AP U.S. History Chapter 1 Review
Which of the following reflects the economic theory of mercantilism? (5 points)
The government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power.
The Spanish Empire in America (5 points)...?
was, unlike the French and English New World empires, a mostly urban civilization society that would improve the settlers' chances of success, economic and otherwise.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "Legislators decided that baptism would no longer free "slaves by birth." ... [This cut] off an important avenue by which African slaves had demanded release from bondage."—Kenneth Morgan, from Slavery in America Which of the following is the "avenue" enslaved African people tried using to justify freedom?
Conversion to Christianity
Which of the following is true regarding the European belief about American Indians and their cultures?
American Indians failed to make use of the land, so it was acceptable for Europeans to take it and use it.
Which one of the following is true of agriculture in Spanish America? (5 points)
American Indian slaves did the work on large-scale farms.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us! We are not your slaves. These lakes, these woods and mountains, were left to us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance; and we will part with them to none."—Pontiac, Ottawa war leader How does this statement relate to the Seven Years' War?
American Indians who had allied with the French refused to give up their claims to the land and began a revolt against British rule.
After the Seven Years' War, British commitment to enforce Parliament's policies spurred interest in colonial independence by ...?
Attempts to control colonial economic interests
How did tobacco and other cash crops factor in to the development of slavery in the Americas? (5 points)
Such crops required more labor than could be adequately met through immigration or indenture.
How did interaction between American Indians and Europeans increase the destructiveness of American Indian warfare?
The Europeans supplied American Indians with more advanced and deadly weapons.
How did the Market Revolution affect migration within the United States?
Canals and new roads allowed for ease of travel, bringing new settlers to the West.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "This momentous question [the Missouri crisis], like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed indeed for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper."—Thomas Jefferson in a letter to Maine representative John Holmes, April 1820 From what did the Missouri Compromise provide a "reprieve"?
Deciding the question of slavery in new territories
Why did slave labor in the Chesapeake region increasingly supplant indentured servitude during the last two decades of the 17th century? (5 points)
Declining death rates made it more economical to purchase a slave for life.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "A large class of females are, and have been, destined to a state of servitude as degrading as unceasing toil can make it. I refer to the female operatives of New England—the free states of our union—the states where no colored slave can breathe the balmy air, and exist as such;—but yet there are those, a host of them, too, who are in fact nothing more nor less than slaves in every sense of the word! Slaves to a system of labor which requires them to toil from five until seven o'clock, with one hour only to attend to the wants of nature, allowed—slaves to the will and requirements of the 'powers that be,' however they may infringe on the rights or conflict with the feelings of the operative—slaves to ignorance—and how can it be otherwise? What time has the operative to bestow on moral, religious or intellectual culture?"—"an operative" of the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, from Factory Tracts: Factory Life As It Is, Number One, 1845 The excerpt best provides support for what social change during the mid-19th century?
Early attempts to unionize industrial workers.
Which European country dominated international commerce in the early 17th century?
The Netherlands
What geographic significance did the Louisiana Purchase have on the United States?
Focused the United States on westward expansion
What does the seal of New Netherland, adopted by the Dutch West India Company in 1630, suggest is central to the colony's economic prospects? (5 points)
Fur
Question refers to the excerpt below. "Be it enacted by this present assembly that whatsoever servant hath heretofore or shall hereafter contracte himselfe in England, either by way of Indenture or otherwise, to serve any Master here in Virginia and shall afterward, against his said former contracte depart from his Mr without leave, or, being once imbarked shall abandon the ship he is appointed to come in, and so, being lefte behinde, shall putt himselfe into the service of any other man that will bring him hither, that then at the same servant's arrival here, he shall first serve out his time with that Mr that brought him hither and afterward also shall serve out his time with his former Mr according to his covenant."—From Proceedings of the Virginia Assembly, 1619 Which labor system was developed out of a need to attract willing laborers to the Chesapeake colonies?
Headright system
How did the effects of the Pueblo Revolt compare to those of King Philip's War?
The Pueblo Revolt resulted in more autonomy for the American Indians involved, whereas the American Indians who took part in King Philip's War had to submit to English laws.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "That He the said William Buckland shall and will, as a faithful Covenant Servant, well and truly serve the said Thomas Mason his Executors and assigns in the Plantation of Virginia beyond the Seas, for the Space of Four Years, next ensuing his Arrival in the said Plantation in the Employment of a Carpenter and Joiner." Which of the following document types best describes this excerpt?
Indenture contract
Just as the Reconquista of Spain from the Moors established patterns that would be repeated in Spanish New World colonization, the methods used in which one of the following countries anticipated policies England would undertake in America? (5 points)
Ireland
Question refers to the excerpt below. "Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."—from the 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, 1870 How did the text above relate to the 19th century women's rights movement?
It caused a split in the women's rights movement because only some activists supported it.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "The principal towns within the Government are New York, Albany & Kingston at [the town of] Esopus. All the rest are country villages. The buildings in New-York & Albany are generally of stone & brick. In the country the houses are mostly new built, having two or three rooms on a floor. The Dutch are great improvers of land. New York and Albany live wholly upon trade with the Indians, England, and the West Indies. The returns for England are generally Beaver, Peltry, Oil & Tobacco when we can have it. To the West Indies we send Flour, Bread, Peas, Pork & sometimes horses; the return from thence for the most part is rum which pays the King a considerable excise & some molasses which serves the people to make drink & pays no custom."—Gov. Thomas Dongan, from the "Report to the Committee of Trade and Plantations (London) on the Province of New York," 1687 How does this excerpt represent economic changes in the 17th century?
It demonstrates the wide exchange of goods between representatives of the "Atlantic World."
Which one of the following statements is true of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán?
It had a complex system of canals, bridges, and dams, with the Great Temple at the center.
How did the Virginia Company reshape the colony's development? (5 points)
It instituted the headright system, giving 50 acres of land to each colonist who paid for his own or another's passage.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "Be it therefore enacted and declared by this present grand assembly, that all children borne in this country shalbe held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother." Which of the following is a true statement about this text?
It is part of a law created in order to classify as slaves the children of enslaved women.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; ... The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice."—from the Declaration of Sentiments, 1848 How does the excerpt represent changes in American society in the middle of the 19th century?
It recognizes inequalities between men and women, signaling increased interest in secular reforms for women.
(MC) Question refers to the excerpt below. "They neither care nor know anything of arms, for I showed them swords, and they took them by the blade and cut themselves through ignorance. They have no iron, their darts being wands without iron, some of them having a fish's tooth at the end, and others being pointed in various ways ... They brought skeins of cotton thread, parrots, darts, and other small things which it would be tedious to recount, and they give all in exchange for anything that may be given to them. I was attentive, and took trouble to ascertain if there was gold. I saw that some of them had a small piece fastened in a hole they have in the nose, and by signs I was able to make out that to the south, or going from the island to the south, there was a king who had great cups full, and who possessed a great quantity."—Christopher Columbus, from his journal entries dated 12-14 October, 1492 Reports such as Columbus's encouraged the European powers to (1 point)...?
Prepare future voyages to specific New World locations deemed to have wealth
Question refers to the excerpt below. "Section 7. And be it further enacted, That any person who shall knowingly and willingly obstruct, hinder, or prevent such claimant, his agent or attorney, or any person or persons lawfully assisting him, her, or them, from arresting such a fugitive from service or labor, either with or without process as aforesaid, or shall rescue, or attempt to rescue, such fugitive from service or labor, from the custody of such claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or other person or persons lawfully assisting as aforesaid, when so arrested, pursuant to the authority herein given and declared; or shall aid, abet, or assist such person so owing service or labor as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from such claimant, his agent or attorney, or other person or persons legally authorized as aforesaid; or shall harbor or conceal such fugitive, so as to prevent the discovery and arrest of such person, after notice or knowledge of the fact that such person was a fugitive from service or labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of said offences, be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding six months."—From the Fugitive Slave Act, 1850 How did the requirements of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 cause a further divide between those for and against slavery?
It required all citizens to assist in the return of runaway slaves whenever possible.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "The loss to the English in the several colonies, in their habitations and stock, is reckoned to amount to £150,000. there having been about 1,200 houses burned, 8,000 head of cattle, great and small, killed, and many thousand bushels of wheat, peas and other grain burned ... and upward of 3,000 Indians men women and children destroyed."—Edward Randolph Which of the following conflicts does Randolph describe in this quote?
King Philip's War
What did both the Aztecs and the Incas have in common?
Large, wealthy, and sophisticated in infrastructure.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "In a free government the security for civil rights must be the same as that for religious rights. It consists in the one case in the multiplicity of interests, and in the other in the multiplicity of sects. The degree of security in both cases will depend on the number of interests and sects; and this may be presumed to depend on the extent of country and number of people comprehended under the same government. This view of the subject must particularly recommend a proper federal system to all the sincere and considerate friends of republican government, since it shows that in exact proportion as the territory of the Union may be formed into more circumscribed Confederacies, or States oppressive combinations of a majority will be facilitated: the best security, under the republican forms, for the rights of every class of citizens, will be diminished: and consequently the stability and independence of some member of the government, the only other security, must be proportionately increased. Justice is the end of government. It is the end of civil society. It ever has been and ever will be pursued until it be obtained, or until liberty be lost in the pursuit."—James Madison, from The Federalist No. 51, 1788 Advocates of the ideas expressed in The Federalist No. 51 would have been in favor of...?
Limitations on states' rights
Which of the following is a correct characteristic of New France? (5 points)
Maintained more peaceful European-American Indian relations than existed in New Spain
Question refers to the excerpt below. "Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."—from the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, 1865 Which of the following occurred as a result of the 13th Amendment?
Many Southerners started working as sharecroppers.
Which of the following is most closely associated with the demise of the Federalist Party?
New England's opposition to the Embargo Act.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "Put yourself in the place of the planter searching for labor. You can buy either servants or slaves ... In the long run, the more expensive slave would have been the better buy."—James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle Why were slaves a smarter choice for Virginian planters, according to Davidson and Lytle?
Planters purchased slaves for life and so received more value and labor for their money.
Which of the following dangers did George Washington warn about in his Farewell Address?
Political parties
Question refers to the excerpt below. "But the government of the Massachusetts ... do declare there are the great evils for which God hath given the heathen commission to rise against them ... For men wearing long hair and periwigs made of women hair; for women ... cutting, curling, and laying out the hair ... For profanes in the people not frequenting their meetings."—Edward Randolph What is the significance of mentioning hair styling in this text excerpt?
Randolph calls certain hairstyles "evils," as seen by the Massachusetts Puritan government, which are reasons that God supposedly approved of King Philip's attacks on the English.
(MC) Question refers to the excerpt below. "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whetherthat nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. ... We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place forthose who here gave their lives that that nation might live. ... The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced ... that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."—Abraham Lincoln, from the Gettysburg Address, 1863 What is the "unfinished work" Lincoln refers to in the excerpt?
Reuniting the Union and the Confederacy.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "In a free government the security for civil rights must be the same as that for religious rights. It consists in the one case in the multiplicity of interests, and in the other in the multiplicity of sects. The degree of security in both cases will depend on the number of interests and sects; and this may be presumed to depend on the extent of country and number of people comprehended under the same government. This view of the subject must particularly recommend a proper federal system to all the sincere and considerate friends of republican government, since it shows that in exact proportion as the territory of the Union may be formed into more circumscribed Confederacies, or States oppressive combinations of a majority will be facilitated: the best security, under the republican forms, for the rights of every class of citizens, will be diminished: and consequently the stability and independence of some member of the government, the only other security, must be proportionately increased. Justice is the end of government. It is the end of civil society. It ever has been and ever will be pursued until it be obtained, or until liberty be lost in the pursuit."—James Madison, from The Federalist No. 51, 1788 Advocates of the ideas expressed in The Federalist No. 51 would have agreed with which of the following?
Separation of powers, along with a system of checks and balances, will keep the central government from abusing its power.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "That was a war of National defence, required for the vindication of the National rights and honor, and demanded by the indignant voice of the People. President [James] Madison ... at first, reluctantly and with great doubt and hesitation, brought himself to the conviction that it ought to be declared. ... It was a just war, and its great object, as announced at the time, was 'Free Trade and Sailors Rights,' against the intolerable and oppressive acts of British power on the ocean. The justice of the war, far from being denied or controverted, was admitted by the Federal party, which only questioned it on considerations of policy. ... How totally variant is the present war! This is no war of defence, but one of unnecessary and of offensive aggression. It is Mexico that is defending her fi re-sides, her castles and her altars, not we. And how different also is the conduct of the Whig party of the present day from that of the major part of the Federal party during the war of 1812! Far from interposing any obstacles to the prosecution of the war, if the Whigs in office are reproachable at all, it is for having lent too ready a facility to it, without careful examination into the objects of the war."—Henry Clay, Speech about the Mexican War, 1847 Clay's speech foreshadows the congressional debate over the...?
Status of slavery in the Mexican Cession
Question refers to the excerpt below. "What we find is that very few Africans come to Virginia in the colony's first half century. People of African descent made up no more than 5% of the population at any time during those years."—James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle How does the second half century of the Virginia colony compare to the first?
The import of enslaved Africans increased, leading to laws that resolved challenges to English views on slavery.
What do the demographics of the 104 English settlers who remained in Virginia in 1607 prove about English colonial aims? (5 points)
The settlers were all men, reflecting the Virginia Company's interest in searching for gold as opposed to building a functioning society.
How were the native peoples of the Americas living prior to European contact?
They were divided into many diverse cultures speaking more than 2,000 different languages.
On what did Europeans—particularly the English, French, and Dutch—base their claim to North American Indian land?
Their view that Indians did not use the land properly
What measures did the Cherokee take in attempt to retain their land? (1 point)
They assimilated into society, following many American laws and customs.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "A large class of females are, and have been, destined to a state of servitude as degrading as unceasing toil can make it. I refer to the female operatives of New England—the free states of our union—the states where no colored slave can breathe the balmy air, and exist as such;—but yet there are those, a host of them, too, who are in fact nothing more nor less than slaves in every sense of the word! Slaves to a system of labor which requires them to toil from five until seven o'clock, with one hour only to attend to the wants of nature, allowed—slaves to the will and requirements of the 'powers that be,' however they may infringe on the rights or conflict with the feelings of the operative—slaves to ignorance—and how can it be otherwise? What time has the operative to bestow on moral, religious or intellectual culture?"—"an operative" of the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, from Factory Tracts: Factory Life as It Is, Number One, 1845 How did Southern supporters of slavery react to the factory system?
They countered abolitionist arguments by pointing out how badly factory workers were treated.
How did the framers of the Constitution address the slave trade?
They forbade Congress from passing laws ending international slave trade until at least 1808.
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, what did the natives of North America have in common?
They had elaborate trade networks.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "For the English colonies in this part of the world have increased so much in their number of inhabitants, and in their riches, that they almost vie with Old England. Now in order to keep up the authority and trade of their mother country and to answer several other purposes, they are forbidden to establish new manufactures, which would turn to the disadvantage of the British commerce. They are not allowed to dig for any gold or silver, unless they send it to England immediately. They have not the liberty of trading with any parts that do not belong to the British dominion, except a few places; nor are foreigners allowed to trade with the English colonies of North America."—Peter Kalm, from Travels into North America, publ. 1753-1761 How did many American colonists respond to the policies described in the excerpt?
They largely ignored the policies and resisted when the British government made attempts to control shipping into and out of the colonies.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "If you do so (accept Spanish rule and Christian teaching), you will do well, and that which you are obliged to do to their Highnesses, and we in their name shall receive you in all love and charity ... And, besides this, their Highnesses award you many privileges and exemptions and will grant you many benefits. But, if you do not do this, and maliciously make delay in it, I certify to you that, with the help of God, we shall powerfully enter into your country, and shall make war against you in all ways and manners that we can, and shall subject you to the yoke and obedience of the Church and of their Highnesses; we shall take you and your wives and your children, and shall make slaves of them, and as such shall sell and dispose of them as their Highnesses may command; and we shall take away your goods, and shall do you all the mischief and damage that we can."—Translated from the Requerimiento, 1513 How did Native Americans respond to European demands such as the ones in the excerpt?
They met the demands with force and attacked Europeans to preserve their cultural independence.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "Be it enacted by this present assembly that whatsoever servant hath heretofore or shall hereafter contracte himselfe in England, either by way of Indenture or otherwise, to serve any Master here in Virginia and shall afterward, against his said former contracte depart from his Mr without leave, or, being once imbarked shall abandon the ship he is appointed to come in, and so, being lefte behinde, shall putt himselfe into the service of any other man that will bring him hither, that then at the same servant's arrival here, he shall first serve out his time with that Mr that brought him hither and afterward also shall serve out his time with his former Mr according to his covenant."—From Proceedings of the Virginia Assembly, 1619 Which of these statements about a servant, such as the one this law is written about, is most likely true?
This servant owed years of service before earning land and freedom.
What was Virginia's "gold" that ensured its survival and prosperity? (5 points)
Tobacco
How was Maryland similar to Virginia?
Tobacco proved crucial to its economy and society.
During the Mexican War ...?
U.S. troops occupied a foreign capital for the first time.
The Pueblo Indians encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century...?
Used irrigation systems to aid their agricultural production
What was the impact of King Philip's War (1675-1676)?
Whites in New England experienced a broadening of freedom in the long run.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "You remark upon the deficiency of education in your countrymen. It never, I believe, was in a worse state, at least for many years ... In this town I never saw so great a neglect of education. The poorer sort of children are wholly neglected, and left to range the streets, without schools, without business, givenup to all evil. ... If you complain of neglect of education in sons, what shall I say with regard to daughters, who every day experience the want of it? ... I most sincerely wish that some more liberal plan might be laid and executed for the benefit of the rising generation, and that our new Constitution may be distinguished for encouraging learning and virtue. If we mean to have heroes, statesmen, and philosophers, we should have learned women."—Abigail Adams, from a letter to John Adams, August 14, 1776 What led to the development of the "republican motherhood" movement of which Abigail Adams was a part?
Women's experiences in the colonial independence movement
The first English Navigation Act, adopted in 1651 (5 points)
aimed to gain control of world trade from the Dutch
As a result of British landowners evicting peasants from their lands in the 16th and 17th centuries (5 points)
efforts were made to encourage those who had been evicted to settle in the New World, thereby easing the British population crisis.
Early French explorations of the New World (5 points)...?
focused on the St. Lawrence, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers.
Question refers to the excerpt below. "You remark upon the deficiency of education in your countrymen. It never, I believe, was in a worse state, at least for many years ... In this town I never saw so great a neglect of education. The poorer sort of children are wholly neglected, and left to range the streets, without schools, without business, givenup to all evil. ... If you complain of neglect of education in sons, what shall I say with regard to daughters, who every day experience the want of it? ... I most sincerely wish that some more liberal plan might be laid and executed for the benefit of the rising generation, and that our new Constitution may be distinguished for encouraging learning and virtue. If we mean to have heroes, statesmen, and philosophers, we should have learned women."—Abigail Adams, from a letter to John Adams, August 14, 1776 Abigail Adams's letter to John Adams is indicative of the "republican motherhood" movement of her time because...?
it demonstrates her desire for education to pass on to her children in the interest of producing heroes, statesmen, and philosophers.