AP Unit 3
Circumvallate papillae
An otherwise healthy first-year nursing student visits the student health office for a physical examination. He is taking no medications. He is concerned because he has noticed several painless uniform "large bumps" at the back of his tongue. These are most likely
increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
Antidiuretic hormone
180
Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.
rectum.
Approximately the last 15 cm of the digestive tract is the
peritubular
The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.
epithelium of mucosa is stratified squamous and muscularis externa may be striated muscle only
The esophagus has several variations from the standard plan of the gut tube. These include
all of these
The essential functions of the liver include
pancreatic acini.
The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of
endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.
The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers:
renal corpuscle.
The filtration of plasma takes place in the
Hepatocytes
A 40- year- old man will undergo a cholecystectomy during surgery to remove a small intestine adenocarcinoma. Before surgery, the surgeon explains to the patient the biliary system and the production, storage, and secretion of bile. He mentions that the gallbladder is involved only in storage, but not production, of bile. In which of the following locations is bile produced?
Cholecystokinin
A 42-year-old obese woman experiences episodes of abdominal pain. She notes that the pain increases after the ingestion of a fatty meal. The action of which of the following hormones is responsible for the postprandial (after meals) intensification of her symptoms?
Micelle-mediated transport
A 2- year old girl who has recently been adopted from an impoverished family is brought to the clinic by her adopted parents. They are concerned because the child seems to be having trouble with her vision at in low-light conditions. The vitamin most likely deficient in the child is absorbed by the gastrointestinal system using what mechanism?
Rugae
A 25- year old man complains to his physician of vague gastric discomfort that has been troubling him daily for several years. His symptoms are never very severe, but seem to be somewhat relieved by eating food. The patient undergoes esophagogastroduodenoscopy for further evaluation of his symptoms. Upon entering the stomach, the endoscopist sees that the stomach has multiple coarse folds. Using the figure above, these are called which of the following?
Pyelonephritis.
A 28- year old woman who is 6 months pregnant presents to the emergency department with a temperature of 38.2C (100.8F) and complains of shaking chills and pain on her right side, which she locates by pointing to the area above her right iliac crest. During the examination she is tender( has pains) to percussion at the junction of the lower ribs and the thoracic vertebrae( Costovertbral angle). Urinalysis reveals WBC casts. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Anal abscess
A 35- year old woman that is pregnant with her fourth child comes to the physician because of painful gastrointestinal bleeding for the past month. The pain and bleeding are worse when she defecates. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Compound X is secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule
A 53- year old woman is undergoing renal function testing to evaluate proteinuria detected by her primary care physician at a routine visit. The patient's GFR is initially estimated at 100 ml/min by inulin clearance. Subsequently, as part of a research study, the patient's GFR is determined using a novel marker (compound X) and is found to be 125 ml/min. Which mechanism most likely explains the difference noted between these two GFR estimates?
Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure will be decreased.
A 7- year old boy presents to the physician with acute-onset edema and facial swelling. Dipstick urinalysis reveals massive proteinuria. A diagnosis of minimal change kidney disease is made. Considering the fact of proteins being found in the urine, how does this disease affect the pressures governing the flow of fluid across the glomeruli?
Parietal cells.
A 70-year-old woman undergoes a gastrectomy (removal of the stomach) for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Her physician informs her that she will need to take intramuscular vitamin B12 shots for the rest of her life. Absence of which of the following cell types is responsible for this vitamin replacement requirement?
decrease intestinal motility.
A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would
less secretion of aldosterone, increased urinary loss of sodium, and reduction of blood pressure
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
A glomerulus is
64%
A hospital patient produces 4 mL/min of urine with a urea concentration of 8 mg/mL. Venous blood draw reveals urea concentration of .4 mg/mL. What is the percentage of cleared urea from glomerular filtrate?
Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV
A major problem in hospitals is the risk of needle sticks and the accidental transmission of different strains of the hepatitis virus and HIV to health care personnel. Although different circumstances can make the likelihood of infection higher or lower, it is well known that the chance of infection transmission from a needle is not the same for each of these diseases. From greatest chance of infection to lease, which of the following is the order of infection among these diseases?
albuminuria
A patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident. He complains of mid-back pain. X-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures. His emergency room examination includes urinalysis. Which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident, but not to the urinary bladder?
appendix.
A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the
stomach.
A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following, except in the
100mL/min
A substance that is filtered, but not secreted or reabsorbed (substance X), is infused into a volunteer until steady state plasma level of 0.1 mg/mL is achieved. The subject then empties his bladder and waits 1 hour, at which time he urinates again. The volume of urine in the second specimen is 60mL, and the concentration of substance X is 10mg/mL. What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in this individual?
2-1-4-3
A surgeon performing an appendectomy makes an incision through the ventrolateral abdominal wall. .the layers of the abdominal wall are shown below. Internal oblique External oblique Peritoneum Transversus abdominis. Which of the following corresponds to the order of the penetration of the layers of the abdominal wall?
Inserts aquaporins and reabsorbs only water.
ADH exerts its effects on the collecting ducts of the kidney. Which of the following best characterizes ADH activity?
the sodium-potassium pump in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cell, cotransporter proteins in the apical membrane of the epithelial cell, and higher sodium ion concentration in the lumen than in the epithelial cell
Absorption of glucose from the gut lumen depends on
renal failure.
An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is
undigested fat in the feces and jaundice only
An obstruction of the common bile duct often results in
fats.
Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of
respiratory acidosis.
Breathing with the head inside a plastic bag can lead to
cotransport with Na and K ions.
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by
metabolic alkalosis.
Chronic vomiting can lead to
Ductus venosus
During anatomy lab, an HCC student notes a fibrous band that runs on the visceral surface of the liver. It is attached on one end to the inferior vena cave and on the other end to the left branch of the portal vein. In the embryo, this structure corresponds to the
a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid, four molecules of ATP are produced, and two molecules of ATP are consumed
During glycolysis
endocrine
Each of the following organ systems excretes wastes to some degree, except the ________ system.
respiratory acidosis.
Emphysema can lead to
7 mmHg
Given these data below, what is the net filtration pressure at the glomerulus? Glomerular hydrostatic pressure = 44 mmHg Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure = 9 mmHg Osmotic pressure of plasma = 28 mmHg Osmotic pressure of tubular fluid = 0
oblique muscle layer
Identify the structure labeled "10."
pylorus
Identify the structure labeled "7."
It will contain large amounts of urobilin.
If a urine sample is distinctly yellow in color, which of the following will be true?
all of these
If the lingual frenulum is too restrictive, an individual
hyperpolarized; depresses
In acidosis, the membrane potential of nerve cells is ___, which ___ the central nervous system.
urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
blood levels of secretin rise.
In response to the arrival of acid chyme in the duodenum, the
renal pelvis.
The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the
juxtaglomerular apparatus.
The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the
compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra
The detrusor muscle
pernicious anemia.
Mary had her stomach mostly removed to try to overcome obesity. As a result you would expect Mary to be at risk for
mass
Movements unique to the large intestine are ________ movements.
Juxtaglomerular Cells
Patients with renal artery stenosis( narrowing of the artery) may present with very high blood pressures due to increased renin secretion. Which of the following structures in the kidney is responsible for sensing inadequate perfusion and secreting renin?
bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.
Renal columns are
modify their diet, lose weight if overweight, and have annual checkups
Someone with a total cholesterol level between 200 and 239 mg/dl should
albumin
Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.
all of these
The Kupffer cells of the liver
mesenteries
The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.
both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle)
The ability to form a concentrated urine depends on the functions of
4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.
The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is
common bile duct.
The fusion of the hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the
entry of food into the stomach.
The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the
a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera.
The greater omentum is
Exchanges Na+ for K+ in the DCT
The hormone that acts directly on the renal tubular system to increase sodium reabsorption has which of the following effects?
gastrin.
The hormone that stimulates secretion and contraction by the stomach is
secretin.
The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is
chylomicrons
The largest lipoproteins, ranging in diameter up to 0.5 µm, ________ are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food.
superior
The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.
chylomicrons.
The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the
cortex
The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.
jejunum.
The middle segment of the small intestine is the
jejunum.
The part of the digestive tract that plays the primary role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients is the
duodenum.
The part of the small intestine most likely to develop an ulcer from exposure to gastric juice is the
absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
blood hydrostatic pressure.
The process of filtration is driven by
hilum.
The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the
he distal convoluted tubule.
The region known as the macula densa is part of
falciform ligament.
The structure that marks the division between the right and left lobes of the liver is the
longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon wall.
The taenia coli are
jejunum.
The villi are most developed in the
E.
The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin
thiamine.
The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is
all of these
Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you expect to observe in Tony?
blood hydrostatic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure, and blood colloid osmotic pressure
Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures:
collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?
antibodies
What is produced by the structure labeled "7"?
filtration
What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "1"?
simple columnar
What type of epithelium covers the structure labeled "6"?
both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,
loop of henle
Where does countercurrent multiplication occur?
DCT
Where would penicillin be secreted?
DCT and collecting duct
Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH?
tip of the medullary pyramid
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla?
FP = BHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate correctly the net filtration pressure (FP)? (Hint: CsHP is capsular hydrostatic pressure.)
central vein
Which of the following is not a component of the hepatic triad found at the edges of a liver lobule?
coordinates activity of muscularis externa
Which of these descriptions best matches the term myenteric plexus?
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
___ represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system.
Three
________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity.
