AP US History, Give Me Liberty, Chapter 12, Give Me Liberty Chapter 12, Ch. 12 - An Age of Reform, Chapter 12 History Reading Quiz

Worldly Communities

The most important secular communitarian was Robert Owen. Owen established New Harmony, where he hoped to create a "new moral world" At New Harmony, Owen championed women's rights and education.

Women and Work

The participants at Seneca Falls rejected the identification of the home as the women's "sphere." The "bloomer" costume

How did reformers reconcile their desire to create moral order with their quest to enhance personal freedom?

They argued that too many people were "slaves" to various sins and that freeing them from this enslavement would enable them to compete economically

What did free African-Americans believe about the colonization of freed US slaves to Africa?

They greatly opposed it

How did reformers reconcile their desire to create a moral order with their quest to enhance personal freedom?

Through a vision of freedom that was liberating an controlling - sought to liberate Americans from various forms of "slavery" that made it impossible to succeed - slavery to drink, poverty, and sin

What was the goal of reform communities established in the years of the Civil War?

To reorganize society on a cooperative basis, hoping to restore social harmony

Brook Farm

hoped to show that manual and intellectual labor could coexist harmoniously (was founded by New England transcendentalists).

Burned-over districts were

mainly regions like New York and Northern Ohio, where intense religious revivals occurred

Common schools were

much more "common" in the North

Utopian communities were unlikely to attract much support because most Americans saw

property ownership as key to economic independence, but nearly all the utopian communities insisted members give up their property

The reform communities established in the years before the Civil War

set out to reorganize society on a cooperative basis.

The proliferation of new institutions such as poorhouses and asylums for the insane during the antebellum era demonstrated the

tension between liberation and control in the era's reform movements

The colonization of freed U.S. slaves to Africa prompted

the adamant opposition of most free African-Americans

Sara and Angelina Grimke

they set out on a lecture tour to see what they have seen of slavery. They believed they were born with God-given rights and should be allowed to use them. Anti-slavery and pro-equal rights for women.

Like Indian removal, the colonization of former slaves to Africa rested on the premise that America

was fundamentally a white society

The Oneida community

—was a religious based, utopian group who focused their attention around religion (controlled which of their members would be allowed to reproduce).

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's rights convention (Seneca Falls Convention 1848)

What were the Shakers? Describe four thing about the Shakers.

A group of religious communities; 1) they believed that God had a "dual" personality, both male and female 2) "virgin purity" formed a major pillar in the Shaker belief 3) believed in abandoning traditional family life 4) usually separated by sex

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. Example of Religious Social Experiment

Shakers

A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist., 1840s. One of the first religious communal movements; kept men and women separate, pietistic community

The North-Carolina-born free black whose Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World won widespread attention was?

David Walker

Who was the North Carolina-born free black whose Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World won widespread attention?

David Walker

Women's Rights

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. Raised the issue of woman suffrage The Declaration of Sentiments condemned the entire structure of inequality.

Catherine Beecher

Female reformer that pushed for female employment as teachers; however, she still embraced the role of a good homemaker for women. She was an example of the fact that not all women were pushing for radical reforms.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Mormonism

Founded by Joseph Smith, who claimed he was visited by God, and in 1830 he published a document called The Book of Mormon. He said it was a translation of a set of gold plates he had found in the hills of New York, revealed to him by an angel of God.

What was Brook Farm?

Founded by New England transcendentalists and hoped to show that manual and intellectual labor could coexist harmoniously

Black Abolitionists

From its inception, blacks played a leading role in the antislavery movement. Frederick Douglass Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin gave the abolitionist message a powerful human appeal as it was modeled on the autobiography of fugitive slave Josiah Henson. By the 1840s, black abolitionists sought an independent role within the movement, regularly holding their own conventions At every opportunity, black abolitionists rejected the nation's pretensions as a land of liberty. Black abolitionists articulated the ideal of color-blind citizenship. Frederick Douglass famously questioned the meaning of the Fourth of July.

Where was New Harmony located?

Indiana

The New Harmony community was influential in what way?

It influenced the labor movement, educational reformers, and women's rights advocates

Feminism and Freedom

Lacking broad backing at home, early feminists found allies abroad. Women deserved the range of individual choices and the possibility of self-realization that constituted the essence of freedom. Margaret Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development.

The proliferation of new institutions such as poor houses and asylums for the insane during the antebellum era demonstrated what?

Liberation and social control of the reforms

By 1840, the temperance movement in the US had achieved what?

Lowered the amount of consumption of alcohol

Critics of Reform

Many Americans saw the reform impulse as an attack on their freedom. For example, they did not think that it was legal to have their alcohol taken away, because it was used in many celebrations.

Who founded the Shakers?

Mother Ann Lee

Slavery and Moral Suasion

Nearly all abolitionists, despite their militant language, rejected violence as a means of ending slavery. Many abolitionists were pacifists, and they attempted to convince the slaveholder through "moral suasion" of his sinful ways.

Utopian communities were unlikely to attract much support because they went against the fundamental American belief of what?

Property ownership, which was believed to be a key part of economic independence by Americans, while Utopian communities established unregulated voluntary settlements

Burned-over districts were?

Regions like New York and Northern Ohio, where intense religious revivals occurred

The American Tract Society was focused on what issue?

Religion

At the end of their trek in the mid-1840s, Mormons led by Brigham Young founded

Salt Lake City, Utah

Mormons led by Brigham Young founded?

Salt Lake City, Utah

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.

Religion and Reform

Some reform movements drew their inspiration from the religious revivalism of the Second Great Awakening. The revivals popularized the outlook known as perfectionism, which saw both individuals and society at large as capable of indefinite improvement. Under the impact of the revivals, older reform efforts moved in a new, radical direction. Prohibition, pacifism, and abolition To members of the North's emerging middle-class culture, reform became a badge of respectability. The American Temperance Society directed its efforts at both the drunkards and the occasional drinker.

Like Indian removal, the colonization of former slaves rested on what premise?

That America was fundamentally a white society

What was Garrison's argument in "Thoughts on African Colonization"?

That blacks must be recognized as part of American society, not viewed as aliens to be shipped overseas

What did William Lloyd Garrison think should happen to the Union? Why?

That the North should abrogate the Constitution and dissolve the Union to end its complicity in the evil of slavery

What did reformers commonly believe about prisons and asylums?

That they were able to "cure" undesirable elements of society, where people's characters could be transformed

What did reformers commonly believe about prisons and asylums?

That they were able to "cure" undesirable elements of society, where people's characters could be transformed.

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) Utopian socialist who improved health and safety conditions in mills, increased workers wages and reduced hours. Dreamed of establishing socialist communities the most notable was New Harmony (1826) which failed.

The Second Great Awakening

(1790-1840s) a series of American religious revivals occurring throughout that eastern U.S.; these revivals encouraged a culture performing good deeds in exchange for salvation, and therefore became responsible for an upswing in prison reform, the temperance cause, the feminist movement, and abolitionism

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Susan B. Anthony

(1820-1906) An early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Describe four traits of the Mormon religious movement.

1) followed the Book of Mormon 2) refused to separate church and state 3) polygamy 4) sought to create a kingdom of God on Earth

Horace Mann believed that public schools would do what things?

1) restore equality to a fractured society by bringing children of all classes together in a common learning experience and equipping the less fortunate to advance in the social scale 2) equalize the conditions of men 3) reinforce social stability by rescuing students from the influence of parents who failed in instill the proper discipline 4) build character

About how many reform communities were established in the US during the first half of the nineteenth-century?

100

How many reform communities often called Utopian communities were established in the United States?

100

Militant Abolitionism

A new generation of reformers demanded immediate abolition. David Walker's An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World was a passionate indictment of slavery and racial prejudice. The appearance in 1831 of The Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison's weekly journal published in Boston, gave the new breed of abolitionism a permanent voice. Some of Garrison's ideas appeared too radical, but his call for immediate abolition was echoed by many. Garrison rejected colonization.

The Hudson River School

A painting type which was a romantic, heroic, mythic style that flourished in the 19th century. It tended to paint American landscapes as beautiful and brooding. These depictions of the western frontier contributed to the western expansion as well as the idea of Manifest Destiny.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

The Common School

A tax-supported state public school system was widely adopted. Horace Mann was the era's leading educational reformer. Mann hoped that universal public education could restore equality to a fractured society. Avenue for social advancement Common schools provided career opportunities for women but widened the divide between North and South.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle. example of secular utopia

"gentlemen of property and standing"

Abolitionism aroused violent hostility from northerners who feared that the movement threatened to disrupt the Union, interfere with profits wrested from slave labor, and overturn white supremacy. Editor Elijah Lovejoy was killed by a mob while defending his press. Mob attacks and attempts to limit abolitionists' freedom of speech convinced many northerners that slavery was incompatible with the democratic liberties of white Americans.

Spreading the Abolitionist Message

Abolitionists recognized the democratic potential in the production of printed material. Theodore Weld helped to create the abolitionists' mass constituency by using the methods of religious revivals. Weld and a group of trained speakers spread the message of slavery as a sin.

Utopian Communities

About 100 reform communities were established in the decades before the Civil War. Nearly all the communities set out to reorganize society on a cooperative basis, hoping both to restore social harmony to a world of excessive individualism and also to narrow the widening gap between rich and poor. Socialism and communism entered the language.

Although it only lasted a few years, the New Harmony community

Although it only lasted a few years, the New Harmony community

Charles Grandison Finney

American Evangelist, theologian, and educator. Licensed to the Presbyterian ministry in 1824, he had phenomenal success as a revivalist in the Northeast, converting many who later became noted abolitionists. Denounced alcoholism, became one of the main ministers during The Second Great Awakening

Sojourner Truth

American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women., United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883) (Ain't I A Woman?")

James (Fenimore) Cooper

American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans (1826), showed growing American identity and push to have true "American" writing

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Noah Webster

American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.

The Invention of the Asylum

Americans embarked on a program of institution building. Jails Poorhouses Asylums Orphanages These institutions were inspired by the conviction that those who passed through their doors could eventually be released to become productive, self-disciplined citizens.

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

Who founded the Shakers

Ann Lee

Washington Irving

Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer, showed growing American identity and push to have true "American" writing

How did the abolitionist movement that arose in the 1830's differ from earlier antislavery efforts?

By demanding immediate emancipation instead of a gradual one

How does the life of Abby Kelley reflect the many reform impulses of antebellum America?

By demonstrating the interconnectedness of nineteenth-century reform movements

Which group was generally apposed to the temperance movement?

Catholics

What were some of the unique beliefs regarding procreation?

Complex marriage and a committee that controlled which people were allowed to have children

Colonization

The American Colonization Society (ACS), founded in 1816, promoted the gradual abolition of slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa. The ACS founded Liberia as its colony in West Africa. Many prominent political leaders supported the ACS. Like Indian removal, colonization rested on the premise that America is fundamentally a white society. Most African-Americans adamantly opposed the idea of colonization. In 1817, free blacks assembled in Philadelphia for the first national black convention and condemned colonization. They insisted that blacks were Americans, entitled to the same rights enjoyed by whites.

The Mormons' Trek

The Mormons were founded in the 1820s by Joseph Smith. The absolute authority Smith exercised over his followers, the refusal of the Mormons to separate church and state, and their practice of polygamy alarmed many neighbors. Mormons faced persecution in New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois; Smith was murdered. Smith's successor, Brigham Young, led his followers to the Great Salt Lake.

Common schools were more "common" in what region prior to the US Civil War?

The North

The Shakers

The Shakers were the most successful of the religious communities and had a significant impact on the outside world. Shakers believed men and women were spiritually equal. They abandoned private property and traditional family life.

A New Vision of America

The antislavery movement sought to reinvigorate the idea of freedom as a truly universal entitlement. They viewed slaves and free blacks as members of the national community. They are fellow country men, not foreigners. Blacks, once freed, should be empowered to participate fully in the public life of the United States. Descriptions of beatings, branding, and other physical sufferings of the slaves helped to popularize the idea of the bodily integrity as a basic right that slavery violated.

millenialism

The belief that Jesus is coming soon. And will reign for 1000 years. This dramatically changed society/culture. It surfaced during revivals.

The Slavery of Sex

The concept of the "slavery of sex" empowered the women's movement to develop an all-encompassing critique of male authority and their own subordination. Marriage and slavery became powerful rhetorical tools for feminists.

"Social Freedom"

The demand that women should enjoy the rights to regulate their own sexual activity and procreation and to be protected by the state against violence at the hands of their husbands challenged the notion that claims for justice, freedom, and individual rights should stop at the household's door. The issue of women's private freedom revealed underlying differences within the movement for women's rights.

Oneida

The founder of Oneida, John Noyes, and his followers practiced "complex marriage." Oneida was an extremely dictatorial environment.

How did the abolitionist movement that arose in the 1830s differ from earlier antislavery efforts?

The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately

According to Alexis de Tocqueville, what were the most important institutions for organizing Americans

Voluntary Associations.

According to Alexis de Tocqueville, what were the most important institutions for organizing Americans?

Voluntary associations - churches, fraternal orders, political clubs, ect

The Abolitionist Schism

When organized abolitionism split into two wings in 1840, the immediate cause was a dispute over the proper role of women in antislavery work. American Anti-Slavery Society (favored women in leadership positions) American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (opposed women in leadership positions) The Liberty Party was established in hopes of making abolitionism a political movement.

Women and Free Speech

Women lectured in public about abolition. Grimké sisters The Grimké sisters argued against the idea that taking part in assemblies, demonstrations, and lectures was unfeminine. Letters on the Equality of the Sexes (1838) Equal pay for equal work

The Rise of the Public Woman

Women were instrumental in the abolition movement. The public sphere was open to women in ways government and party politics were not.

Economic Utopia

an equal distribution of goods, frequently with the total abolition of money, and citizens only doing work which they enjoy and which is for the common good, leaving them with ample time for the cultivation of the arts and sciences, early version of communism/socialism, Ex: New Harmony

William Lloyd Garrison argued in "Thoughts on African Colonization" that

blacks were not "strangers" in America to be shipped abroad, but should be recognized as a permanent part of American society

Henry (David) Thoreau

he was a Transcendentalist and a non-conformist. he condemned government and said, "The best government is the one that rules the least." He inspired passive resistance (or protest), was a naturalist and, while living in the woods, he wrote Walden. neighbor of Ralph Waldo Emerson

By 1840, the temperance movement in the United States had

encouraged a substantial decrease in the consumption of alcohol