AP Psychology --- Learning

Secondary reinforcers are a powerful tool for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer?

food

Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are examples of the ________ schedule of reinforcement

variable-interval

gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the __________ schedule of reinforcement

variable-ratio

What did Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrate?

Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults

Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking their children isn't necessarily the best way to control their behavior. Which of the following arguments should she use to support her position? A. When spanked, children do not forget the punished behavior, they simply suppress it. They are not taught what behavior to exhibit in its place B. Spanking provides a model of aggressive behavior as a tool for problem-solving C. Spanking can create fear in children D. Children begin to indirectly believe they are powerless in decision-making E. All of the above arguments support Irene's position

E. All of the above arguments support Irene's position

The Law of Effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur is which psychologist's principle?

Edward Thorndike

A man and a woman are farm workers. The man is paid every week for his work, while the woman is paid for every 2 bushels of fruit she picks. The man is under a _______ schedule of reinforcement and the woman is under a ___________ schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed-interval; fixed-ratio

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to __________ behavior, while the goal of punishment is to ________ behavior.

Increase;decrease

____________ is behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

Operant conditioning

Julie had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous rounds of chemotherapy The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The waiting room became

The CS

In a study of TV viewing that is described in the textbook, researchers measured the extent to which children watched programs with violent content, then interviewed those same children 15 years later. Analysis of the data revealed that

There is a correlation between the watching of violent TV programs as children and levels of adult aggression, but the relationship is not causal

Blinking in response to puff of air being directed into your eye is a (an)

UCR

In classical conditioning, what is the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) such as food is in the mouth?

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Professor Henderson finds that people who tend to score low on one variable tend to score low on another variable. Professor Henderson has found

a positive correlation

In his experiments, Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if

after a few hours without food (UCS), the tone (CS) was presented again

Whenever Aaron open the refrigerator door to get something to eat, he also gets his dog some food. Now, when Aaron opens the fridge door to his dog begins to drool. This best illustrates

classical conditioning

Billy was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he will not pet a dog, although he will pet cats. This reaction best illustrates

discrimination

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps come from studies of

latent learning

Michael is busy with a project he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait for 10 minutes, but his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. The son's whining best illustrates

negative reinforcement

John Watson believed that psychology should be the science of

observable behavior

You've been working nights and weekends to complete a project for work. You are successful and a couple of weeks later when you come into work your boss presents you with a bonus check. This bonus encourages you to work more nights and weekends. Your new behavior best illustrates the example of

positive reinforcement

Kendra learned how to make a 3-point shot in basketball by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly long distances from the hoop. This strategy best illustrates the process of

shaping

Which cortex is in the parietal lobe

somatosensory cortex

You read about a program designed to help patients in a psychiatric hospital to take better care of themselves and their environment. And to engage in more positive social interactions. For engaging in specified behaviors, the patients are given plastic hips that can be exchanged later for rewards and privileges. Such systems are technically known as

token economies