have trampled one another to death in their frenzy to get the best seats