AP Psychology Chapter 7.1

Theories of motivation that assert the existence of biological motives to maintain the body in a steady state are called

homeostatic

Schachter-Singer Theory example

if you were to see a venomous snake in your backyard, the Schachter-Singer theory argues that the snake would elicit sympathetic nervous system activation (physiological arousal) that would be cognitively labeled as fear (cognition) based on the context. COGNITIVE LABEL

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

coronary heart disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Cannon-Bard Theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

James-Lange Theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions

facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

sam has a high need for achievement

will persist in her efforts to accomplish moderstely difficult tasks

neurotransmitter associated with wanting

dopamine

James-Lange Example

"You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Your brain interprets these physiological changes as your body's preparation for a fearful situation. You then experience fear." i feel sad because iam crying

Type B personality

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

priya and ellie bballbgame

Lazarus Apprasial theory

heiarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs, safety, love and belonging that must first be satisfied before higher level safety and the psychological needs become active., esteem etc

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

settling point theory

The idea that weight tends to drift around a level at which the constellation of factors that determine food consumption and energy expenditure achieve an equilibrium.

physiological need

a basic bodily requirement

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

Amanda experienced discomfort in class. She put on a sweater when she realized her discomfort was caused by the cold. Her behavior was motivated by

a drive

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes mcclelland

Catharsis

a release of emotional tension

emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

Achievement Motivation Theory

a theory which holds that individuals can have a need to get ahead, to attain success, and to reach objectives

Gustav was out for his daily walk when he was approached by a thief who demanded his wallet. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response?

alarm reaction

Least likely to affect immune system's ability to ward off illness

being ar0ound someone who has the flu

A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called

an instinct

on a hike maria and fred were in a thunderstorm. THe schacter two factor theory predicts

both will misattribute their autonomic arousal for attraction to one another

basic human emotions are innate

basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures

homeostatic process

cathy drinks water to reduce thirst after a long race

stanley schachters explaiation of emptions emphasizes

cognitive apprasial of physiological state

Hans grew up in Germany and later moved to Japan for a job opportunity. Back at home, he never had issues making friends or had interpersonal issues with colleagues at work, but in his new home, Hans is having difficulty interacting with his colleagues. According to psychologists who study how culture influences behavior, his difficulties most likely stem from

cultural differences in emotional expression and body language between Japan and Germany

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?

drive reduction

homeostasis is most closely related to

drive reduction theory

physological needs create aroused psychological states that cause us to try to satisfy those needs

drive theory

need to have respect for ourselves and others and to be valued

esteem needs

in the james lange theory of emotion which of the following immediately pproceeds an emotion

experience of physiological experience

Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome

explains reactions to stress

overjustification effect questions the value of

extrinsic motication

Type A personality is at risk for

heart disease

a brain tumour that result in obesity would likely be located in the

hypothalamus

A genetically programmed action pattern is the ethologist's definition of

instinct

four approaches of motivation

instinct drive reduction optimum arousal maslows heirarchy of needs

adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Although Paul loved playing football for fun in high school, he enjoys it less now that he is paid to be a professional football player. Which of the following best explains Paul's decreased interest in playing football?

overjustficstion effect

Type A personality

personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven, hostile, and ambitious, rosenman

according to research on motivation employers are most likely to ensure high performance and job satisfaction from their workers if employers

redesign jobs to increase workers responsibility and flexibility

According to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivated to

reduced tensions caused by inconsistent thoughts

optimal level of arousal of an individual performig a task is

related to task difficulty

Melvin, a server at a restaurant, is in the middle of a lunch rush. He is completing orders, serving customers, and seating new guests. He has adapted to this level of stress and is coping. Which of the following terms identifies a stage in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome that Melvin is currently experiencing?

resistence

When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explains these results?

schachter singer

cannon bard theory example

seeing a snake might prompt both the feeling of fear (an emotional response) and a racing heartbeat (a physical reaction).

Georgi believes she is capable of playing extremely well in the volleyball game scheduled for tonight. Albert Bandura would most likely say that Georgi's expectations for this task reveal that she is exhibiting high

self-efficacy

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

according to jamess lange theory after seeing the snake ted will

start trembling and then feel fear without explicitly processing the snake

Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by

surpressing white blood cells called t lymphocytes

two-factor theory

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy output

affiliation need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

research indicates that the same facial expressions are demonstrated by sighted people and blinds. This provides evidence for

the universiality hypothesis

Tahani is hiking in the woods and sees some movement in the trees. She immediately tenses up. A few moments later, after she realizes that the trees were just rustling in the wind, she calms down. According to Joseph LeDoux, Tahani's reaction is due to the fact that

there is a fast processing path that sends sensory info to the amygdala causing her initial fear response and a slower processing path that proceeds the content of ensory info first which overrode her fear response

Tend-andbefriend response

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)