AP Psychology Chapter 4: The Developing Person
1. Sensorimotor
(ages 0-2): when you start to master your sensory reception and motoring; use of muscles, movement
menopause
- is the period in a woman's life (age 45-55) when menstruation first becomes irregular and eventually stop
nerve cells before and after birth
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Three parenting styles
1) Authoritarian---parents want their children to do as they say. The parent is like a dictator. 2) Authoritative---parents try to have their children do productive activities and explain to their children the reasons behind their decisions. They encourage a verbal give and take, and discuss decisions made in the family regarding the child. 3) Permissive--- parents who do not tell the child what to do. Give few rules, are very warm to their children. Let the child choose what the child does and are non-confrontational with their child., Diane Baumrind
Stages of grieving/death
1. denial 2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance
adolescence
13-19. Identity vs. role confusion. By exploring different social roles, adolescents develop a sense of identity.
embryo
2 weeks through 8 weeks, attaches to the mother's uterine wall, organs being to form and function, heart begins to beat; liver begins to make red blood cells, head arms and legs are clearly noticeable
Harry Harlow
A Psychologist who specialized in higher animal development, contact comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of (contact comfort)
rooting reflex
A baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
developmental psychology
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
career
A chosen pursuit, profession, or occupation.
schema
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
autism
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.
fetal alcohol syndrome
A medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant
Adulthood
A period in life that follows childhood and adolesence and last until death
imprinting
A primitive form of learning in which some young animals follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see and hear.
Alzheimers
A progressive disease characterized by neurofibrillary tangles and plaque in the brain, lack of acetylcholine. Nueurons of frontal and medial temporal lobes are affected, with biochemical & structural changes.
self-concept
A sense of one's identity and personal worth
reflexes
A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.
Heinz Dilemma
A woman is dying and needs an expensive medication. Husband cannot afford the medication, should he steal it or should she die?
egocentric
A young child's inability to understand another person's perspective.
conservation
Ability to recognize that objects can e transformed in some way, visually or phycially, yet still be the same in number, weight, substance, or volume
Basic trust
According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
assimilation
According to Piaget, the process by which new ideas and experiences are absorbed and incorporated into existing mental structures and behaviors
accommodation
Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
teratogens
Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
dementia
An abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive defects that include memory impairment.
attachment
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
babinski reflex
An infant fans out its toes in response to a stroke on the outside of its foot
Secure attachment
An infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.
newborn
An inpatient who was born in a hospital at the beginning of the current inpatient hospitalization.
critical period
An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
habituation
An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
brain development
As information of synapes, myelination, cell death, and synaptic pruning occur, preschoolers improve in a wide variety of skills -- physical coordination, preception, attention, memory, language, logical thinking, and imagination.
prenatal development
As prenatal development progresses in humans from 10 weeks after conception to 41 weeks, the brain undergoes a similar progression in size, in the expansion of association cortex, and in the proliferation of fissures. The most critical stages of neural development occur during the first 30 weeks of fetal development.
Anxious/ambivalent attachment
Baby becomes very disturbed when left alone with a stranger but are ambivalent when their mother returns and may become angry and resist her atempts at physical contact.
maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
2. Conventional morality
By early adolescence, morality focuses on caring for others and on upholding laws and social rules, simply because they are the laws and rules
Avoidant attachment
Children that seek little contact with their mothers and are often not distressed when she leaves.
fetus
Developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
cognitive development
Development of increasingly sophisticated thinking, reasoning, and language with age.
moral development
Development that involves thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people
social development
Development, with age, of increasingly sophisticated understandings of other people and of society as a whole, as well as increasingly effective interpersonal skills and more internalized standards for behavior
Identity
Essential aspect of who we are, consisting of our sense of self, gender, race, ethnicity, and religion
Lawrence Kholberg
Famous for his theory of moral development in children; made use of moral dilemmas in assessment.
zygote
Fertilized egg
1. Preconventional morality
First level of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning in which control is external and rules are obeyed in order to gain rewards or avoid punishment or out of self-interest.
menarche
First menstrual period
motor development
First, infants begin to roll over. Next, they sit unsupported, crawl, and finally walk. Experience has little effect on this sequence
cognitive development in adulthood
Gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated.
Intimacy
In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
2. Preoperational
In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
3. Concrete Operational
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
4. Formal Operational
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychological Development
Infancy (trust v mistrust). Toddler (autonomy v shame, doubt). Preschool (initiative v guilt). School Age (industry v inferiority). Adolescent (identity v identity diffusion). Young adult (intimacy v isolation). Middle adult (generativity v stagnation). Late life (Integrity v despair).
moro reflex
Infant startle response to sudden, intense noise or movement. When startled the newborn arches its back, throws back its head, and flings out its arms and legs. Usually disappears after four months.
fluid intelligence
One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
crystallized intelligence
One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
puberty
Physical process of change characterized the development of secondary sex characteristics. Female onset is 11 and male onset is 13 years.
sucking reflex
Sucking response when roof of mouth is touched
primary sex characteristics
The body structures (Ovaries, Testes, and external genitalia) that makes sexual reproduction possible.
social clock
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
stranger anxiety
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
object permanence
The knowledge that an object exists even when its not in view.
nature and nurture
The relationship between the factors of genes and the environmental conditions an organism lives in and their overall affect on the organism.
3. Postconventional morality
Third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms
sensory abilities in adulthood
after age 70, hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina. After 80, neural processes slow down, especially for complex tasks
Moral Development stages
by kohlberg. preconventional morality, conventional morality, and postconventional morality.
social development in adulthood
career, marriage and family
Lev Vygotsky
child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research
criticisms of Piaget
children learn sooner, got stages in right order but not when, adults less advanced then what he thought, stages not as rigid,measurement techniques, cross cultural research (influenced by environmental factors)
Piaget's Cognitive Development
development of processes of knowing, including imagining, perceiving, reasoning, and problem solving
Mary Ainsworth
developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
developmental psychology; wrote "On Death and Dying": 5 stages the terminally ill go through when facing death (1. denial, 2. anger, 3. bargaining, 4. depression, 5. acceptance)
cognitive development (adolescence)
frontal lobe changes
Carol Gilligan
moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse
orientation reflex
natural reflex that occurs as a response to something threatening
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality and body hair
theory of the mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states--about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behavior these might predict.
physical development in adulthood
physical abilities crest by mid 20s. has more to do with health & exercise habits than age
family commitments
take precedence over personal or career commitments and both parents may retain a great degree of decision making control over even adult children
palmar reflex
when you place your finger in an infant's palm, he will grasp it
