AP Psychology Unit 9 Study Guide
"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" 20 sec authoritative parent authoritarian parent conventional parent permissive parent
authoritarian parent
Menopause is associated with a reduction in: A) estrogen. B) acetylcholine. C) testosterone. D) adrenaline. E) dopamine.
a
Notable achievements in fields such as _____ are often made by younger adults in their late 20s or early 30s, when _____ intelligence is at its peak. A. mathematics; fluid B. philosophy; fluid C. science; crystallized D. literature; crystallized
a
This is the ideal parenting style according to Diane Baumrind 20 sec permissive authoritative authoritarian
authoritative
Tendency for children to give animalistic qualities to inanimate objects. 20 sec animism personification egocentricism conservation
animism
_____ is an emotional tie between infant and parent. Studied by Harlow and Ainsworth. 20 sec cognition imprinting attachment critical period
attachment
This is the strictest parenting style 20 sec authoritarian authoritative permissive
authoritarian
:A child that fails the beaker test lacks this quality. 20 sec animism object permanence egocentric conservation
conservation
Harry Harlow studied the role of ________ in attachment 20 sec contact comfort love spanking nutrition
contact comfort
A period of time when something must happen or it probably never will (things like language) 30 sec attachment critical period imprinting acquisition
critical period
The process of imprinting occurs during a brief developmental phase known as 20 sec emerging adulthood puberty critical period menopause
critical period
A survey of 3rd graders, 5th graders, 7th graders was completed and the results were compared 20 sec longitudinal cross-sectional experiment correlational
cross sectional
Accord to Ainsworth, a child with a secure attachment will ____ when mom leaves the room 30 sec be cool run away cry poop diaper
cry
A child who knows how to tie shoelaces would probably find it relatively easy to learn how to tie a bow. Piaget would call this thinking process A) operationalization B) maturation C) accommodation D) assimilation E) object permanence
d
A mother who consistently responds supportively to her infant's cries for care and protection is most likely to encourage: A) conservation. B) egocentrism. C) habituation. D) secure attachment. E) stranger anxiety.
d
A person's accumulation of stored information, called _____ intelligence, generally _____ with age. A. fluid; decreases B. fluid; increases C. crystallized; decreases D. crystallized; increases
d
After menopause, most women: A. experience anxiety and a sense of worthlessness. B. experience hot flashes. C. secrete unusually high levels of estrogen. D. feel a new sense of freedom.
d
After their grown children have left home, most couples experience: A. the distress of the "empty nest syndrome." B. increased strain in their marital relationship. C. both A. and B. D. greater happiness and enjoyment in their relationship.
d
Babies who are unable to predict how their parents will react to their cries for care and attention are especially likely to show signs of: A) habituation. B) egocentrism. C) crystallized intelligence. D) insecure attachment. E) conservation.
d
Compared to when he was younger, four-year-old Antonio is better able to empathize with his friend's feelings. This growing ability to take another's perspective indicates that Antonio is acquiring: A. self-concept. B. schema. C. temperament. D. theory of mind.
d
Fourteen-year-old Cassandra feels freer and more open with her friends than with your family. Knowing this is the case, Cassandra's parent should: A. be concerned, because deteriorating parent-teen relationships, such as this one, are often followed by a range of problem behaviors. B. encourage Cassandra to find new friends. C. seek family counseling. D. not worry, since adolescence is typically a time of growing peer influence and diminishing parental influence.
d
Given the text discussion of life satisfaction patterns, which of the following people is likely to report the greatest life satisfaction? A. Billy, a 7-year-old second-grader B. Kathy, 17-year-old high-school senior C. Mildred, a 70-year-old retired teacher D. too little information to tell
d
In Piaget's theory, conservation is to egocentrism as the _____ stage is to the _____ stage. A. sensorimotor; formal operational B. formal operational; sensorimotor C. preoperational; sensorimotor D. concrete operational; preoperational
d
Most people's earliest memories do not predate _____ of age. A. 6 months B. 1 year C. 2 years D. 4 years
d
Research on the American family indicates that: A. fewer than 23% of unmarried adults, but nearly 40% of married adults, report being "very happy" with life. B. the divorce rate is now one-half the marriage rate. C. of those who divorce, 75% remarry. D. all of the above are true.
d
Research on the relationship between self-reported happiness and employment in American women has revealed that: A. women who work tend to be happier. B. women who do not work tend to be happier. C. women today are happier than in the past, whether they are working or not. D. the quality of a woman's experience in her various roles is more predictive of happiness than the presence or absence of a given role.
d
Researchers have sneakily dabbed rouge on young children's noses in order to study the developmental beginnings of: A) egocentrism. B) object permanence. C) habituation. D) self-awareness. E) conservation.
d
Stage theories have been criticized because they fail to consider that development may be significantly affected by: A. variations in the social clock. B. each individual's experiences. C. each individual's historical and cultural setting. D. all the above.
d
The term critical period refers to: A. prenatal development. B. the initial two hours after a child's birth C. the preoperational stage. D. a restricted time for learning.
d
Three-month-old Andrew was obviously startled by the first ring of the telephone, but with each subsequent ring he seemed to become less reactive. This best illustrates the process of: A) imprinting. B) conservation. C) attachment. D) habituation. E) accommodation.
d
Underlying Alzheimer's disease is a deterioration in neurons that produce: A. epinephrine. B. norepinephrine. C. serotonin. D. acetylcholine.
d
When groups of subjects of differing age are compared at a single point in time, the study is called a A) sequential study B) multi-factorial research design C) longitudinal study D) cross-sectional study E) cross-cultural study
d
Which statement illustrates cognitive development during the course of adult life? A. Adults in their 40s have better recognition memory than do adults in their 70s. B. Recall and recognition memory both remain strong throughout life. C. Recognition memory decreases sharply at midlife. D. Adults in their 40s have better recall memory than adults in their 70s.
d
Whose stage theory of moral development was based on how people reason about ethical dilemmas? A. Erikson B. Piaget C. Harlow D. Kohlberg
d
Evidence of 3000 more Americans dying on the two days after Christmas versus before shows what? 20 sec postponal aging death-deferral phenomenon dementia death longevity
death deferral phenomenon
A series of small strokes that damage an older adult's brain is most likely to produce 20 sec dementia Alzheimer's disease Asperger syndrome crystallized intelligence
dementia
According to Erikson, infancy is to trust as adolescence is to: A) integrity. B) autonomy. C) inferiority. D) generativity. E) identity.
e
According to Piaget's theory, during the concrete operational stage, a child is still unlikely to demonstrate: A) any evidence of logic. B) evidence of assimilation and accommodation. C) object permanence. D) comprehension of mathematical transformations. E) the ability to think hypothetically.
e
Assuming that R stands for running (a dominant gene) and r stands for waltzing (a recessive gene), what would be the outcome if a female Rr and a male RR produced four offspring? A) One of the offspring would be a waltzer. B) Two of the offspring would be runners and two would be waltzers. C) One cannot say from the information given. D) Three of the offspring would be runners and one would be a waltzer. E) All of the offspring would be runners.
e
Erik Erikson maintained that the two basic aspects of life that dominate adulthood are: A) intimacy and identity. B) trust and independence. C) identity and independence. D) independence and generativity. E) intimacy and generativity.
e
Erik Erikson suggested that children with a secure attachment to their parents are especially likely to experience: A) egocentrism. B) object permanence. C) habituation. D) stranger anxiety. E) basic trust.
e
John's mother has light hair and O blood type (both are recessive). His father has dark curly hair (both dark and curly are dominant). In addition, John's father has O blood type. From this information alone, we can say for sure that John has A) curly hair. B) dark hair and O blood type. C) light hair. D) dark hair. E) O blood type.
e
Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly that decreases during late adulthood 20 sec crystallized intelligence competence fluid intelligence cognitive intelligence
fluid intelligence
A child that fails to look for a ball if covered with a blanket lacks this cognitive milestone. 20 sec animism object permanence egocentricism conservation of mass
object permanence
For the unborn children of mothers who smoke heavily, nicotine is a(n) 20 sec agonist depressant halluciogen teratogen
teratogen
A child can be born a drug addict because: A. drugs used by the mother will pass into the child's bloodstream. B. addiction is an inherited personality trait. C. drugs used by the mother create genetic defects in her chromosomes. D. the fetus' blood has not yet developed a resistance to drugs.
A
According to Erikson, the central psychological challenges pertaining to adolescence, young adulthood, and middle-age, respectively, are A. identity formation; intimacy; generativity. B. intimacy; identity formation; generativity. C. generativity; intimacy; identity formation. D. intimacy; generativity; identity formation.
A
Before Piaget, people were more likely to believe that: A. the child's mind is a miniature model of the adult's. B. children think about the world in radically different ways than adults. C. the child's mind develops through a series of stages. D. children interpret their experiences in terms of their current understandings.
A
During which stage of cognitive development to children acquire object permanence? A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational
A
In Piaget's stage of concrete operational intelligence, the child acquires an understanding of the principle of: A. conservation. B. deduction. C. attachment. D. object permanence.
A
The cognitive ability that has been shown to decline during adulthood is the ability to: A. recall new information. B. recognize new information. C. learn meaningful new material. D. use judgment in dealing with daily life problems.
A
Which is the correct sequence of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational B. sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational C. preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational D. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational
A
. The average age at which puberty begins is _____ in boys; in girls, it is _____. A. 14; 13 B. 13; 11 C. 11; 10 D. 10; 9
B
A person's general ability to think abstractly is called _____ intelligence. This ability generally _____ with age. A. fluid; increases B. fluid; decreases C. crystallized; decreases D. crystallized; increases
B
Harlow's studies of attachment in monkeys showed that: A. provision of nourishment was the single most important factor motivating attachment. B. a cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response. C. whether a cloth or wire mother was present mattered less than the presence or absence of other infants. D. attachment in monkeys is based on imprinting
B
Longitudinal tests: A. compare people of different ages. B. study the same people at different times. C. usually involve a larger sample than do cross-sectional tests. D. usually involve a smaller sample than do cross-sectional tests.
B
Piaget held that egocentrism is characteristic of the: A. sensorimotor stage B. preoperational stage C. concrete operational stage D. formal operational stage
B
Research findings on infant motor development are consistent with the idea that: A. cognitive development lags significantly behind motor skills development. B. maturation of physical skills is relatively unaffected by experience. C. in the absence of relevant earlier learning experiences, the emergence of motor skills will be slowed. D. in humans, the process of maturation may be significantly altered by cultural factors.
B
The end of menstruation is called: A. menarche. B. menopause. C. the mid-life crisis. D. generativity.
B
The rooting reflex occurs when a: A. newborn's foot is tickled. B. newborn's cheek is touched. C. newborn hears a loud noise. D. newborn makes eye contact with his or her caregiver.
B
A child whose mother drank heavily when she was pregnant is at heightened risk of: A. being emotionally excitable during childhood. B. becoming insecurely attached. C. being born with the physical and cognitive abnormalities of fetal alcohol syndrome. D. addiction to a range of drugs throughout life.
C
According to Piaget, the ability to think logically about abstract propositions is indicative of the stage of: A. preoperational thought. B. concrete operations. C. formal operations. D. fluid intelligence.
C
After puberty, the self-concept usually becomes: A. more positive in boys. B. more positive in girls. C. more positive in both boys and girls. D. more negative in both boys and girls.
C
Among the hallmarks of growing up are a boy's first ejaculation and a girl's first menstrual period, which also is called: A. puberty. B. menopause. C. menarche. D. generativity.
C
Dr. Joan Goodman is studying how memory changes as people get older. She is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist. A. social B. cognitive C. developmental D. experimental
C
In preconventional morality, the person: A. obeys out of a sense of social duty. B. conforms to gain social approval. C. obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards. D. follows the dictates of his or her conscience.
C
When psychologists discuss maturation, they are referring to stages of growth that are not influenced by: A. conservation. B. nature. C. nurture. D. continuity.
C
Adolescence is marked by the onset of: A. an identity crisis. B. parent-child conflict. C. the concrete operational stage. D. puberty.
D
An elderly person who can look back on life with satisfaction and reminisce with a sense of completion has attained Erikson's stage of: A. generativity. B. intimacy. C. isolation. D. integrity.
D
Of the following, which is a possible cause of dementia? A. stroke B. brain tumor C. alcoholism D. All of the above are possible causes.
D
Stranger anxiety develops soon after: A. the concept of conservation. B. egocentrism. C. a theory of mind. D. the concept of object permanence.
D
The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is A. Piaget. B. Harlow. C. Vygotsky. D. Erikson
D
The popular idea that terminally ill and bereaved people go through predictable stages, such as denial, anger, and so forth: A. is widely supported by research. B. more accurately describes grieving in some cultures than others. C. is true of women but not men. D. is not supported by research studies.
D
Which of the following is correct? A. Early maturation places both boys and girls at a distinct social advantage. B. Early maturing girls are more popular and self-assured than girls who mature late. C. Early maturation places both boys and girls at a distinct social disadvantage. D. Early maturing boys are more popular and self-assured than boys who mature late.
D
Which of the following statements concerning the effects of aging is true? A. Aging almost inevitably leads to dementia if the individual lives long enough. B. Aging increases susceptibility to short-term ailments such as the flu. C. Significant increases in life satisfaction are associated with aging. D. The aging process can be significantly affected by the individual's activity patterns.
D
A student who does not cheat on tests because he doesn't want to violate classroom rules is in Kohlberg's ________ stage. A) conventional B) preoperational C) preconventional D) postconventional E) formal operational
a
Cognition refers to: A) the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. B) the fear of strangers that infants display. C) an awareness that we are constantly changing as we develop. D) any process that facilitates the physical development of the brain. E) an emotional tie linking one person with another.
a
Crystallized intelligence refers most directly to a person's: A) accumulated knowledge and verbal skills. B) ability to assume the perspective of others. C) ability to master new information and to learn new skills. D) ability to reason speedily and abstractly. E) willingness to revise beliefs in light of new information.
a
Deborah is a mathematician and Willie is a philosopher. Considering their professions: A. Debra will make her most significant career accomplishments at an early age than Willie will. B. Debra will make her most significant career accomplishments at a later age than Willie will. C. Debra will make her most significant career accomplishments at about the same time as Willie. D. there are still not enough information for predicting such accomplishments.
a
I am 14 months old and fearful of strangers. I am in Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational
a
In Erikson's theory, individuals generally focus on developing _____ during adolescence and then _____ during young childhood. A. identity; intimacy B. intimacy; identity C. basic trust; identity D. identity; basic trust
a
In an experiment, children see a doll named Sally leave her ball in a red cupboard and go away. They then observe another doll, Anne, move the ball to a different location. In asking children where Sally will look for the ball upon her return, the investigators are testing the children's: A) theory of mind. B) habituation. C) moral reasoning. D) stranger anxiety. E) accommodation.
a
In terms of incidence, susceptibility to short-term illnesses _____ with age and susceptibility to long-term ailments _____ with age. A. decreases; increases B. increases; decreases C. increases; increases D. decreases; decreases
a
Joshua and Ann Bishop have a 13-month-old boy. According to Erikson, the Bishops' sensitive, loving care of their child contributes to: A. the child's sense of basic trust. B. the child's secure attachment. C. the child's sense of control. D. A. and B. only.
a
The Albertsons establish and enforce rules for their children to follow. They give reasons for the rules and invite their teenagers to join in the discussion when new rules are being made. Psychologists would characterize the Albertsons as ________ parents. A) authoritative B) legalistic C) authoritarian D) permissive E) idealilogical
a
The cross-sectional method: A. compares people at different ages with one another. B. studies the same group of people at different times. C. tends to paint too favorable a picture of the effects of aging on intelligence. D. is more appropriate than the longitudinal method for studying intellectual change over the life span.
a
The deterioration of memory, reasoning, and language that accompanies Alzheimer's disease is called: A) dementia. B) role confusion. C) crystallized intelligence. D) cognitive dissonance. E) menarche.
a
The embryonic stage of prenatal development refers to A) the second through eighth weeks of prenatal development B) the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall C) the last seven months of the pregnancy D) the first ten weeks of prenatal development E) the formation of a zygote
a
The idea that even if an object changes shape or appearance the underlying quantity of the object remains the same is Piaget's principle of A) conservation B) object permanence C) assimilation D) acquisition E) irreversibility
a
The term menarche refers to the: A) first menstrual period. B) cessation of menstruation. C) development of the primary sex characteristics. D) transition period from childhood to adulthood. E) onset of male sexual potency.
a
Three-year-olds who experienced a fire evacuation caused by a burning popcorn maker were unable to remember the cause of this vivid event when they were 10-year-olds. This best illustrates: A) infantile amnesia. B) crystallized intelligence. C) object permanence. D) habituation. E) assimilation.
a
Which of the following is the sequence of motor development? A) head, body trunk, arms and legs B) arms and legs, head, body trunk C) body trunk, head, arms and legs D) arms and legs, head, body trunk E) body trunk, arms and legs, head
a
Which of the following terms refers to a person's ability to reason abstractly? A) fluid intelligence B) concrete operational intelligence C) motor intelligence D) intelligence quotient E) crystallized intelligence
a
Which of the following was not mentioned in the text as a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A. It does not account for the fact that the development of moral reasoning is culture-specific. B. Postconventional morality appears mostly an educated, middle-class persons. C. The theory is biased against the moral reasoning of people in communal societies such as China. D. The theory is biased in favor of moral reasoning in men.
a
A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called 20 sec a theory of mind a rite of passage a social clock puberty
a rite of passage
After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. 20 sec assimilation accomodation maturation habituation
accomodaton
The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence 20 sec puberty social clock emerging adulthood adolescence
adolescence
A child doesn't cry when mom leaves and has a cool response when mom returns, then _ attachment 30 sec secure avoidant resistant
avoidant
Calvin, who is trying to impress his psychology professor with his knowledge of infant motor development, asks why some infants learn to roll over before they lift their heads from a prone position, while others develop the skills in the opposite order. What should Calvin's professor conclude from this question? A. Calvin clearly understands that the sequence of motor development is not the same for all infants. B. Calvin doesn't know what he's talking about. Although some infants reach these developmental milestones ahead of others, the order is the same for all infants. C. Calvin needs to be reminded that rolling over is an inherited reflex, not a learned skill. D. Calvin understands an important principle: motor development is unpredictable.
b
Four-year-old Melanie is exploring one day, and she finds a bottle of vitamins in a cupboard. They look just like some of the candies she got for Halloween, so she eats them all. Melanie's error illustrates the process that Piaget referred to as A) centration B) assimilation C) accommodation D) acquisition E) object permanence
b
Henry disapproves of stealing jelly beans from his sister's Easter basket because he thinks his mother will spank him if he does. Henry best represents a(n) ________ morality. A) concrete operational B) preconventional C) postconventional D) conventional E) egocentric
b
I am three years old, can use language, and have trouble taking another person's perspective. I am in Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational
b
In a 1998 movie, a young girl finds that a gaggle of geese follow her wherever she goes because she was the first "object" they saw after they were born. This is an example of: A. conservation. B. imprinting. C. egocentrism. D. basic trust.
b
Jane has decided to try a different restaurant. Instead of going to McDonalds like she usually does, she decides to go to Burger King. Jane figures the two places are similar. According to Piaget, to Jane this new experience is an example of A) association. B) assimilation. C) acquisition. D) accommodation. E) going from bad to worse.
b
Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to a fetus through the: A) association areas. B) placenta. C) teratogens. D) neural networks. E) embryo.
b
Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development. Which of the following is NOT one of his stages? A) concrete operational B) postoperational C) formal operational D) preoperational E) sensorimotor
b
Research on social relationships between parents and their adolescent children shows that: A. parental influence on children increases during adolescence. B. high school girls who have the most affectionate relationships with their mothers tend to enjoy the most intimate friendships with girl-friends. C. high school boys who have the most affectionate relationships with their fathers tend to enjoy the most intimate friendships with friends. D. most teens are strongly influenced by parents and matters of personal taste.
b
Sam, a junior in high school, regularly attends church because his family and friends think he should. What stage of moral reasoning is Sam in? A. preconventional B. conventional C. postconventional D. too little information to tell
b
Sue has dark hair and has a recessive trait for light hair. She also has dark skin with no recessive traits for skin color. This is a description of Sue's A) characteristical traits. B) genotype. C) chromosomes. D) phenotype. E) genome.
b
The branch of psychology that systematically focuses on the physical, mental, and social changes that occur throughout the life cycle is called: A) clinical psychology. B) developmental psychology. C) social psychology. D) personality psychology. E) biological psychology.
b
The development of control of the muscles of the body is a definition of A) physical development. B) motor development. C) maturity. D) mental development. E) cognitive development.
b
The term puberty refers to the period of: A) late adolescence when self identity is formed. B) surging physical growth and the onset of reproductive capability. C) sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent. D) decreasing intimacy and basic trust. E) formal operations and the development of conventional morality.
b
Which is the correct order of stages of prenatal development? A. zygote, fetus, embryo, B. zygote, embryo, fetus, C. embryo, zygote, fetus D. embryo, fetus, zygote
b
According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do children come to realize that an object continues to exist even when they cannot see it or touch it? A) concrete operational B) preoperational C) sensorimotor D) object permanence E) formal operational
c
According to Piaget, the preoperational stage is to the concrete operational stage as ________ is to ________. A) assimilation; accommodation B) object permanence; stranger anxiety C) egocentrism; conservation D) responsive parenting; temperament E) anxiety; independence
c
After a series of unfulfilling relationships, 30-year-old Carlos tells a friend he doesn't want to marry because he is afraid of losing his freedom and independence. Erikson would say that Carlos is having difficulty with the psychosocial task of: A. trust versus mistrust. B. autonomy versus doubt. C. intimacy versus isolation. D. identity versus role confusion.
c
An example of a primary sex characteristic is a: A) women's hourglass figure. B) woman's breasts. C) woman's ovaries. D) man's larynx. E) man's adrenal glands.
c
As a child observes liquid is transferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar. The child is asked if there is now less liquid in order to determine if she has mastered: A. the schema for liquids. B. the concept of object permanence. C. the concept of conservation. D. the ability to reason abstractly.
c
Based on the text discussion of maturation and popularity, who among the following is probably the most popular sixth grader? A. Jessica, the most physically mature girl in the class B. Roger, the most intellectually mature boy in the class C. Rob, the tallest, most physically mature boy in the class D. Cindy, who is average in physical development and is on the school debating team
c
Cognitive development is to ________ as moral development is to ________. A) Kohlberg; Erikson B) Kohlberg; Piaget C) Piaget; Kohlberg D) Piaget; Erikson E) Erikson; Piaget
c
Cross-sectional studies of intelligence are potentially misleading because: A. they are typically based on a very small and unrepresentative sample of people. B. retesting the same people over a period of years allows test performance to be influenced by practice. C. they compare people who are not only different in age, but of different eras, educational levels, and affluence. D. of all of the above reasons.
c
Dmitri is a typical 6-month-old. When he looks into a mirror he is likely to: A) show no interest and ignore what he sees. B) be somewhat frightened and turn away. C) reach toward the image as if it were another child. D) not notice the reflection in the mirror. E) recognize the image as himself.
c
Four-year-old Jamail has a younger sister. When asked if he has a sister, he is likely to answer _____; when asked if his sister has a brother, Jamail is likely to answer _____. A. yes; yes B. no; no C. yes; no D. no; yes
c
Insecurely attached infants who are left by their mothers in an unfamiliar setting often will: A. hold fast to their mothers on their return. B. explore the new surroundings confidently. C. be indifferent toward their mothers on their return. D. display little emotion at any time.
c
Jade is a graduate student who is studying the way in which selective attention develops during the preadolescent years. She selects a group of 10-year-olds, and she assesses their selective attention every six months over a two-year period. In this example, Jade is using A) a multi-factorial research design B) a cross-sectional research design C) a longitudinal research design D) a sequential research design E) a nested condition research design
c
Lorenz found that after a gosling is born it tends to follow the first large moving object it sees. This is an example of A) a reflex. B) a developmental sequence of conditioning. C) an instinctive behavior released by environmental cues. D) reaction formation. E) observational learning.
c
Most contemporary developmental psychologists believe that: A. personality is essentially formed by the end of infancy. B. personality continues to be formed until adolescence. C. the shaping of personality continues during adolescence and well beyond. D. adolescent development has little impact on adult personality.
c
Sixty-five-year-old Calvin cannot reason as well as he could when he was younger. More than likely, Calvin's _____ intelligence has declined. A. analytic B. crystallized C. fluid D. both B. and C.
c
The child can understand the abstract during which of Piaget's stages? A) preoperational B) sensorimotor C) formal D) concrete E) Piaget does not say what stage the example would fit into.
c
The inability of a child to mentally "undo" something is referred to as A) object permanence B) egocentrism C) irreversibility D) reification E) assimilation
c
The social clock refers to: A. an individual or society's distribution of work and leisure time. B. adulthood responsibilities. C. typical ages for starting a career, marrying, and so on. D. age-related changes in one's circle of friends.
c
Thirteen-year-old Irene has no trouble defeating her 11-year-old brother at a detective game that requires following clues in order to deduce the perpetrator of a crime. How might Piaget explained Irene's superiority at the game? A. Being older, Irene has had more years of schooling. B. Girls develop intellectually at a faster rate than boys. C. Being an adolescent, Irene is beginning to develop abstract reasoning skills. D. Girls typically have more experience than boys are playing games.
c
To which of Kohlberg's levels would moral reasoning based on the existence of fundamental human rights pertain? A. preconventional morality B. conventional morality C. postconventional morality D. generative morality
c
Which of the following statements is consistent with the current thinking of developmental psychologists? A. Development occurs in a series of sharply defined stages. B. The first two years are the most crucial in determining the individual's personality. C. The consistency of personality in most people tends to increase over the life-span. D. Social and emotional style are among the characteristics that show the least stability over the lifespan.
c
Which of the following was not found by Harlow in socially deprived monkeys? A. They had difficulty mating. B. They showed extreme fear or aggression when first seeing other monkeys. C. They showed abnormal physical development. D. The females were abusive mothers.
c
jean Piaget was famous for stages of __________ development. 20 sec cognitive sexual psychosocial moral
cognitive
A child MASTERS conservation at this stage. 30 sec preoperational sensorimotor concrete operational formal operational
concrete operational
Mrs. Potter asks Malik if he wants his sandwich in one piece, or cut into two pieces. Malik asks her to keep it in one piece, because he isn't hungry enough to eat two pieces. Malik's answer suggests that he A) cannot accommodate changes in the shape of the sandwich B) cannot assimilate changes in the shape of the sandwich C) has not yet mastered object permanence D) is in between the stages of assimilation and conservation E) does not yet understand conservation
e
Nonreproductive sexual characteristics such as the deepened male voice and male facial hair are called: A) feminine prototypes. B) primary sex characteristics. C) masculine prototypes. D) teratogens. E) secondary sex characteristics.
e
Omar's wife conceived a baby seven days ago, and does not yet know she is pregnant. His wife's pregnancy is currently in the A) embryonic stage B) postnatal stage C) placental stage D) fetal stage E) germinal stage
e
Recognizing whether someone's facial expression is conveying a happy smile or a self-satisfied smirk is especially difficult for those with:: A) no sense of object permanence. B) crystallized intelligence. C) fluid intelligence. D) infantile amnesia. E) autism.
e
Sixteen-year-old Krystal thought that all she needed to do to earn an "A" was show up for class and pay attention, like she had in junior high. In her first year of high school she got Cs in all her classes because she didn't study enough. The change in Krystal's understanding of what is necessary to succeed in school illustrates the process that Piaget referred to as A) egocentrism B) assimilation C) reversibility D) adaptation E) accommodation
e
The term social clock refers to: A) the average age of people in different social groups and organizations. B) the time between childhood and adulthood. C) the pace of life in a culture as assessed by its level of industrialization. D) the different ways in which societies evaluate the physical and cognitive changes accompanying the aging process. E) the culturally preferred timing for when one should leave home, marry, have children, and retire.
e
Young children typically try to stay very close to their parents when they are in an unfamiliar setting. This best illustrates the adaptive value of: A) egocentrism. B) habituation. C) the rooting reflex. D) conservation. E) attachment.
e
Today, the age at which menarche occurs is _____and adult independence begins _____. 20 sec later; later the same; earlier earlier; the same earlier; later
earlier; later
A child is ____ if he cannot see things from another's perspective 20 sec egocentric animistic object permanence sensorimotor
egocentric
This is the worst stage of pregnancy to drink and do drugs. 20 sec zygote embryonic fetal
embryonic
Temperament refers to an infant's 20 sec level of anger emotional reactivity ability to learn from situations general intelligence
emotional reactivity
A person engages in advanced hypothetical thinking (example: metacognition) at this stage sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational
formal operational
The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called 20 sec gender identification gender identity gender typing behavior genetics
gender typing
The midlife crisis might happen in this stage 20 sec automomy vs shame and doubt integrity vs despair generativity vs stagnation industry vs inferiority
generativity vs stagnation
Which psychosocial issue is present during mid-adulthood (40s to 60s)? 20 sec intimacy vs. isolation integrity vs. despair industry vs. inferiority generativity vs. stagnation
generativity vs stagnation
This is Erikson's stage for teenagers 20 sec autonomy vs shame and doubt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion generativity vs stagnation
identity vs role confusion
In which of the following does the postconventional level of morality appear most often? 20 sec collectivists individualists adolescents infants
individualists
Erikson's preschool (3-6 years of age) stage of psychosocial development addresses which issue? 20 sec trust vs. mistrust industry vs. inferiority autonomy vs. shame and doubt initiative vs. guilt
initiative vs guilt
Old people who look back on their life in a positive way experience (According to Erikson) 20 sec identity industry integrity generativity
integrity
Which is true of aggression? 20 sec it's only physical behavior it results in violent acts of hatred it's intended to hurt someone it's more prevalent in children
it's intended to hurt someone
Kids were asked to do a survey every 2 years until they were 30 years old. What type of study? 30 sec experiment longitudinal cross-sectional correlation
longitudinal
When do most of our physical abilities (muscular strength, reaction time, etc.) peak? 20 sec late childhood teenage years mid-30s mid-20-s
mid 20s
The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by 20 sec Erikson's psychosocial theory Kohlberg's moral development theory Harlow's attachment theory Piaget's cognitive development theory
piagets cognitive development theory
Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the 20 sec placenta uterine wall embryo ovaries
placenta
Bo obeys the speed limit only because he wants to avoid a speeding ticket. Kholberg's level __ 30 sec preconventional conventional postconventional
preconventional
This reflex has a baby turn towards your finger or nipple when touched on the cheek. 20 sec Babinski Moro Grasping rooting
rooting
Female breasts are to ________ as male testes are to ________. 20 sec the frontal cortex; the limbic system secondary sex characteristics; primary sex characteristics hormones; neurotransmitters primary sex characteristics; secondary sex characteristics
secondary sex characteristics, primary sex characteristics
A child has a sense of ____ when he knows that's himself in the mirror and not another baby 20 sec self attachment rooting egocentric
self
During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children acquire a 20 sec theory of mind concept of conservation sense of object permanence capacity for abstract reasoning
sense of object permanence
A newborn is in thist stage of Piaget's cognitive development 20 sec preoperational concrete operational sensorimotor trust vs mistrust
sensorimotor
A sluggish ______ response has been found in abused children who become aggressive adults. 20 sec dopamine acteylcholine serotonin glutamate
serotonin
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marraige, parenthood, and retirement 20 sec social clock transitional stage midlife transition puberty
social clock
Compared with males, females are more likely to base their sense of personal identity on their 20 sec social relationships gender educational accomplishments socially distinctive personality traits
social relationships
What happened to the rats living in an enriched environment rather than an impoverished one? they died in the impoverished environment they became isolated and antisocial they developed a thicker brain cortex they're neural networks diminished
they developed a thicker brain cortex
A breastfeeding infant is in this Erikson psycho-social stage of development 20 sec trust vs mistrust identity vs role confusion industry vs inferiority automomy vs shame and doubt
trust vs mistrust
