AP PSYCHOLOGY - PERSONALITY & INTELLIGENCE
Factor Analysis
(Eysenck Personality Questionnaire): identifies clusters of test items that occur together used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a persons total score
Spotlight effect: (Thomas Gilovich)
-we assume the 'spotlight' shines on us - think others pay more attention to us than they do
Oral
0-18 months : pleasure centers on mouth - sucking, biting, chewing
Anal
18-36 months: pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory- CAP
3 components to predict real world success Analytical (academic problem-solving) Intelligence, Creative Intelligence (experiential), Practical Intelligence (contextual)
Phallic
3-6 years : pleasure zone in genitals
Latency
6 years to puberty: phase of dormant sexual feelings
Thurstone's primary mental abilities
7 Factors: 1.Word fluency 2. verbal comprehension 3. spatial visualization 4. number facility 5. associative memory 6. reasoning 7.perceptual speed
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
An empirically derived test--assesses "abnormal" personality tendencies rather than normal traits — still good way of developing personality inventory : identifies outward and inward (created by Starke Hathaway)
Neuroticism
Calm/anxious, secure/insecure
Henry, a cognitive psychologist is trying to measure the factors that make up intelligence. This is a difficult task because intelligence is a hypothetical idea to which many factors can be related. He believes that he has created an exam that captures the essence of Intelligence. If he is successful at measuring this idea, which type of validity could Henry's exam be said to have?
Construct
An experimental psychologist has created a new test to measure the trait of extraversion and gives the test to 100 participants. These participants also take another personality test that measures extraversion which has been used successfully for 20 years. If the individuals score the same for levels of extraversion on both tests it can be said that the new assessment has ____ validity.
Criterion
Mr. Lee wanted to know if he was an extrovert or an introvert, he took a number of scientifically sound personality inventories to provide him with an answer. He took five inventories, four of the five determined that Mr. Lee was extroverted; the fifth suggested that he was introverted. Which type of validity was lacking in the fifth inventory?
Criterion
Gordon Allport
Describes personality in terms of traits
Gardner's multiple intelligences
Eight "modalities" that he identified: (beyond traditional school smarts) 1. musical rhythmic 2. visual 3. spatial 4. verbal - linguistic 5. logical - mathematical 6. bodily - kinesthetic 7. interpersonal 8. naturalistic
Hans and Sybil Eysenck
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire : identifies clusters of test items that occur together, such as reflecting extraversion. (extraversion-introversion; stable-unstable)
As George previews his midterm physics exam, it does not initially seem to reflect what has occurred in class. As he scans the exam for questions that seem familiar to those, which he practiced, none seem to stand out. What type of validity is this exam seemingly missing?
Face
This theory believes that if our "real self "and "ideal self" mostly overlap we will have healthy congruence which will result in a healthy personality.
Humanistic - Rogers (ideal self vs real self)
William Stern
IQ - IQ = mental age x 100 chronological age Created the IQ test formula
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
IQ = mental age/ chronological age x100 (works better for younger people than older)
Reciprocal Determinism
Internal Factors (thoughts, feelings) ^ ^ Behavior<————->Environment (situation)
Positive Psychology
Martin E. P. Seligman scientific study of OPTIMAL HUMAN FUNCTIONING; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals/communities to thrive (-positive well-being -positive health -positive neuroscience -positive education)
Howard Gardner
Multiple Intelligences (7) verbal, mathematical, musical, spatial, kinesthetic, interpersonal (social skills) and intrapersonal (self-understanding) functioning-- all independent of each other
High school grades seem to have the closest association to college grades. It could be stated that high school grades have high ___ validity for college GPA.
Predictive
Defense Mechanism
Repression Regression Displacement Sublimation Reaction Formation Projection Rationalization Denial Identification
Abraham Maslow - (1908-1970)
Self Actualization : process of fulfilling our potential
This theory addresses the issue of learned helplessness, when one does not believe that their actions impact the world around them.
Social Cognitive
This theory includes a move away from a belief that people are shaped solely by their environments (strict behaviorism), but rather, focuses on the interaction between one's personality and environment.
Social Cognitive
This theory addresses the idea of locus of control and that one's belief about whether or not they can make an impact on the environment around us shapes our personalities.
Social Learning/Social Cognitive
James Flynn
The Flynn Effect-- substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day
Agreeableness
Trusting/suspicious , Helpful/uncooperativeness
Savant Syndrome
a person who is limited in mental ability (intelligence) but makes up for it with exceptional skill(artistic)
Fluid Intelligence
ability to think in an abstract way (creativeness) tends to decrease during later adulthood
Construct Validity
accurately measures some hypothetical idea
Self-Concept
all thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to Q. "Who Am I" if it is positive - we act and perceive the world positively if it is negative - we fall short of our ideal self and are dissatisfied and unhappy
Charles Spearman
analyzed the relations among experimental intelligence tests using 'factor analysis' *basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas underlines specific mental abilities +measured every task on intelligence test (g factor)--> general intelligence in the fundamental of all other mental abilities developed
Alfred Adler
believed in social tensions - inferiority complex; adult behavior comes from childhoods feeling inferior
Raymond Cattel
believed there are building blocks/sources to personality --16 of these source traits that make up Surface Traits
Oedipus Complex
boys sexual desire towards mother and jealousy and hatred for rival father (age 3-6)
Sublimation
channeling aggression into a sport or art (putting anger into activity)
Psychosexual Stages(Freud)
childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
Theodore Simon
collaborated w Binet to create the Binet-Simon scale
Standardization
comparing a representative sample of people's test scores to your score on the same test to determine your performance relative to others
Down Syndrome
condition of intellectual disability caused by extra copy of chromosome 21 (varying severity)
Intellectual Disability
condition of limited mental ability (indicated by intelligence score of 70 and below) - low test score AND difficulty adapting to normal demands on independent living
Stereotype Threat
conforming to a negative stereotype leads to underperformance on a test or other task by a member of the stereotyped group
Professor Lazarus is known for giving fair exams in his Algebra course that include only test items for which the students should have been prepared through both reading and attending lectures. His exams include questions that relate to the learning targets given to the students. These exams can be said to have high ____ validity.
content
Albert Bandura
contributions to personality psychology --- originator of social learning theory -- the theoretical construct of self-efficacy
Collectivism
deep attachment to a group (family, friends) in which you give priority to
Denial
denying it happened
Collective Unconscious (Carl Jung)
each person not only has their own unique unconscious mind, but also shares some elements of unconsciousness with all other people >>archetypes (images and memories of important human experiences) that are passed down from generation to generation ((Psychodynamic)
Using Emotions
enable adaptive or creative thinking
Practical Intelligence (contextual)
everyday tasks, — street smarts
Narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorbtion
Validity
extend to which the (test) actually measures or predicts what its supposed to
Humanistic
focused on ways people strive on potential for healthy personal growth (determination and realization- concious)
Social Learning/Social Cognitive
focuses on the interaction between one's personality and environment. Cognitive - behavior = influenced by interaction of traits with social context
(I have) External Locus of Control
future is outside of your control; depending on fate
Inter-Rater Reliability
get the same score when Ms. Rosenberg and Mr. Bloom grades the test
Carl Rogers
humanistic theorist -- Person-Centered Perspective—your personality reflects your self-concept, your personality changes when you go from trying to move from actual to ideal self
Achievement Tests
intended to measure what you've learned
Aptitude Test
intended to predict your ability to learn a new skill (predict future performance)
Psychodynamic
interaction of the conscious and unconscious --- how processes affect our personality, behavior, and feelings
Personality Inventory
longer questionnaires covering wide range of feelings and behaviors — assesses several traits at once
Rationalization
making excuses (blaming your bad grade on your teachers bad study guide)
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
measure that assesses individual personality traits
Free Association
method where patients would say anything that comes to mind(even if its embarrassing)
Rorschach Inklot Test
most reliable and valid measures of personality seeks to identify peoples inner feelings by analysis on their interpretation — to understand personality ex. if you see villain in inkblot vs if you see flower
Self-Esteem
ones feeling of high or low worth
Self-efficacy
ones sense of competence and effectiveness
Birth Order Effect
order in which someone is born affects personality (Adler)
Conscientiousness
organized, careful, disciplined/impulsive
Grit
passion and perseverance in pursuit of long-term goals
Attributional Style
performance to ability
Person-Centered Theory (aka client-centered perspective) -- Carl Rogers
personality reflects self concept Rogers believed that to develop the self to the fullest potential you need positive regard from others and positive self regard for yourself.
id
pleasure principle - basic sexual and aggressive satisfy drives EX. devil (on one shoulder) innapropriate
Genuineness
ppl open their own feelings, drop their facades and are self-disclosing
Empathy
ppl share and mirror others feelings and reflect their meanings
Understanding Emotions
predict them and how they change and blend
If one wanted to assess their future success as an aeronautical engineer, they could take an exam to compare their score to those who are already in the field. This type of assessment would be measuring ____ validity.
predictive
Self Actualization : (Maslow)
process of fulfilling our potential Maslow studied healthy, creative people instead of troubled, clinical cases conclusion: these people were self-aware, self accepting, open, spontaneous, loving etc.
Genital
puberty on: maturation of sexual interests
Repression
putting something back into your mind (cannot completely expel something from your mind)
Face Validity
quick assessment on material - ex. quick glance at a test
Perceptual Speed
quickness in perceiving visual details, anomalies, similarities, etc
extroversion/introversion
range between shyness and an outgoing nature
Creative Intelligence (experiential)
reacting and generating novel ideas (inventions)
Ego
reality principle satisfying id's desires in ways that will bring pleasure rather than pain EX. head in the middle going back and forth
Perceiving Emotions
recognize in faces, music, stories
Superego
represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and future aspirations EX. angel (on other)
Unconscious
reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories - info processing of which we are unaware
Lewis Terman
revised Binet's test - relied on Stern's formula adapted some items, added other items, established new age norms, and extended the upper age limit to "superior adults"
Associative Memory
rote memory
Karen Horney
said childhood social, not sexual tensions are crucial for personality formation Psychoanalytic Social Theory -- built on the assumption that social and cultural conditions, (childhood experiences) are largely responsible for shaping personality.
Eysenck
said personality traits are inherited He originally identified two areas of temperament: neuroticism and extroversion/introversion
Reasoning
skill in a variety of inductive, deductive, and arithmetic reasoning tasks
Extraversion
sociable, Reserved/affectionate,
Projection
someone putting their feelings onto you (accusing your boyfriend of cheating because you had thoughts of cheating)
Space
spatial visualizations as well as ability to mentally transform spatial figures
Defense Mechanism
tactics that reduce anxiety by distorting reality >way of coping with these urges >what ever you do to try and get rid of id/devil (hit your friend instead of your teacher)
Test-Retest Reliability
take the same exact test twice and get the same score
Displacement
taking anger out on someone like friend instead of teacher (putting anger onto something else)
Split-Half Reliability
taking evens and odds of test separately - getting the same score on both
Regression
temper tantrums
Neuroticism
temperament level that ranges from calm to nervous --one of the big 5 personality types which are considered generalized sets of personality traits that are consistent over time
Content Validity
test samples what it is supposed to in order to cover what is important ex. course exams if they acess mastery of representative sample of course material
Thurstone
that intelligence is better described and measured by considering distinct primary mental abilities, rather than a single factor g which does not provide specific information about specific intelligences.
Reliability
the ability of a particular test or assessment to consistently overtime to give the same results — dependably consistent (scores)
Number
the ability to quickly and accurately carry out mathematical operations
Word Fluency
the ability to quickly generate and manipulate a large number of words with specific characteristics, as in anagrams or rhyming tests
Terror-Management Theory
theory of death related anxiety
Managing Emotions
to know how to express them in varied situations
Analytical Intelligence (academic problem-solving)
traditional intelligence tests
Normal Curve
typical symmetrical distribution (most scores near average, fewer lie near extremes)
Verbal Comprehension
vocabulary, reading, comprehension, verbal analogies, etc.
This theory looks to one's future and the potential that lies ahead.
Humanistic
Alternate Form Reliability
Form A and Form B should get the same score
Psychoanalytic (Psychoanalysis)
Freud's theory- importance of the unconscious mind (people are unaware of them) (says personality develops through a series of 5 psychosexual stages)
ROGERS :required 3 conditions to enable people to grow -GAE
Genuineness, Acceptance, Empathy
Alfred Binet
The origins of Intelligence IQ Testing (1900's) > produced the Binet-Simon scale [with Theodore Simon] - the first intelligence test. -said individuals intelligence is a fixed quantity and all children follow same intellectual development (with some exceptions)
This theory address overarching personality characteristics, common descriptions of one's personality and current preferences that may eventually change as the makeup of one's personality.
Trait
This theory has posed "The Big Five" personality characteristics and claims that they universally explain a good portion of human behavior.
Trait
Acceptance : Unconditional Positive Regard
(Rogers) attitude of total acceptance of another person
Stanford-Binet
(Stanford University professor Lewis Terman found issues with Binet's theory) >intelligent test which revealed the intelligence a person was born with
Predictive Validity
(future assessments) predicts success on future measure -ex. gets a 5 on AP test and then gets an A when they take it in college >test predicts future performance (usually do to some extent)
Criterion Validity
(looking back to previous assessment) when two assessments positively correlate -ex. got an A on my english essay and did well on SAT writing
Electra complex
(named by Carl Jung) extension of Sigmund Freud's Oedipus Theory a girl learns develops "penis envy," a sexual attachment/ sense of romantic love for her father and begins to see her mother as an obstacle or rival for the father
'two-factor' theory of intelligence (spearman)
- General Ability (g): which was required for performance of mental tests of all kinds; he called this a kind of 'mental energy' that underlies the specific factors - Special Abilities: which were required for performance on just one kind of mental test. - e.g. Scores on a verbal comprehension test are largely determined by one's level of general intelligence but they are also affected by one's specific ability to perform verbal comprehension tasks.
This measure superficially examines a test for what it is supposed to measure____. Whereas this type of validity measures what is actually contained in the exam ____.
Face Content
David Wechsler
Felt that the Binet scales were too verbally loaded for use with adults, so he designed an instrument with sub-tests to measure both verbal and nonverbal abilities Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
According to this theory personality develops through a series of five psychosexual stages.
Psychoanalytic
One major theorist from this approach emphasizes the idea of the collective unconscious as the area where one holds common experiences and archetypes.
Psychodynamic
One theory from this approach addresses the impact of birth order on one's personality
Psychodynamic
This theory believes that personality is largely shaped by one's childhood but that social and not sexual tensions are important to personality formation.
Psychodynamic
This theory discusses the "basic anxiety" that we attempt to resolve throughout our relationships with others.
Psychodynamic
This theory places an emphasis on the unconscious but moves away from Freud's original Psychoanalytic theory.
Psychodynamic
Emotional Intelligence
ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions
Crystallized Intelligence
amount of information you obtain and the verbal skills you develop over time (greater with older age)
Intelligence Tests
assesses peoples mental abilities and compares them with others (using numerical scores)
Mental Age
level of performance typically associated with certain chronological age ex. boy who does as well as average 8-year-old has a mental age of 8
Myers-Briggs
measure basic personality traits that influence how a person deals with the world; decision-making, etc >>tests to describe outward and inward characteristics identifies traits about thought process and what people can observe (Katharine Briggs, Isabel Briggs Myers)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
most widely used intelligence test contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests to give separate scores for verbal, perceptual, processing etc.
Self
organizer of our thoughts, feelings and actions
"Big Five"
people can observe by knowing you, identifies outward characteristics --- What do you think a person's bedroom says about their personality? You can tell about a person through their traits. Their conscientiousness is shown is their room is organized or unorganized. You can see openness if they have an imaginative room or practice and routine oriented room. etc.
Openness
practical/imagenative, routine/variety
General Intelligence (Charles Spearman)
underlines specific mental abilities +measured every task on intelligence test
Traits --
1. Gordon Allport (1950's) 2. Raymond Cattel (culture test) 16Personality Factors - started Factor Analysis 3. Eysenck^2 4. BIG 5 (C.A.N.O.E) — people can observe by knowing you, identifies outward characteristics 5. Myers-Briggs — identifies outward and inward characteristics identifies traits about thought process and what people can observe 6. MMPI - identifies outward and inward characteristics and tests to find disorders (4 + 5. test to describe 6. tests to find disorders)
This theory believes that all individuals are trying to reach the pinnacle of their potential
Humanistic
This theory emphasizes "peak experiences".
Humanistic
Intelligence
ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations --Analytical, Creative, Practical
Reaction Formation
acting in the opposite way you actually feel (being extremely nice to your teacher when you hate them)
Carl Jung
concept of shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from species' history :Psychodynamic - collective unconscious
Learned Helplessness
give up- believe it was not possible (ex. missing a few shots in soccer and giving up/ playing poorly the rest of the game because you figure you wont improve anyway)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
gives personality type after many questions in positive terms; remains a coaching/counseling tool
Individualism
giving priority to own goals over group goals— sense of "me"
Thematic Appreciation Test
projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through stories
Empirically Derived Test
test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups (ex. = MMPI)
Trait
wants to name/ describe characteristics (Gordon Allport)
Self-Serving Bias
we perceive ourselves favorably (most ppl see themselves as better than average)
Fixation
when someone gets "stuck" during a psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved, overindulged, or deprived
Identification
when you're mad but take steps to become more like person you're mad at (mad at mom and instead of punching her, you start dressing like her and acting like her- supposed to decrease tension about what you really want)
Personal Control
whether we learn to see ourselves as controlling or controlled by environment
Internal Locus of Control
you control your own future (Rotter)