AP US History Period 2: 1607 - 1754

What was the problem with natives in New England?

Creating a Puritan society did not stop New Englanders from attempting to push the Natives off their land. This caused the Pequot War in the Massachusetts Bay.

What were the middle colonies?

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware *ethnic and economic diversity - cereal crops

What problem did the New World colonies face as their economies grew?

New world colonies had to constantly grapple with the problem of an insufficiently large labor force

Describe the founding, as well as the economic activities and social patterns unique to the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British West Indies.

*Granted to the people who had followed the Stuarts in exile. Atlantic cost and British West Indies grew mostly sugarcane and favored wealthy planters. There were no small scale yeoman farmers in the Barbados. They also had tons more slaves that had more intense work. Carolina: grew rice (when wealthy ran out of land to give to their children they moved into Carolina and eventually Georgia) Georgi: Oglethorpe wanted it to be a place for the poor people to thrive, but few people met the requirements for the thriving poor and Carolinians moved into Georgia (a unique feature was that it was largely controlled by trustees in the mother country)

History of Slavery in Britain

1) The ideals of division in humankind already persisted in English thought. 2) Headright system created indentured servants 3) Bacon's rebellion led to a turn to African slaves to fulfill the labor needs

How did the English and the Spanish differ in their treatment of the Natives?

1. The Spanish wanted to convert, but the English did not care. 2. The Spanish colonial efforts were more ready to make accommodations to American Indian cultural ways.

What were the different ways in which the blacks resisted slavery?

1. Very rarely did they use violence 2. They could work slowly or break tools 3. Keeping connections to Africa

"Great Migration" (1640)

20,000 settlers came to Massachusetts Bay Colony who were middling sorts - farmers, carpenters, textile workers - who were willing to labor

Bacons Rebellion

A big deal because it was the main reason for the shift from indentured servitude to slavery; it resulted from the people of the backcountry not being happy because the colonial government were not listening to their concerns.

New Jersey (Upper South Colony)

A gift to friends

Who were the pilgrims?

A group of English Separatists who took the Puritan belief even further and fled to Holland then to Plymouth in which they made the Mayflower Compact.

Deism in the colonies

A lot of people moved away from the rigid doctrines of the Puritans which saw God as a great clockmaker and it was the mechanisms of the clock that moved the hour and minute hands.

Wool Act, Hat Act, and the Iron Act

A series of navigation acts that prohibited the colonies from manufacturing these items

Seven Year's War (1763):

A war fought between the French and English on the American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley - English won

What happened to the enforcement of laws on the colonists from the 1680s to 1700s?

Although at first, the colonists were under tight control, the British eventually loosened their control because their efforts were failing. (Salutary neglect)

In which colonial settlements could we see more interracial coupling?

Among British and American settlers

The Great Awakening

An event that came out of declining church membership, diminishing of religious zeal. and the rise of Enlightenment philosophy, people tried to create a religious resurgence. This was a much more emotional response to religion.

Provide examples of how Britain's late 17th century effort to integrate its colonies into a coherent, hierarchical imperial structure and mercantilist economic aims was largely a scant success.

At first, john James was appalled at the violence against Natives, mortality rates, and chaos of the clones and wanted all of the colonies to become royal governors. He tried to have greater force over the colonies, but these ultimately failed because of colonial resistance. So, they just went to salutary neglect. Although he revoked all the charters of the Puritans, the Glorious Revolution which empowered Parliament and toppled absolute monarchy inspired New Englanders to arrest Andros and topple the Dominion of New England. They were soon given their charters back. Then salutatory neglect came into play.

Explain how the southern system of slavery and the laws that governed it evolved over time to create a new strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity.

At first, when the first few African Americans came in, there weren't many laws that governed this new group of people. However, when more and more slaves started being imported, the numbers of slaves almost started out numbering the number of colonists. This put fear into the colonists and as time passed by, the laws got stricter and stricter. Laws such as the fact that the race and bondage of the mother passed onto her son/daughter, something that was relatively new in slavery. Consequences for punishments also got much more harsher in terms of number of lashes, etc. They also started to call them black instead of Negroes which had clearer negative overtones because they identified themselves as being white and pure.

Repartimiento system

Banned outright slavery and mandated that they be paid wages (still exploited them); were required to work

West Indies

Barbado's was the most profitable colony in England's New World Empire. Their main export was sugarcane, they had far more slaves, and the people who owned the plantations were very rich, much richer than those who owned tobacco plants

Power of the Purse

Because eventually, all the colonies came under the rule of the king and the colonial governors were in charge of running a colony, however, the colonial legislators had a leverage over the governors as the governors depended on the funding from the tax revenue that the legislators collected. This was called "power of the purse"

Explain how, because of distance and Britain's initially lax attention, colonial regions like New England and the Southern colonies all developed self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for their era. Explain the nature of these institutions, and the similarities and differences between systems of each region.

Because of salutary neglect, the British were able to develop their own ideas even though they were largely connected to those of Britain. Although they did make up laws and such to restrict colonies, there was distance and Britain did not really care what the colonies as long as they were making a profit. 1. They had a high degree of self government. Although at first they were all ruled by a proprietor or a corporation, they were all governed by a governor appointed by the king. But, there were also colonial legislature, who, because of the "power of the purse" had a good deal of leverage over the governors. 2. Also had the ability to have free press and followed the Great Awakening in face of declining Church membership in which Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield really preached their religion.

King William's War (1689)

Canadians attempted to move into American land such as New York and although they got no land, they did kill a lot of people (Treaty of Ryswick in 1697)

North Carolina (Upper South Colony)

Closely resembled the Chesapeake colony in that it made tobacco

Baruch Spinoza (Example of Religious Toleration in England)

Dutch Philosopher from a Portuguese Jewish Family who embraced the idea of religious toleration.

Great Peace of Montreal (1701)

Ended the Beaver Wars and the Iroquois were able to expand

Rhode Island (New England Colony)

Founded by Roger Williams because he didn't like our treatment of the natives and believed that concerns of civil government would distract ministers from Godly matters. He created RI for this reason and ITS GREATEST DISTINCTION WAS ITS SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE IN ITS GOVERNANCE.

Which imperial nation focused most on creating alliances with the Natives?

France

Who was the most well-known Great Awakening preacher?

George Whitefield

Colonies of the Deep South (Name them)

George and Carolina

What did Locke believe in? (Example of Religious Toleration in England)

He believed in toleration of all Christian faiths

What did Voltaire believe in? (Example of Religious Toleration in England)

He believed in toleration of all faiths, including Islam and Judaism

What were the ideas of John Locke

He believed that humans, were, in fact, self-interested, but that they also were able to use reason to make sound decisions about governance

Why did King James take charter and propriety colonies and make them royal colonies?

He was shocked by the violence, mortality rates, and chaos that went on in the colonies.

Assess the impact of the Pueblo Revolt on Spanish treatment of Natives and relative acceptance of some aspects of Native culture in the American Southwest.

However, because of the great gender imbalance in the Spanish settlements, the Natives often got assimilated "biologically" into the families of the Spanish. The Pueblo Revolt started because the natives felt as though they were being exploited. The Spanish residents fled but returned later. However, they appointed a public defender to protect native rights and agreed to allow the Pueblo to continue their cultural practices.

Which Indian tribe suffered most from American contact?

Huron - Samuel De Champlain French

Act of Religious Toleration (Early Example of Religious Toleration in America)

In Maryland - guaranteed rights to Christians of all Denominations

What was the Zenger Trial (1735)?

It was a case that argued that newspapers were allowed to criticize royal authorities if the criticisms were true.

Navigation Acts (1650)

In order to keep the practice of mercantilism alive, England passed these acts that developed a list of "enumerated goods" that could only be shipped to England (included essential shipping supplies) which were then sold to other countries as a profit.

How did the views of the British towards the natives change over time?

In the beginning, they wanted to find a way to coexist, but as their desire for land grew, they had more clashes. (King Philip's War and the association of natives with "savages")

Explain both overt and covert attempts of Africans to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery and maintain their family systems, culture, and religion.

In the southern plantations, when wealthy farmers had many blacks, they often formed their own small communities that kept all of their culture, religion, and family system intact. Many African Americans also tended to have individual acts of violent or organized revolt. One of the biggest revolts was the Stono Uprising which was in September of 1739. Unfortunately, this cruel act of exploited labor would go on for a while more despite all of the revolts.

What did the colonies of the lower south specialize in?

Indigo and rice

How did partus sequitar ventrum affect slavery?

It allowed for the rape of women in order to make a profit since the child would take the legal status of the mother.

Where does the idea of the religious toleration come from?

It has European roots and New World manifestations.

How did the Glorious Revolution affect the colonists in New England?

It inspired the colonists to arrest Andros and topple the Dominion of New England and pretty soon individual royal charters began to be issued

What did the triangle trade lead to?

It led to a growth in the economy, new social interactions, and an increase in the use of slave labor.

What affect did the African slave trade on Africa?

It made ethnic tensions worse and served to destabilize the region.

Pueblo Revolt/Pope's Rebellion

It was when Pueblo Indians in New Mexico grew resentful of Spanish rule, Spanish outlawed traditional Pueblo religious practices - it was an attack on Spanish Franciscan priests as well as ordinary Spaniards; first successful rebellion as it allowed the Spanish authorities to appoint a public defender to protect Native rights, allowed the Pueblo to continue their cultural practices

Leisler's Rebellion (1689-1691)

It's the period from 1689-1691 named for New Yorker Jacob Leisler, an ardent Protestant who revolted against the colonial authority of English King James II after learning of the 1688 Glorious Revolution across the Atlantic. Leisler had expected good will from the new king, William of Orange, but instead found himself accused of unlawfully usurping power and was executed once the newly appointed governor arrived.

Who was responsible for the Great Awakening speech "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Jonathan Edwards

Explain the causes and outcomes of King Philips War.

King Philips, a Native American, was a man who was very good at keeping the peace between the Natives and the colonists. However, when a colonists was killed and 3 Native Americans were tried and executed, this caused the Native Americans to be enraged and slay lots of colonists. This led to casualties on both sides, however it was even worse for the Native Americans because they were practically almost terminated. This really set the mood for more Indian rebellions in the future, even though it was not a successful one.

Maryland (Cheseapeake Colony)

Known most for its cultivation of tobacco and its use of indentured servants and slaves First property colony that was put under the care of Lord Baltimore, but his son took over Catholic - however, once King Charles I died, Protestants outnumber Catholics but Catholicism continued to be tolerated

Connecticut (New England Colony)

Like Rhode Island and Roger Williams, Reverend Thomas Hooker led some people away from Winthrop's rule and created Connecticut.

Carolina (Deep South Colony)

Like the Barbado's with elites who owned lots of slaves, except they cultivated rice

House of Burgesses (1619)

Made by Virginians, it was the first representative legislative body in which all free men could vote for representatives. It continued to exist even after the king revoked the Virginia companies charter. However, it became more powerful and more exclusive, as smaller planters were barred from voting.

What were the New England colonies?

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire *Puritan culture

Bacon's Rebellion

Men people in indentured servitude began to face a lot of problems as they were not incorporated into society after their term was up and were often put in the hilly piedmont region in which a lot of American Indians lived after being located, which led to a lot of violence between the two groups. They also did not like the taxes they had to pay and were entirely unhappy with their lack of representation in the House of Burgess.

Stono Rebellion

Most famous slave rebellion

Pennsylvania (Upper South Colony)

Mostly for Quakers, the king was more than happy to get the dissenting Quakers out of England

Who was at the bottom of the racial hierarchy in Spanish America?

Natives and Indians

New York (Upper South Colony)

New Amsterdam that the the British took from the Dutch. One distinct feature that set it apart from other northern states was the fact that was surprisingly centered on Slavery. Like New Amsterdam, it focused on commerce and had racial/ethnic differences.

Deleware (Upper South Colony)

Penn's land that eventually became independent

New Lights

People of the Great Awakening who believed in its ideals

Who were the metis?

People who were born from both French and Indian parents. The Indian women played important roles as cultural mediators and were in important part of the fur trade. They combined Catholic practices and indigenous spiritual practices, which continued on even after the French withdrew from N. America.

New Hampshire Colony (New England Colony)

Puritans moved north to this area and made small fishing villages

What types of things made their way from Great Britain to its North American colonies?

Self-government, legal codes, commerce, print culture, religious toleration, and Enlightenment thought

Mulattos

Spanish men and African women

Treaty of Breda

when the Dutch captured Suriname in South America and relinquished control of New Amsterdam

What was the Great Awakening's core message?

That anyone could be saved and that people could make choices in their lives that would affect their afterlife, which was a stark contrast with the traditional Puritan ideas of "original sin" and predestination, so it made the Great Awakening more egalitarian and democratic.

What were Thomas Hobbes' ideas?

That humans were selfish and nasty and needed iron fisted rulers to rule them

What were two early examples of early religious tolerance in America?

The Act of Religious Toleration and the Flushing Remonstrance

Describe the founding, as well as the economic activities and social patterns unique to the Chesapeake (and North Carolina) colonies.

The Chesapeake colonies included Virginia, Maryland South Carolina, and North Carolina. Economic: planted and transported tobacco (John Rolfe); it was a scarce luxury in Europe Social Patterns: largest population region of the South with the most slaves Maryland: a Chesapeake colony much like Virginia which was under Lord Baltimore and wanted it be a place for Catholics North Carolina: one of the Carolinas, that, rather than turning like the Barbados resembled more of the Chesapeake colonies

Chickasaw Wars

The Chickasaw people went against the Choctaw and Illini people when the French backed Choctaw and Illini wanted to establish control of the Mississippi River; Chickasaw held their ground but suffered a lot of losses

Explain the European motivations for the development of the Triangular Trade, as well as what goods were trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

The European motivations for the development of the Triangular Trade included being able to extract raw materials from the colonies and a larger market audience for the goods that they produced. The Europeans gave manufactured products to the colonists. These colonists used the manufactured goods both for themselves and for trade with the Africans. The Africans received these manufactured goods and gave the colonists slaves. However, during this time in history, the trade turned against the colonists as the Europeans became more industrialized and were able to give things of greater value and with greater bulk to colonists, which led the colonists to become more and more in debt to the Europeans.

What was a major byproduct of the transatlantic trade?

The European population growth went up a lot.

Assess the reasons for the significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange in the colonies.

The Great Awakening really brought all the different types of Christianity together and sometimes even conversion. Many speakers of the Great Awakening would often travel cross-country to get their message across, reaching multiple colonies. The Enlightenment also invoked the degree of pluralism because it brought the people together and made them have these new ideas and question authority. The wars against France also brought the colonies together as they began to have nationalist sentiments, sent money and sons to war, and that brought them together as well. All of their interactions with Britain was also another factor that brought them all together, as it promoted an awareness between the colonies of the other colonies. They also began to pick up the ideas of religious toleration as prominent writers such as Locke (toleration of Christian faiths) and Voltaire (toleration of all faiths). Maryland soon passed the Act of Religious Toleration which guaranteed the rights to Christians of all denominations. Penn established the Quaker faith in the New World which saw everyone as equal under good. Locke's idea about human being interested in themselves too much but having the ability to change also spread. Finally, Virginians created the first representative legislative body in British North America in which all free adult men could vote for representatives.

Beaver Wars

The Iroquois (backed by the Dutch) wanted to expand their trading network, but the Huron (backed by the Dutch) wouldn't let them. Because of firearms, it was really violent.

Explain the degree to which each colonial region participated in the Atlantic slave trade.

The South and West Indies traded: tobacco, indigo, rice, sugar, and slavery North American Interior: fur trade Middle Colonies: wheat and other cereal crops buy the indentured servants and "redemptioners"

What marked a turning point in the shift towards permanent enslavement?

The civil court case in which an indentured servant of African American descent wasdecared a slave for life

Describe the founding, as well as the economic activities and social patterns unique to the New England colonies.

The colonists of New England were driven by religious reasons rather than economic gain. Puritans: came first, were angry that the rest of England did not break away from the Catholic churn and had come to America to separate themselves from Catholic practices (Calvinism, community, believed in a "vengeful, jealous" God) Pilgrams: came second and after coming from Holland and being given a land grant from the Virginia Company, they ended up at Plymouth and made the Mayflower Compact for self governing. They didn't really thrive. Massachusetts: also Puritan (John Winthrop) city upon a hill (soon thrived) most people were of the middle class and were willing to work for a living New Hampshire: small fishing villages of Puritans Rhode Island: when religious conformity became to large, people who did not conform were often sent to Rhode Island (Anne Hutchinson) Connecticut: like Rhode Island, wanted to get rid of the heavy handed rule of Winthrop, so Thomas Hooker went away and made their own colonies that had less of a rigorous requirement of basing membership on living a Godly life

What economic system took over the interiors of the North American continent?

The fur trade; it led to people to reach accommodation with American Indian groups where they had pretty good relations until they were forced to go beyond their normal territories for furs, which causes a lot of violence among different Native American groups

Provide examples of how goals and interests of European leaders at times diverged from those of colonial citizens, leading to growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic, as settlers, especially in the English colonies, expressed dissatisfaction over territorial settlements, frontier defense, and other issues.

The ideas of Mercantilism and the Navigation Acts and its ideas were difficult to enforce, so a lot of times, salutary neglect came into play. Mercantilism as the idea that colonies should provide the raw goods and purchase the manufactured goods from Britain. It passed a number of Navigation Acts with "enumerated goods" that could only be shipped to England. (LIKE GOODS NECESSARY FOR SHIPPING). England got raw goods at a low price and sold them at a profit to other countries. Although these laws existed, they were difficult to enforce especially because of the distance and the fact that they were still making a profit out of the colonies. That is where the idea of salutary neglect came in where the colonists constantly banned goods in and out of the country.

What was unique about how the French treated the natives?

The indians remained in control and had friendly relations

What greatly altered the political and military landscape of North America?

The introduction of European guns into the conflict

Give a specific example of how conflict in Europe led to Spanish, Dutch, French, and/or English colonists allying with and arming Natives, leading to continued political instability.

The introduction of European into conflicts among American Indians really altered what it meant to settle issues. The Beaver Wars: a war between the Huron/French and the Algonquin/English/Dutch in which the Iroquois wanted to expand, but the Hurons would not let them. Eventually, the Iroquois arose the winners. The Chickasaw Wars also showed allying of Natives The fur trade also armed their different allying Native American groups to fight for trading privileges and territory as increased trade in furs push American Indian communities to look for more and more furs

Georgia

The last of the colonies and was mostly created to serve as a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish held Florida. This was given to Oglethorpe and the people who were to come in were supposed to be for the "deserving poor", but few people qualified and it ended up just being in extension of Carolina.

Describe the founding, as well as the economic activities and social patterns unique to the Middle colonies.

The middle colonies were the most diverse in regards to religion, ethnicity, and social class. They were thriving export economies based on the cultivation of cereal crops. The also had tons of different types of people and instead os slaves, used indentured servants or redemption's to develop the cultivation of wheat and other cereal crops. Pennsylvania: a Quaker safe haven made from land granted to William Penn by the king to repay a debt to his father New Jersey: although at first established by the Dutch, the Duke of York took the land and gave it to two friends Delaware: also first established by the Dutch as a trading post, Duke of York gave it to Penn who added it to Pennsylvania's and named it Pennsylvania's Lower Counties (eventually became independent of Pennsylvania) New York: New Amsterdam turned into New York and continued to function as a political port and actually had slave population larger than North america. They had commerce and racial/ethnic differences.

What were the Spain's New World colonies like?

The people actually settled (not in as large of numbers as in British colonies), Spain maintained tight control, wanted to convert the Natives and exploit labor. Mostly Catholics.

The New England Colonies

The people in these colonies were driven more by religious reasons than economic gain. They were devout Puritans

Glorious Revolution (1688)

The protestants didn't want a line of Catholic monarchs so they rose up in which the Parliament was empowered and ended the absolute monarchy in England. It also led to the establishment of the English Bill of Rights.

Assess the impact of trade with Europeans on American Indian society in terms of economic, cultural, and biological effects

The trade with Europeans and American Indian society had economic, cultural, and biological effects. Economically, the Europeans and American Indian society made the American Indian society a little dependent on the Europeans, but also a little clever because they could use the fights between the Americans and the French against each other. Culturally, the American Indians would not be able to use the crude tools that their ancestors had used before them and whether they liked it or not, the trade with Native Americans "anglicized" them just a little bit. Sometimes, in places like Puritan New England, the Puritans managed to convert them and assimilate them as second class citizens in society. Finally, biologically, trade almost wiped out the Native Americans. For example, people would give the Native Americans blankets that were infected with contagious and deadly diseases knowing that they had been contaminated with such diseases.

What led to a realignment of American indian alliances and a reorganization of societies?

The wars, the pressures of the fur trade, and the introduction of European firearms

What were the affects of the salutary neglect on the colonies?

There were a lot of developments that came out of British roots, but were molded separately in the colonies. For example, these thoughts included an advancement of self-government, changing ideas of liberty, a diversity of new religious ideas and movements, Enlightenment ideas, and a growing suspicion of corruption in the political system.

Explain the various reasons why the colonists grew increasingly resistant of imperial control over time.

They became more resistant of imperial control over time because if the ideas of self government and the idea of the power of the purse, the Zenger trial and the concept of freedom of the press, and the Great Awakening and the Englightenment which gave more philosophical thinking and downgrade the idea of a monarchy.

What did Roger Williams and Reverend Thomas Hooker have in common?

They both thought that Winthrop's rule was a bit heavy handed.

What happened to the differences between the colonies as British rule persisted?

They decreased and the colonies became more like each other.

What was unique about Pennsylvania?

They had a lot of Quakers, which were people who were radically non hierarchal and established friendly relations with local indians and frowned upon slavery (even though it did exist). They also loved to share lots and lots of oatmeal with moms who make their kids eat it even though their kids hate it. jk. but seriously. oatmeal is disgusting.

Why were the Southern colonies the most populated?

They had the most slaves.

What type of labor did the middle colonies?

They used a lot of indentured servants and redemptioner. Redemptioners were typically at a disadvantage but for people in like Pennsylvania, the servitude oftentimes paid off.

What was true about New England?

They were normally commercial centers that sold livestock, timber, and fish, and they were the most homogeneous, with mostly Puritans.

What happened to the Catawba people?

They were one of the Natives who attempted to maintain good relations with the settlers by working for them, but over time their ancient practice became altered and they became more and more drunk as the settlers paid the Natives with alcohol.

What were the Chesapeake colonies?

They were the upper south colonies of Virginia and Maryland and produced tobacco thanks to John Rolfe.

Massachusetts Bay Colony (New England Colony)

This colony had a lot of autonomy and was led by John Winthrop "a city upon a hill" in which they believed they were the model for Puritanism. It began to thrive and a lot of families came.

Mayflower Compact

To provide a sense of legitimacy, the pilgrims drew up and signed this document that called for orderly government based on the consent of the governed

"Praying Towns"/"Praying Indians"

Towns made for Indians where they where if they converted to Christianity, they could pray on those farms in which they were treated as 2nd class citizens; (French jesuit missionaries in Canada; accepted that native peoples might combine elements of Catholicism with their traditional beliefs.

What were the Southern colonies?

Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia *slavery and tobacco

Pequot War and King Philips War

Wars that ended tragically for the Natives when they attempted to take up arms against the colonists.

Protestant Reformation

When Martin Luther and John Calvin broke with the Catholic Church arguing that the Catholic Church had strayed from its spiritual mission. It took over much of Northern Europe and even though the King of England broke from the Catholic Church (more for political power than anything), he did not force it upon his people so Puritans were not that big of a thing. The Puritans took their belief from Calvinism which believed in a "dark" God and predestination.

"The Negro Plot of 1741"

When a lot of unexplained fires in the city were blamed on enslaved African Americans.

King Philip's War

a conflict that ensued due to whites wanting to expand

Migration patterns to Spanish colonies

a lot of people migrated, Indians remained the majority even they were reduced by 90%, and the creation of mixed race children created a racial hierarchy

Lord Baltimore

a person an England who ruled the colony of Maryland and had very strict rules (a refuge for the Catholics). However, the people were not happy because they felt like they were worshipping Baltimore rather than God himself - but eventually had the ideas of religious toleration

Oglethorpe

a philanthropist who hoped to establish a paternalistc colony for England's "deserving poor" including imprisoned debtors. It ended up failing.

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

a plan of Benjamin Franklin that failed - the formation of a Grand council made up of representatives from each colonies and there would be a head for all of the representatives.

Bacon's Rebellion (1674)

a rebellion by a planter by the name of Bacon who hated the governor Berkely because he felt like he was oppressed - went and killed a ton of natives and for a little while rule, but eventually died and order was restored.

Mercantilism

a set of economic and political ideas that shaped colonial policy for the major powers in the early modern world; it holds that there is only a limited amount of wealth in this world and that governments should be able to hold onto this wealth if they used colonies as a source of steady and inexpensive sources for raw materials and that the colonies should purchase the manufactured goods from the ruling country

"salutary neglect"

this refers to the lax enforcement of the Navigation Act and allowed the Colonists routinely smuggled banned goods into and out of the 13 colonies; (Molasses Act of 1733)

Headright System (like the Homestead Act)

a system for people who covered their own cost of transportation to the Americas and only had to pay a small amount of rent for a 50 acre lot (people were awarded additional headlights for each servant they brought with them)

Bartolomé de las Casas

against the exploitation of labor in the Spanish colonies

Edict of Nantes (Examples of Religious Toleration in England)

allowed Calvinists Protestants (Huguenots) to practice their religion in predominantly Catholic France

Creoles

children born in the new world of Spanish descent

Mestizos

children of Spanish men and Indian women

Queen Anne's War (1702-1713)

conflict between Great Britain and France, much more Bloody - also called the War of the Spanish succession (Treaty of Utrecht)

Enlightenment (1700s)

considered as an age of reason, it was intellectual revolution that involved the work of Europe's greatest minds, men such as Newton and Locke

Along with patterns of trade, what else played a role in reshaping American Indian communities?

disease

What was unique about the French (Canada region) and Dutch colonies?

few people actually settled; used trade and intermarriage to acquire furs and other valuable goods

Henry Hudson

funded by the Dutch East India Company, he made his way to the New World in search of a route to Cathay and found the New York area - although he did not find a Northwest passage his reports led to the founding of New Amsterdam at the tip of Manhattan "$24 purchase"

Flushing Remonstrance (Early Example of Religious Toleration in America)

just a request, another example of early religious tolerance in which they asked that Peter Stuyvesant lift his ban on Quaker worship

William Bradford

leader of the pilgrims who moved them out of Holland for fear of material temptations and got permission from the king to settle in the land granted to the Virginia Company.

New Amsterdam

no immediate profits w/promises of land grants, more people (diverse), started to come in (also brought African slaves) under Peter Stuyvesant, the colony thrived as a place for beaver furs and a growing commercial town *Britain took it over

How did Spain divide its empire?

northern portion: viceroyalty of Spain southern portion: viceroyalty of Peru

Peninsulares

people born in Spain

Olaudah Equiano

sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography - his narrative of Middle Passage

Casta

term used to describe the variety of mixed race people in the new world

What was the first peace of legislation that created a divide in slavery?

the Northwest Ordinance of 1785

King George's War (1743)

the colonists got Louisbourg in Canada - however, when the war ended they gave it back in return for concessions everywhere else, made the colonists feel like the British ignored colonial interests

Jamestown (1607)

the first successful (not easy) settlement in the Virginia colony that was nearly destroyed by harsh conditions. It became a part of the joint stock Virginia Company of London and grew to be a prosperous shipping port. Did not get along well with the Indians, especially when they could not supply enough corn to the settlers

Antinomianism

the idea that there are no moral laws they are expected to obey by God; such was the ideas of people like Anne Hutchinson

Encomienda System

the initial Spanish settlers were given tracts of land and the right to exploit labor from the local inhabitants

Jonathan Edwards

the person who sparked the Great Awakening, teachings of Calvinism (the idea of hanging off a string)

Middle Passage

the place in which the African Americans traveled to get from Africa to America - a horrible journey that a lot of people died during

What was distinct about Spain's new world colonies?

there was a tight control over colonial empire, a lot converting of Native Americans to Christianity (often adapted religion to include natives), and the exploitation labor of the people