AP Pysch Unit 7 and 6

By age ___ months, infants will imitate acts modeled on television.

14

In classical conditioning, the ________ signals the impending occurrence of the ________.

CS; UCS

According to Noam Chomsky, what is the most essential environmental stimulus necessary for language acquisition?

Exposure to language in early childhood

Shaping was a method used by Skinner to:

Guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive apporximations

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage memory processing model we record information in which order?

Memory, Short-Term Memory, and finally Long-Term Memory.

__________________ behavior operates on the environment, whereas ________________ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

Operant; respondent

Three hours after eating at an airport fast-food restaurant, Karen got extremely nauseous while in flight. The next time she was in the airport and walked by that restaurant, she immediately went to try and talk to the manger but could not due to a wave of nausea. How can this best be explained?

The restaurant became an unconditioned stimulus (US) for nausea.

Which of the following illustrates a heuristic? *

Using news reports of corporate fraud to estimate how much business fraud occurs in American business

Gamblers and fisherman have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish, respectively, because of the _____________ schedule of reinforcement.

Variable Ratio

Which of the following is not one of Robert Sternberg's components of creativity?

a position of ignorance

What is another term for a methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem? *

algorithm

Learning that certain events occur together is called

associative learning

When instances come readily to mind, we often presume such events are common. What of the following is the term for this phenomenon? *

availability heuristic

After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently repeatedly dropped the coins and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning. *

biological predispositions

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates:

classical conditioning

Which of the following is the best term for mental activities associated with remembering, thinking, and knowing? *

cognition

The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or by means of language is called:

cognitive learning

After repeatedly drinking alcohol spiked with a nauseating drug, people with alcohol use disorder may fail to develop an aversion to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning.

cognitive processes

"Chair," "freedom," and "ball" are all examples of what? *

concepts

A word of praise is to a delicious meal as ______________ is to ______________.

conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Which of the following is the tendency to search for supportive information of preconceptions while ignoring contradictory evidence? *

confirmation bias

When grocery shopping with his mother, 4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent training experts would suggest that his mother should:

continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums

Which of the following is the best phrase for the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution? *

convergent thinking

Producing valuable and novel ideas best defines which of the following

creativity

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that:

d. positive reinforcement is more effective than punishment in changing behavior.

Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement.

delayed reinforcer

___________________ was to the study of memory as ________________ was to the study of conditioning. *

ebbinghaus, pavlov

The processing of information into the memory system is called:

encoding

The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective is called what?

fixation

Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer

food

People are more concerned about a medical procedure when told it has a 10 percent death rate than they are when told it has a 90 percent survival rate. Which psychological concept explains this difference in concern? *

framing

What is another word for the way an issue is presented to you?

framing

Marlee was assaulted at gunpoint in a parking garage by an attacker wearing strong cologne. She now refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any kind of parking garage. This classically conditioned response best illustrates:

generalization

Which of the following most likely represents a prototype for the concept indicated in parentheses?

golden retriever (dog)

Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that:

he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles.

Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her ______________, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age

hippocampus

All of the following are Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT:

his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments

Our unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as:

implicit memory

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of

latent learning

Evidence of words' subtle influence on thinking best supports the notion of *

linguistic determination

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. And she is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her:

long-term memory

Which of the following is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory?

long-term potentiation

The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve:

memory construction.

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathic response to this observation?

mirror neuron

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to:

modeling

The prefix "pre" in "preview" or the suffix "ed" in "adapted" are examples of *

morphemes

When Nanette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room, Nanette gave her a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of:

negative punishment

Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:

negative reinforcement

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.

negative reinforcer

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

negative reinforcer. spontaneous recovery.

Seals in an aquarium will repeat certain behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates:

operant conditioning

_____ is behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

operant conditioning

What do we call the smallest distinctive sound units in language?

phonemes

_____ is behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

respondent behavior

_____ is behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

respondent behavior

While taking an American history exam, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates:

retrieval failure

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ______________ and are believed to be the neural basis for

rontal lobe; observational learning

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

scientific observable behavior.

Repolarization

sodium ions leave the neuron

Walid, who has been working 70-hour workweeks, is getting his days and nights mixed up as well as having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday he thought a project had been completed, but what he thought was reality was only a dream. This problem is known as:

source amnesia

What is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response called?

spontaneous recovery

Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as:

state-dependent learning

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a:

stimulus

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote:

survival

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon?

taste-aversion

Which of the following best identifies the early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs?

telegraphic speech

Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate:

that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others.

The three-stage model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin has been criticized because it does not take into account:

that some information is processed into long-term memory without our conscious awareness.

When Yancy was sitting in the park one day he witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the young criminal, Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than a young adult. Yancy's experience best illustrates:

the misinformation effect.

Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long term. He is using the:

the spacing effect

In classical conditioning, what is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation, when food is in the mouth?

unconditioned response

When Mary had leukemia as a child she had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she went through a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The waiting room became:

unconditioned response (UR)

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ____________ repeatedly comes before a(n)

unconditioned stimulus (US); neutral stimulus (NS)

Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are examples of the ____________ schedule of reinforcement in their respective areas.

variable-interval

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a

variable-ratio

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged so he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial it on his landline. For this task, which memory is most important?

working memory