AP unit 5 cognitive psychology

Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip. This illustrates _______.

Ebbinghous forgetting

John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John's symptoms describe _______ amnesia.

anterograde

The difference between divided attention and selective attention is that divided attention requires more ________ processing than selective attention does

automatic

The _______ is most directly involved in motor learning or muscle memory.

cerebellum

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory? Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions; this demonstrates the role of _______ in memory.

context effects

When Gustavo goes through lists of inventory items and thinks about whether each one is a fruit or not, he remembers more of the items on those lists later than when he goes through lists of inventory items and does not think about what each item is. concepts best Elaborative rehearsal explains Gustavo's performance because he engaged in _______ processing to improve his memory.

deeper

According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves _______.

encoding

During English class, Caleb is worried about an unfinished history project he needs to turn in later in the day. While the English teacher and other students discuss a short story the class just read, Caleb's attention is focused on how to finish the history project. The next day he is unable to recall the short story details presented in English class. The recall problem is most likely due to _______ failure.

encoding

Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood directly relies on the brain's _______.

hippocampus

The _______ is not well developed until after three years of age, offering a possible explanation for infantile amnesia?

hippocampus

In a memory study, the experimenter reads the same list of words to two groups. She asks group A to count the letters in each word, and she asks group B to focus on the meaning of each word for a later memory quiz. During a recall test, participants in group B recall significantly more words than participants in group A. Memory researchers attribute this effect to differences in _______

levels of processing

When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. It is most likely that Catherine could not remember the word because she failed to engage _______, because Catherine failed to encode the word.

long term

When rehearsal of incoming information is prevented there will be no transfer of the information to _______.

long term memory

______________ refers to thinking about thinking

metacognition

After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, asking Doug, "How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?"would make him susceptible to the _______.

misinformation effect

In legal cases, Elizabeth Loftus' research on the _______ is most often used to cast doubt on the memory of eyewitnesses.

misinformation effect

A sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory?

procedural

A _______ is best defined as the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category.

prototype

In memory experiments on free recall, the _______ refers specifically to the enhanced recall of items at the end of a list of words.

recency effect

To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of concept best corresponds to Jose's strategy?

semantic encoding

The chart above illustrates which of the following psychological concepts that people tend to forget the middle of a sequence of information this is known as the _______

serial position effect

a basic assumption underlying __________ memory is that it is limited in capacity

short term

In an experiment, either a sad video or a happy video was shown to participants to influence their moods. The participants were then asked to memorize a list of words. Later, the participants were again shown either the same video they had seen before memorizing the words or they were shown the other video, and they were then asked to recall the words they had memorized previously. The results of the experiment, summarized in the chart above, illustrate the concept of _______.

state dependent

The _______ is where declarative memories are stored.

temporal lobe

Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment. This is an example of the _______.

tip of the tongue effect