AP Psychology - Human Development

Conventional Moral Development

- 10-15 years - Stage 3: "good boy-good girl" orientation - Focused on living up to social expectations and roles. Emphasis on conformity, being "nice" and considerate - Stage 4: Law and Social Order - People begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. Focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one's duty and respecting authority - Majority of people are in stage 4

Post Conventional Moral Development

- 16+ years - Stage 5: Legalistic Social Contract - People being to account for the differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people. Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards - Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles - Universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules

Trust vs. Mistrust

- 1st stage of Psychosocial Development - Birth --> 1 year - Needs being met - Basic trust develops when needs are met - Loving relationship is formed with caregiver - Important event: feeding

denial

- 1st stage of grief - Refusing to believe a probable death will occur

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

- 2nd stage of Psychosocial Development - 1--> 2 years - Learnign to do things for oneself - Development of physical activities - Important event: toilet training

anger

- 2nd stage of grief - Once the diagnosis is accepted as true, anger and hostile feelings like the following can occur

Initiative vs. Guilt

- 3rd stage of Psychosocial Development - 3--> 5 years - Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks - One becomes more independent

bargaining

- 3rd stage of grief - Trying to negotiate - Make a pact with god or the universe - A deep sense of yearning at this stage to be well again

Competence/Industry vs. Inferiority

- 4th stage of Psychosocial Development - 6 years --> puberty - Child completes tasks themselves - Learning on your own - Important event: school

depression

- 4th stage of grief - When reality sets in about their near death, bargaining turns into depression - Fear of the unknown

Identity vs. Role Confusion

- 5th stage of Psychosocial Development - Teens --> early 20s - Teens refine sense of self - Test new roles and incorporate them into an identity - Important events: forming relationships with friends

acceptance

- 5th stage of grief - When the dying have enough time and support, they can often move into acceptance - An inner peace about the upcoming death

Intimacy vs. Isolation

- 6th stage of Psychosocial Development - 20s --> 40s - Young adults develop intimate relationships - Gaining the capacity for intimate love - Important event: forming love and/or strong relationships

Generativity vs. Stagnation

- 7th stage of Psychosocial Development - 40s --> 60s - Middle-aged discover a sense of contribution to this world - Family and work oftentimes satisfy this desire - Supporting and satisfying future generation - Important event: Parenting

Integrity vs. Despair

- 8th stage of Psychosocial Development - 60s+ - Reflection on entire life - Did I contribute to this world? - Sense of fulfillment

Kohlberg's Theory

- Everyone goes through the stages sequentially without skipping any stage - Movement occurs when a person noticed inadequacies in his or her present way of coping with a given moral dilemma

Pre-conventional Moral Development

- From 0-9 years - Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment - Obeys rules in order to avoid punishment - Stage 2: Naively egotistical - Children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs

Lev Vygotsky

- Russian psychologist - Worked in post-revolutionary SU to rebuild psychology along Marxist lines - Applied psychology to problems confronting the new state, especially in the field of educational psychology - Believed cognitive development as depending more on interactions with people and tools in the child's world - Didn't believe in Freud or Piaget

5 Stages of Grief (Kubler-Ross)

1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

1. Sensorimotor (birth - 2) 2. Preoperational (2 -6) 3. Concrete operational (7-11) 4. Formal operational (12-adulthood)

Erik Erikson

A neo-Fruedian who developed the 8 Psychosocial Stages of Development - Believed that at some point in your life you were going to go through some kind of crisis

formal operational

Abstract reasoning - Phenomena: abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning - Reasoning ability expands from concrete thinking to abstract thinking - Can now use symbols and imagined realities to systematically reason

accomodation

Adjusting schema and modifying it to reflect new learning

Zone of Proximal Development

Distance between where a learner is at developmentally on their own and where a learner could be with the help of a more knowledgeable other

sensorimotor

Experiencing the world through sense and actions (looking, touching, mouthing, and grasping) - Phenomena: stranger anxiety, object permanence - Believed children in this stage weren't thinking - Children understand the basic laws of physics - Children can also count

assimilation

Involves incorporating new experiences into our current understanding (schema)

schemas

Mental molds into which we pour our experiences

object permanence

Objects that are out of sight are also out of mind; part of sensorimotor stage

cognitive development

Piaget believed that the driving force behind intellectual development is our biological development amidst experiences with the environment. Our cognitive development is shaped by the errors we make

theory of mind

Preschoolers, although still egocentric, develop; the ability to understand another's mental state when they begin forming a theory of mind

preoperational

Representing things with words and images; use intuitive rather than logical reasoning - Phenomena: pretend play, egocentrism, language development - Children as young as 3 years of age are able to use mental operations

reversibility

The ability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition; concrete operational stage

animism

The belief that objects that are inanimate (not living) have feelings, thoughts, and have the mental characteristics and qualities of living things; pre-operational stage Ex: A child wouldn't want to leave their teddy bear outside for fear that it might get cold at night and be lonely without them. They are attaching human qualities and feelings to an inanimate object.

moral development

The development of an individual's concept of right or wrong - conscious, religious values, social attitudes, and certain behaviors

artificalism

The idea that natural phenomena are created by human beings Ex: The sun is created by a man with a match

concrete operational

Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operation - Phenomena: conversation, mathematical transformations - Grasp conversation problem and mentally pour liquids back and fort into glasses of different shapes conserving their quantities - Able to transform mathematical functions

egocentrism

Unable to perceive things from another's point of view

guided participation

Vygotsky- Process where the influence of social partners and social cultural practices combine to give support and direction to children and learners. Occurs with explicit instruction and routine activities.

scaffolding

Where the more knowledgable other provides some type of structure