AP US Trimester 2

Muller v. Oregon

A 1908 Supreme Court case, it ruled that women needed special protection against working long hours. (p. 437)

Federal Farm Loan Act

A 1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates. (p. 443)

open shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment. (p. 479)

White House Conference of Governors

A conference at the White House which publicized the need for conservation. (p. 439)

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

A criminal case of two Italian men who were convicted of murder in 1921. They were prosecuted because they were Italians, atheists, and anarchists. After 6 years of appeals they were executed in 1927. (p. 485)

neutrality

A declaration of a country that it will not choose sides in a war. The Unites States was a neutral country at the beginning of World War I. (p. 455)

repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

A decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. (p. 387)

Valeriano Weyler

A general sent by Spain to stop the Cuban revolt. He forced civilians into armed camps, where tens of thousands died of starvation and disease. (p. 413)

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in industrial jobs in the shipyards and defense plants during World War II. (p. 534)

Eugene O'Neill

An American playwright of the 1920s. (p. 481)

John Wilkes Booth

An American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. (p. 278)

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

An all black regiment in the Civil War. (p. 276)

welfare capitalism

An approach to labor relations in which companies voluntarily offer their employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce their interest in joining unions. (p. 479)

Frederick W. Taylor

An engineer who sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management, especially time-management studies. (p. 433)

Walker Expedition

An expedition by a Southern adventurer who unsuccessfully tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853. He took over Nicaragua in 1855 to develop a proslavery empire. His scheme collapsed when a coalition of Central American countries invaded and defeated him, and he was executed. (p. 236)

Ellis Island 1892

An immigration center opened in 1892 in New York Harbor. (p. 362)

Tuskegee Institute

An industrial and agricultural school established by Booker T. Washington to train blacks. (p. 348)

jingoism

An intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy. (p. 412)

Venezuela boundary dispute

An issue between Venezuela and the neighbouring territory, the British colony of Guiana. The United States convince Great Britain to arbitrate the dispute. (p. 412)

Standard Oil Company

An oil trust with control of many oil refinery companies, which created a monopoly in the oil industry. (p. 434)

barnburners

Antislavery Democrats, whose defection threatened to destroy the the Democratic party. (p 248)

William Gorgas

Army physician who helped eradicate yellow fever and malaria from Panama, so work on the Panama Canal could proceed. (p. 418)

popular sovereignty

Around 1850, this term referred to the idea that each new territory could determine by vote whether or not to allow slavery would be allowed in that region. (p. 248)

African Americans

Around 1890, a bill to protect voting rights of African Americans passed the House but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 386)

wartime jobs for women

As men joined the military many of their former jobs were taken by women. (p. 462)

women in the workplace

As men went off to battle in the Civil War, women stepped into the labor vacuum, operated farms and took factory jobs customarily held by men. (p. 282)

reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay $30 billion in reparations to the Allies. (p. 488)

tenements, poverty

As rich people left residences near the business district, the buildings were often divided into small crowded windowless apartments for the poor. (p. 363)

women clerical workers

As the demand for clerical workers increased, women moved into formerly male occupations as secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, and telephone operators. (p. 328)

Calvin Coolidge

As vice president, he became president when Warren Harding died in August 1923. He won the presidential election of 1924, but declined to run in 1928. He was a Republican who believed in limited government. He summarized his presidency and his era with the phrase: "The business of America is business". (p. 477)

propaganda

Britain controlled the daily war news that was cabled to the United States. They supplied the American press with many stories of German soldier committing atrocities. (p. 457)

John Maynard Keynes

British economist, whose theory said that in difficult times government needed to spend well above its tax revenues in order to stimulate economic growth. After the 1937 recession, Roosevelt adopted this strategy, which was successful. (p. 511)

overproduction

Business growth, aided by increased productivity and use of credit, had produced a volume of goods that workers with stagnant wages could not continue to purchase. (p. 498)

National Recovery Administration

Directed by Hugh Johnson, this agency attempted to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for labor. The complex program operated with limited success for two years before the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional. (p. 505)

war industry boards

During World War I, they set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices. (P. 460)

Railroad Administration

During World War I, this agency took public control of the railroads to coordinate traffic and promote standard equipment. (p. 460)

Food Administration

During World War I, this government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food for overseas shipment to the troops. (p. 460)

civil rights, Double V

During World War II civil rights leaders encouraged African Americans to adopt the Double V slogan - one for victory, one for equality. (p 533)

executive order on jobs

During World War II, President Roosevelt issued an executive order to prohibit discrimination in government and in businesses that received federal contracts. (p. 533)

role of large corporations

During World War II, the 100 largest corporations accounted for 70 percent of wartime manufacturing. (p. 532)

standard of living

During the 1920s, the standard of living (physical things that make life more enjoyable) improved significantly for most Americans. Indoor plumbing and central heating became commonplace. By 1930, two-thirds of all homes had electricity. (p. 477)

foreigners and Communists

During the 1920s, widespread disillusionment with World War I, communism in the Soviet Union, and Europe's post war problems made Americans fearful of being pulled into another foreign war. (p. 486)

border states

During the Civil War the term for the the states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. Keeping these states in the Union was a primary political and military goal of President Lincoln. They were slave states, but did not secede. (p. 269)

women in nursing

During the Civil War women played a critical role as military nurses. (p. 282)

transcontinental railroads

During the Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the first transcontinenal railroad. Two new companies were formed to share the task of building the railroad. The Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific started in Sacramento, California. On May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, a golden spike was driven into the rail ties to mark the completion of the railroad. (p. 321)

executive power

During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln acted in unprecedented ways, often without the approval of Congress. He called for 75,000 volunteers to stop the Confederacy, authorized spending for the war, and suspended habeas corpus. (p. 270)

federal government jobs

During the Gilded Age, these jobs were given to those who were loyal their political party. (p. 381)

bank failures

During the Great Depression 20 percent of all banks failed. (p. 498)

poverty and homeless

During the Great Depression poverty and homelessness increased. (p. 499)

Jay Gould, watering stock

Entered railroad business for quick profits. He would sell off assets inflate the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. (p. 321)

Coxey's Army, March on Washington

In 1894, Populist Jacob A. Coxey led a march to Washington to demand that the federal government spend $500 million on public works programs. (p. 388)

Henry Demarest Lloyd

In 1894, he wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth". He attacked the practices of Standard Oil and the railroads. (p. 434)

African American migration

In 1894, the International Migration Society was formed to help blacks emigrate to Africa. Other blacks moved to Kansas and Oklahoma. (p. 350)

Coin's Financial School

In 1894, this book taught Americans that unlimited silver coining would end the economic problems. (p. 388)

Pullman Stike

In 1894, workers at Pullman went on strike. The American Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. The federal government broke the strike. (p. 331)

Cleveland and Olney

In 1895 and 1896, President Grover Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney insisted that Great Britain agree to arbitrate the border dispute between Venezuela and the British colony of Guiana. (p. 412)

Cuban revolt

In 1895, Cuban nationalists sabotaged and laid waste to Cuban plantations. Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler who put civilians into armed camps where many died. (p. 413)

federal courts, U.S. v. E.C. Knight

In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not manufacturing. (p. 324)

unlimited coinage of silver at 16 to 1

In 1896, the Democrats favored silver coinage at this traditional but inflationary rate. (p. 389)

gold standard and higher tariff

In 1897, William McKinley became president just as gold discoveries in Alaska increased the money supply under the gold standard. The Dingley Tariff increased the tariff rate to 46 percent. (p. 390)

direct election of senators

In 1899, Nevada became the first state to elect U.S. senators directly. Previously state legislatures had chosen them. (p. 435)

John Hay

In 1899, as William McKinley's secretary of state, he sent a note to all the major countries involved in trade with China. He asked them to accept the concept of an Open Door, by which all nations would have equal trading privileges in China. The replies that he got were evasive, so he declared that all nations had accepted the Open Door policy. (p. 416)

U.S. Steel

In 1900, Andrew Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to a group headed by J. P. Morgan. They formed this company, which was the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people, and controlling more than three-fifths of the nation's steel business. (p. 323)

Second Hay Note

In 1900, the U.S. was fearful that the international force sent to Beijing might try to occupy China. A second note was written to all the major imperialist countries, stating that China's territory must be preserved and that equal and impartial trade with all parts of China must be maintained. (p. 417)

TR supports Panama revolt

In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt orchestrated a revolt for Panama's independence from Columbia. The revolt succeeded quickly and with little bloodshed. (p. 418)

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

In 1903, the Panama government signed this treaty with the United States. It granted the U.S. all rights to the 51 mile long and 10 mile wide Canal Zone, in exchange for U.S. protection. (p. 418)

Robert La Follett

In 1903, this Progressive Wisconsin Governor introduced a new system which allowed the voters to directly choose party candidates (direct primary), rather than being selected by party bosses. (p. 435)

Russo-Japanese War

In 1904, Russia and Japan went to war over imperial possessions in the region. In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt arranged a successful treaty conference for the two foes at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. (p. 419)

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

In 1905, the United States mediated the end of the Russo-Japanese War. Negotiating the treaty in the U.S. increased U.S. prestige. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for the mediation. (p. 419)

Algeciras Conference

In 1906, this conference held after the First Moroccan Crisis in which the dispute between Germany and France over control of Morocco was settled. (p. 420)

Hague Conference

In 1907, the Second International Peace Conference at the Hague discussed rules for limiting warfare. (p. 420)

gentlemen's agreement

In 1908, an informal agreement between the United States and Japan. President Roosevelt agreed that Japanese American students would be allowed to attend normal schools in San Francisco and Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the U.S. (p. 420)

Root-Takahira Agreement

In 1908, this executive agreement between the United States and Japan pledged mutual respect for each nation's possessions in the Pacific region and support for the Open Door policy in China. (p. 419)

Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909

In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. (p. 440)

firing of Pinchot

In 1910, he was head of the Forest Service, but was fired by President Taft. (p. 440)

railroads in China

In 1911, President Taft succeeded in securing American participation in agreement to invest in railroads in China along with Germany and France. (p. 420)

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

In 1911, a high-rise garment factory burned, killing 146 people, mostly women. (p. 437)

Manchurian problem

In 1911, the U.S. was excluded from investing in railroads in Manchuria because of a joint agreement between Russia and Japan, which was in direct defiance of the Open Door Policy. (p. 420)

intervention in Nicaragua

In 1912, President Taft sent military troops here when a civil war broke out. (p. 420)

Lodge Corollary

In 1912, the Senate passed this resolution as an addition to the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that non-European powers (such as Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in Western Hemisphere. (p. 420)

William Jennings Bryan

In 1913, he was Woodrow Wilson's secretary of state. He tried to demonstrate that the U.S. respected other nations' rights and would support the spread of democracy. (p. 421)

General Huerta

In 1913, this Mexican revolutionary seized power in Mexico by killing the democratically elected president. (p. 423)

Seventeenth Amendment

In 1913, this constitutional amendment was passed. It required that all U.S. senators be elected by a popular vote. (p. 435)

Underwood Tariff

In 1913, this tariff substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. To compensate for the reduced tariff revenues, the bill included a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent. (p. 442)

Nineteenth Amendment

In 1920, this amendment passed which gave women the right to vote. (p. 445)

recession, loss of jobs

In 1921, the U.S. plunged into recession and 10 percent of the workforce was unemployed. (p. 467)

Latin America policy

In 1927, the United States signed an agreement with Mexico protecting U.S. interests in Mexico. (p. 487)

Frederick Lewis Allen

In 1931, he wrote "Only Yesterday", a popular history book that portrayed the 1920s as a period of narrow-minded materialism. (p. 489)

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

In 1932, Congress funded this government-owned corporation as a measure for propping up faltering railroads, banks, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions. President Hoover thought that emergency loans would stabilize key business and the benefits would "trickle down" to smaller businesses and ultimately bring recovery. (p. 501)

Stimson Doctrine

In 1932, Secretary of State Henry Stimson said the United States would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria. (p. 522)

repeal of Prohibition

In 1933, the 21st Amendment was passed. It repealed the 18th Amendment. This ended Prohibition. (p. 503)

Pan-American conferences

In 1933, the United States attended a conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, in which we pledged to never again intervene in the internal affairs of any Latin American country. At a second conference in 1936, the U.S. agreed to the cooperation between the U.S. and Latin American countries to defend the Western Hemisphere against foreign invasion. (p. 523)

Indian Reorganization (Wheeler-Howard) Act

In 1934 Congress repealed the Dawes Act of 1887 and replaced it with this act which returned lands to the control of tribes and supported preservation of Indian cultures. (p. 513)

reciprocal trade agreements

In 1934, Congress enacted a plan that would reduce tariffs for nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for U.S. imports. (p. 524)

Nye Committee

In 1934, a Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in World War I. They concluded that bankers and arm manufacturers pushed the U.S. into the war so they could profit from selling military arms. This committee's work pushed America toward isolationism for the following years. (p. 525)

Tampico incident

In April 1914, some U.S. sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico. President Wilson used the incident to send U.S. troops into northern Mexico. His real intent was to unseat the Huerta government there. After the Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and the confrontation ended. (p. 423)

declaration of war

In April 1917, President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. (p. 460)

Atlantic Charter

In August 1941, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill met aboard a ship off the coast of Newfoundland. They created this agreement which outlined the principles for peace after the war. (p. 530)

peace without victory

In January 1917, before the U.S. had entered the war, Woodrow Wilson said the the United States would insist on this. (p. 464)

Wilson in Paris

In January 1919, President Wilson traveled to the World War I peace conference held at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris. (p. 464)

railroads

In the 1840s and the 1850s, this industry expanded very quickly and would become America's largest industry. It required immense amounts of capital and labor and gave rise to complex business organizations. Local and state governments gave the industry tax breaks and special loans to finance growth. (p. 238)

exports and imports

In the mid-1800s, the U.S. was exporting primarily manufactured goods and agriculture products such as Western grains and Southern cotton. Imports also increased during this period. (p. 238, 239)

foreign commerce

In the mid-1800s, the growth in manufactured goods as well as in agriculture products (Western grains and Southern cotton) caused a significant growth of exports and imports. (p. 238, 239)

John C. Fremont

In the presidential election of 1856, this California senator was the Republican nominee. The Republican platform called for no expansion of slavery, free homesteads, and a probusiness protective tariff. He lost the election to James Buchanan, but won 11 of the 16 free states, which foreshadowed the emergence of a powerful Republican party. (p. 255)

Horace Greeley

In the presidential election of 1872, both the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats made this newspaper editor their nominee. He lost the election to Ulysses S. Grant, he died just days before the counting of the electoral vote count. (p. 301)

Samuel J. Tilden

In the presidential election of 1876, this New York reform governor was the Democrat nominee. He had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes, but was defeated by Rutherford B. Hayes, when all of the electoral votes from the contested states of South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana went to Hayes. (p. 303)

reformers vs. racism in South

In the presidential election of 1892, Southern Democrats feared the Populist party and used every technique possible to keep blacks from voting. (p. 387)

revivalists: Billy Sunday, Aimee Semple McPherson

Leading radio evangelists such as Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson preached a fundamentalist message. (p 484)

city manager plan

Legislation designed to break up political machines and replace traditional political management of cities with trained professional urban planners and managers. (p. 436)

national networks

Nationwide radio networks enabled people all over the country to listen to the same news, sports, soap operas, quiz shows and comedies. (p. 480)

white, old stock Protestants

Native-born, their churches preached against vice and taught social responsibility. (p. 432)

equal protection of the laws

Part of the 14th amendment, it emphasizes that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people. (p. 295)

corrupt politicians

Party patronage, the process of providing jobs to faithful party members was more important than policy issues during the Gilded Age. (p. 381)

anthracite coal miners' strike 1902

Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike for an increase in pay and a shorter working day. When the mine owners refused to negotiate, President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to seize control of the mines. A compromise was finally agreed upon. (p. 438)

minimum wage

Establish minimum pay for workers, initially set at 40 cents per hour. (p. 511)

Office of War Information

Established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the World War II effort. (p. 533)

postwar Europe

Europe had not recovered from World War I and the U.S. insistence on loan repayment and tariffs weaken Europe and contributed to the Worldwide depression. (p. 498)

Ezra Pound

Expatriate American poet and critic of the 1920s. (p. 481)

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s, who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy and materialistic world that lacked moral values. Many of them moved to Europe. (p. 481)

professional associations

Groups of individuals who share a common profession and are often organized for common political purposes related to that profession. (p. 432)

Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps

Groups which competed for lucrative jobs in the patronage system. Mugwumps were those that didn't. (p. 381)

Dwight Moody

He founded Moody Bible Institute, in 1889. It helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity to city life. (p. 366)

Harry Hopkins

He headed the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in the 1930s. (p. 506)

A. Phillip Randolph

Head of Railroad Porters Union who threatened a march on Washington D.C. to demand equal job opportunities for African Americans. (p. 513)

Adam Smith

In 1776, this economist wrote "The Wealth of Nations" which argued that business should not be regulated by government, but by the "invisible hand" (impersonal econmic forces). (p. 324)

Samuel F. B. Morse

In 1844, he invented the electric telegraph which allowed communication over longer distances. (p. 238)

Zachary Taylor

In 1845, this U.S. general, moved his troops into disputed territory in Texas, between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers. Eleven of his soldiers were killed by Mexican troops and President James Polk used the incident to justify starting the Mexican War. He used of force of 6,000 to invade northern Mexico and won a major victory at Buena Vista. In 1848, he was elected president. (p. 233, 234)

Wilmot Proviso

In 1846, the first year of the Mexican War, this bill would forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico. the bill passed the House twice, but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 234)

Free-Soil party

In 1848, Northerns organized this party to advocate that the new Western states not allow slavery and provide free homesteads. Their slogan was, "free soil, free labor, free men". (p. 248)

Homestead Act

In 1862, this act offered 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for 5 years. (p. 342)

Homestead Act

In 1862, this act promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to any person or family that farmed that land for at least five years. (p. 281)

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

In 1863, President Lincoln's proclamation set up a process for political reconstruction, creating state governments in the South so that Unionists were in charge rather than secessionists. It include a full presidential pardon for most Confederates who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the U.S. Constitution, and accepted the emancipation of slaves. It also reestablished state governments as soon as at least 10 percent of the voters in the state took the loyalty oath. In practice, the proclamation meant that each Southern state would need to rewrite its state constitution to eliminate existence of slavery. (p. 292)

Wade-Davis Bill

In 1864, this harsh Congressional Reconstruction bill stated that the president would appoint provisional governments for conquered states until a majority of voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union. It required the abolition of slavery by new state constitutions, only non-Confederates could vote for a new state constitution. President Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. (p. 292)

Jane Addams

In 1889, she started Hull House in Chicago, which was a settlement house which provide help to immigrants. (p. 365)

Antisaloon League

In 1893, this organization became a powerful political force and by 1916 had persuaded twenty one states to close down all saloons and bars. (p. 367)

relief, recovery, reform

The New Deal included the three R's: relief for people out of work, recovery for business and the economy, and reform of American economic institutions. (p. 503)

male and female

The Progressive were composed of both men and women. (p. 432)

Santo Domingo

The capital of the Dominican Republic. In 1904, European powers were ready to use military power here in order to force debt payments. (p. 418)

mining frontier

The discovery of gold in California in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the West. (p. 237)

Franklin Pierce

The fourteenth President of the United States from 1853 to 1857. A Democrat from New Hampshire, he was acceptable to Southern Democrats because he supported the Fugitive Slave Law. (p. 252)

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the autocratic tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a republic in March 1917. (p. 459)

Fifty-four Forty or Fight

The slogan of James K. Polk's plan for the Oregon Territory. They wanted the border of the territory to be on 54' 40° latitude (near present-day Alaska) and were willing to fight Britain over it. Eventually, 49 degrees latitude was adopted as the northern border of the United States, and there was no violence. (p. 232)

house-divided speech

The speech given by Abraham Lincoln when accepting the Republican nomination for the Illinois senate seat. He said, "This government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free". (p. 256)

carpetbaggers

The term for Northern newcomers who came to the South during Reconstruction. (p. 298)

scalawags

The term for White Republican Southerners who cooperated with and served in Reconstruction governments. (p. 298)

Second Industrial Revolution

The term for the industrial revolution after the Civil War. In the early part of the 19th century producing textiles, clothing, and leather goods was the first part of this revolution. After the Civil War, this second revolution featured increased production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)

interlocking directorates

The term for the same directors running competing companies. (p. 322)

Big Four

The term for the the four most important leaders (on the Allied side) during Word War I and at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson - United States, David Lloyd George - Great Britain, George Clemenceau - France, and Vittorio Orlando - Italy. (p. 465)

Richmond tobacco

This Southern city became the capital of the nation's tobacco industry. (p. 347)

Birmingham steel

This Southern city developed into one the nation's leading steel producers. (p. 347)

Memphis lumber

This Southern city prospered as the center of the South's growing lumber industry. (p. 347)

Smith v. Allwright

This Supreme Court case in 1944 ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries. (p. 533)

Samuel M. Jones

This Toledo mayor used "Golden Rule" as his middle name. He instituted free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds. (p. 436)

Winfield Scott

This U.S. general invaded central Mexico with an army of 14,000. They took the coastal city of Vera Cruz and then captured Mexico City in September 1847. (p. 234)

refrigeration; canning

These developments in the food industry changed American eating habits. (p. 326)

barbed wire

These fences became common, they cut off the cattle's access to the open range. (p. 342)

Great Plains tribes

These nomadic tribes, such as the Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, and Comanche, had given up farming in colonial times after the introduction of the horse by the Spanish. By the 1700s, they had become skillful horse riders and their lives centered on hunting buffalo. (p. 343)

Protestant religion

These religious groups usually supported Republicans. (p. 381)

Laird rams

These ships with iron rams could have been used against the Union's naval blockade. However, the Union persuaded the British government to cancel the sale of these ships to the Confederacy, rather than risk war with the Union. (p. 274)

Southwest tribes

These tribes in the Southwest, such as Navajo and Apache adopted a settled life, raising crops and livestock, and producing arts and crafts. (p. 343)

amateur sports, bicycling, tennis

These were late 19th century sports of the middle and upper classes. (p. 372)

country clubs, golf, polo, yachts

These were late 19th century sports of the wealthy. (p. 372)

National Child Labor Committee

They proposed child labor laws which were adopted by many of the states. (p. 437)

settlement houses

They provide social services to new immigrants. (p. 365)

modernism

They took a historical and critical view of certain Bible passages and believed that they could accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning their religion. (p. 483)

Stephen Kearney

This U.S. general led a small army of less than 1,500 that succeeded in taking Santa Fe, the New Mexico territory, and southern California during the Mexican War. (p. 234)

Booker T. Washington

This African American progressive argued that African Americans should concentrate on learning industrial skills in order to get better wages. (p. 443)

W. E. B. Du Bois

This African American was a northerner with a college education. He argued that African American should demand equal political and social rights, which he believed were a prerequisite for economic independence. (p. 444)

Civil Rights Act of 1866

This act declared that all African Americans were U.S. citizens and also attempted to provide a shield against the operation of the Southern states' Black Codes. (p. 295)

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

This act increased the coinage of silver but it was not enough to satisfy the farmers and miners. (p. 386)

Republican party

This political party formed in 1854, in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was composed of a coalition of Free-Soilers, antislavery Whigs, and Democrats. Although not abolitionist, it sought to block the spread of slavery in the territories. (p. 254)

Know-Nothing party

This political party started in the mid-1850s. Also known as the American party, they were mostly native-born Protestant Americans. Their core issue was opposition to Catholics and immigrants who were entering Northern cities in large numbers. (p. 254)

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act

This tariff passed in 1922, raised tariffs on foreign manufactured goods by 25 percent. It helped domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade, and was one cause of the Great Depression of 1929. (p. 476, 488)

Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894

This tariff provided a moderate reduction in tariff rates and levied a 2 percent income tax. (p. 388)

dry farming

This technique along with deep-plowing enabled settlers to survive on the Great Plains. (p. 342)

Socialist Party of American

This third party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Their platform called for radical reforms such as public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even some major industries such as oil and steel. (p. 440)

Sherman's March

Union General William Tecumseh Sherman led a force of 100,000 troops on a destructive march through Georgia. Destroying everything in their path, they captured Atlanta, Georgia in September 1864, then marched into Savannah by that December, then they captured and burned Columbia, South Carolina in February 1865. (p. 277)

Impressionism

A painting technique that originating in France. (p. 370)

Anti-Imperialist League

Lead by William Jennings Bryan, they opposed further expansion in the Pacific. (p. 415)

Lochner v. New York

A 1905, this Supreme Court case ruled against a state law that limited workers to a ten-hour workday. (p 437)

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 rebellion in Beijing, China that was started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". An international force marched into Beijing and crushed the rebellion. (p. 417)

Platt Amendment

A 1901 amendment to an army appropriations bill that said Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence, permit the U.S. to maintain law and order in Cuba, and allow the U.S. to maintain naval bases in Cuba. (p 416)

Newlands Reclamation Act

A 1902 act that provide public land for irrigation projects in western states. (p. 439)

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 Supreme Court case, in which the constitutionality of the Espionage Act was upheld in the case of a man who was imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to public safety. (p. 461)

Washington Conference

A 1921 conference that placed limits on naval powers, respect of territory in the Pacific, and continued the Open Door policy in China. (p. 487)

Nine-Power China Treaty

A 1922 treaty affirming the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China as previously stated in the Open Door Policy. (p. 487)

Five-Power Naval Treaty

A 1922 treaty resulting from the Washington Armaments Conference that limited to a specific ratio the carrier and battleship tonnage of each nation. The five countries involved were: United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy. (p. 487)

Dawes Plan

A 1924 plan, created by Charles Dawes in which the United States banks would lend large sums to Germany. Germany would use the money to rebuild its economy and pay reparations to Great Britain and France. Then Great Britain and France would pay their war debts to the United States. After the 1929 stock market crash, the loans to Germany stopped. (p. 488)

Scopes trial

A 1925 Tennessee court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan argued the issue of teaching evolution in public schools. (p. 484)

Only Yesterday

A 1931 history book that portrayed the 1920s as a period of narrow-minded materialism in which the middle class abandoned Progressive reforms, embraced conservative Republican policies, and either supported or condoned nativism, racism, and fundamentalism. (p. 489)

National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act

A 1935 act that guaranteed a worker's right to join a union and a union's right to bargain collectively. It outlawed business practices that were unfair to labor. (p. 507)

Korematsu v. U.S.

A 1944 Supreme Court case which upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay financial compensation to each survivor. (p. 534)

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest who founded the National Union for Social Justice, which called for issuing inflated currency and nationalizing all banks. His radio program attacks on the New Deal were anti-Semitic and Fascist. (p. 508)

Alabama

A Confederate war ship purchased from Britain. It captured more than 60 Union merchant ships before being sunk off the coast of France. (p. 274)

Andrew Mellon

A Pittsburgh industrialist and millionaire who was appointed secretary of the treasury by President Harding in 1921 and served under Coolidge and Hoover. (p. 476)

fundamentalism

A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism (p. 483)

Henry Cabot Lodge

A Republican senator, he was in favor building U.S. power through global expansion. He introduced the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. (p. 411)

Henry George

A San Francisco journalist who authored "Progress and Poverty" in 1879 that called to attention the failings of laissez-faire capitalism along with the wealth polarization caused by industrialization. (p. 365)

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His strategy was to control every stage of the manufacturing process from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished product. His company Carnegie Steel became the world's largest steel company. (p. 323)

George Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay, Philippines in the Spanish-American War. (p. 414)

J. P. Morgan

A banker who took control and consolidated bankrupt railroads in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, he led a group in the purchase of Carnegie Steel, which became U.S. Steel. (p. 321, 323)

stock market crash

A boom stock market of 1928 led to a sell off starting in October 1929. Within three years the stock market would decline to one-ninth of its peak. (p. 497)

commission plan

A city's government would be divided into several departments, which would each be placed under the control of an expert commissioner. (p. 436)

run on gold reserves, J.P. Morgan bail out

A decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. The president then turned to J.P. Morgan to borrow $65 million in gold to support the dollar and the gold standard. (p. 387)

Clarence Darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer, he defended John Scopes, a teacher who taught evolution in his Tennessee classroom. (p. 484)

Jelly Roll Morton

A famous African American jazz musician from New Orleans. (p. 371)

Al Capone

A famous Chicago gangster who fought for control of the lucrative bootlegging (liquor) trade. (p. 484)

Clarence Darrow

A famous lawyer, he argued that criminal behavior could be caused by an environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse. (p. 368)

Fort Sumter

A federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. It was cut off from vital supplies because the South controlled the harbor. President Lincoln announced that he was sending provisions to the Union fort. On April 12, 1861, Carolina guns opened on the Union, and the Civil War began. (p. 269)

Federal Trade Commision

A federal regulatory agency, established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. (p. 442)

commercial cities

A few towns that served the mines, such as San Francisco, Sacramento, and Denver, grew into prosperous cities. (p. 341)

jazz, blues, ragtime

A form of music that combined African rhythms and western-style instruments and mixed improvisation with a structured band format. (p. 371)

Union veterans, "bloody shirt"

A form of politics that involved reminding Union veterans of how the Southern Democrats had caused the Civil War. (p. 381)

Charles Evans Hughes

A former presidential candidate and Supreme Court justice who was appointed secretary of state by President Warren G. Harding. (p. 476)

Tennessee Valley Authority

A government corporation that hired thousands of people in the Tennessee Valley, to build dams, operate electric power plants, control flooding, and erosion, and manufacture fertilizer. (p. 505)

Australian ballot

A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890. (p. 435)

Teapot Dome

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921. (p. 476)

National American Woman Suffrage Association

A group formed in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. (p. 445)

James Weldon Johnson

A leading 1920s African American author from Harlem. (p. 483)

Bessie Smith

A leading 1920s African American blues singer from Harlem. (p. 483)

Duke Ellington

A leading 1920s African American jazz great from Harlem. (p. 483)

Louis Armstrong

A leading 1920s African American jazz trumpeter from Harlem. (p. 483)

Claude McKay

A leading 1920s African American poet from Harlem. (p. 483)

Countee Cullen

A leading 1920s African American poet from Harlem. (p. 483)

Langston Hughes

A leading 1920s African American poet from Harlem. (p. 483)

Paul Robeson

A leading 1920s African American singer from Harlem. (p. 483)

W.E.B. Du Bois

A leading black intellectual, he advocated for equality for blacks, integrated schools, and equal access to higher education. (p. 368)

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1902 series "The History of the Standard Oil Company". (p. 434)

scientific management

A management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operation, then find ways to minimize the time needed to complete the work. (p. 433)

Mark Hanna, Money and mass media

A master of high-finance politics, he managed William McKinley's winning presidential campaign by focusing on getting favorable publicity in newspapers. (p. 390)

American Protective Association

A nativist society that was prejudiced against Roman Catholics. (p. 362)

Underground Railroad

A network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places. (p. 250)

William Randolph Hearst

A newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism. (p. 371)

direct primary

A nominating process where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office. (p. 435)

F. Scott Fitzgerald

A novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. His wife, Zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade. His novel, "The Great Gatsby" is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl. (p. 481)

John Steinbeck, "The Grapes of Wrath"

A novelist that wrote about hardships in his classic study of economic heartbreak in 1939, "The Grapes of Wrath". (p. 512)

appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. In the years 1935 to 1938, a series of military actions by Fascist dictatorships made Britain, France, and the United States nervous, but they did nothing to stop the actions. * 1935 - Italy invades Ethiopia * 1936 - German troops invade the Rhineland * 1937 - Japan invades China * 1938 - Germany takes the Sudetenland (p. 526)

isolationism

A policy of non-participation in international economic and political relations. A 1934 committee led by Senator Gerald Nye concluded the main reason for participation in World War I was because of the bankers and arm manufacturers greed. This caused the U.S. public to be against any involvement in the early stages of World War II. (p.. 525)

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the U.S. in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. (p. 416)

Tammany Hall

A political machine in New York City, which developed into a power center. (p. 364)

Birth of a Nation

A popular silent film, which portrayed the KKK during Reconstruction as heros. (p. 486)

Committee on Public Information

A propaganda organization that created numerous posters, short films, and pamphlets explaining the war to Americans and encouraging them to purchase war bonds to gain support for World War I. (p. 461)

Teller Amendment

A resolution authorizing war, but it promised the U.S. would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war. (p. 414)

Bolsheviks withdraw

A second revolution in Russia by Bolsheviks (Communists) took it out of World War I. (p. 463)

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866. They used terror and violence to keep African Americans from exercising their civil rights. (p. 486)

Wisconsin Idea

A series of Progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions. (p. 436)

Insular cases

A series of Supreme Court cases from 1901 to 1903 which arose when the United States acquired the Philippines and Puerto Rico. The court ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to Congress. (p. 416)

drought, dust bowl, Okies

A severe drought in the early 1930s and poor farming practices led to the Oklahoma dust bowl. High winds away large amounts of topsoil. (p. 512)

Four Freedoms speech

A speech by President Franklin Roosevelt on January 6, 1941 that proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of U.S. military weapons. He argued that the U.S. must help other nations defend "four freedoms" (freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear). (p. 529)

Alice Paul

A suffragette who focused on obtaining an amendment to the Constitution for women's suffrage (voting rights). (p. 445)

Carrie Chapman Catt

A suffragette, she worked to obtain the right for women to vote. She was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. (p. 445)

scientific management

A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor. It emphasized time-and-motion studies to improve factory performance. (p. 478)

insurrection

A term President Lincoln used, to describe the Confederacy actions at the start of the Civil War. (p. 269)

Second American Revolution

A term sometimes used for the Civil War. (p. 282)

Barnum & Bailey, Greatest Show on Earth

A traveling circus that was very popular. (p. 371)

Edward Hopper

A twentieth-century American painter, whose stark realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation in common urban settings. (p. 482)

Mexican War (1846-1847)

A war between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. President James Polk attempted to purchase California and the New Mexico territories and resolve the disputed Mexico-Texas border. Fighting broke out before the negotiations were complete and the war lasted about two years, ending when the United States troops invaded Mexico City. (p. 233-235)

consumer economy

Advertizing and new marketing techniques created a new economy. (p. 326)

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. He was deported to Jamaica and his movement collapsed. (p. 483)

industrial technology

After 1840, industrialization spread rapidly throughout most of the Northeast. New factories produced shoes, sewing machines, ready-to-wear clothing, firearms, precision tools, and iron products for railroads and other new products. (p. 238)

bleeding Kansas

After 1854, the conflicts between antislavery and proslavery forces exploded in the Kansas Territory. (p. 252)

white primaries, white juries

After Reconstruction, discrimination took many forms. Political party primaries were created for whites only, and African Americans were barred from serving on juries. (p. 349)

economic discrimination

After Reconstruction, economic discrimination was widespread in the South. Most African Americans were kept out of skilled trades and factory jobs. African Americans remained in farming and low-paying domestic work. (p. 349)

literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses

After Reconstruction, various political and legal devices were created to prevent southern blacks from voting.

falling farm prices

After World War I, European farm product came back on the market, farm prices fell, which hurt farmers in the United States. (p. 466)

Red Scare

After World War I, anti-communist hysteria caused this phenomenon. (p. 467)

anti-radical hysteria

After World War I, xenophobia, (intense or irrational dislike of foreign people) increased. This lead to restrictions of immigration in the 1920s. (p. 467)

Emancipation Proclamation

After the Battle of Antietam, on September 22, 1862, President Lincoln warned that enslaved people in all states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863 would be freed. He also urged the border states to draft plans for emancipation of slaves in their states. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln as promised issued this famous proclamation. This led to slaves joining the Union army and increased Union support from Europe. (p. 276)

causes of industrial growth

After the Civil War, a "second Industrial Revolution" because of an increase in steel production, petroleum, electrical power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)

crop price deflation

After the Civil War, increased American and foreign food production caused a downward pressure on prices. For instance, corn per bushel prices, went from $.78 in 1867 to .$.28 in 1889. (p. 351)

sharecropping; tenant farmers

After the Civil War, most Southerners of both races remained in traditional roles and barely got by from year to year as sharecroppers and farmers. (p. 348)

New South

After the Civil War, the South was in a period of recovery. There was a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism. (p. 347)

integrated rail network

After the Civil War, the Southern railroad companies rapidly converted to standard-guage rails, which integrated them into the national rail system. (p. 347)

Mexican War aftermath

After the Mexican War ended in 1848, the Spanish-speaking landowners in California and the Southwest were guaranteed their property rights and granted citizenship. However, drawn-out legal proceeding after resulted in the sale or la of lands to new Anglo arrivals. (p. 346)

Fourteen Points

After the end of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace. It called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms, and a general association of nations. (p. 464)

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

radio, phonographs

Allowed mostly young people to listen to recorded music. The first radio station went on the air in 1920. Previously, newspapers had been the only form of mass communications. (p. 480)

segregated black troops

Almost 200,000 African Americans joined the Union army during the Civil War. (p. 276)

Twentieth Amendment

Also known as the lame-duck amendment, this amendment shortened the period between the presidential election and inauguration. The new president's term would start on January 20. (p. 502)

initiative, referendum, and recall

Amendments to state constitutions made changes to politics. An initiative allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislature to the voters in a general direct election. A referendum is the method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval. A recall allowed voters to remove a politician from office before their term was completed. (p. 435)

Gertrude Stein

American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays. She called the disillusioned writers of the 1920s, a "lost generation". (p. 481)

Sinclair Lewis

American writer of the 1920s. He became the first American to receive a Nobel Prize in Literature. (p. 481)

popular heroes

Americans shifted role models from politicians to sports heroes and movie stars. Sports heros included Jack Dempsey, Jim Thorpe, Babe Ruth, and Bobby Jones. However, the most celebrated was Charles Lindbergh who flew from Long Island to Paris in 1927. (p. 480)

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

An 1850 treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would attempt to take exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America. (p. 236)

Dred Scott v. Sandford

An 1857 Supreme Court case, in which Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that African Americans (free or slave), were not citizens of the United States, that Congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. The ruling delighted Southern Democrats and infuriated Northern Republicans. (p. 255)

Plessy v. Ferguson

An 1896, Supreme Court landmark case, which ruled that separate but equal accommodations in public places were constitutional and did not violate the 14th amendment. (p. 349)

Marian Anderson

An African American singer who had been refused the use of Constitution Hall, she performed a special concert at the Lincoln Memorial. (p. 513)

George Washington Carver

An African-American scientist, who promoted planting of diverse crops such as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. (p. 348)

Grant Wood

An American Regional artist who focused on rural scenes in Iowa. He is best known for his painting "American Gothic". (p. 482)

Theodore Dreiser

An American author who wrote "The Financier" and "The Titan", novels which portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist. (p. 434)

Harry Daugherty

Attorney General under President Harding who accepted bribes for agreeing not to prosecute certain criminal suspects. (p. 476)

Sigmund Freud

Austrian psychiatrist who originated psychoanalysis. (p. 481)

Statue of Liberty

Began in the 1870's, by the French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi. It opened in New York Harbor, in 1886. (p. 362)

economic cooperation

Booker T. Washington's National Negro Business League emphasized racial harmony and economic cooperation. (p. 350)

Harriet Tubman

Born a slave, she escaped to the North and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. (p. 250)

packaged foods

Brand name foods created by Kellogg and Post became common items in American homes. (p. 326)

redeemers

By 1877, these Southern conservatives had taken control of state governments in the South. Their foundation rested on states rights, reduced taxes, reduced social programs, and white supremacy. (p. 302)

women and children factory workers

By 1900, 20 percent of adult woman working for wages in the labor force. Most were young and single women, only 5 percent of married women worked outside the home. (p. 327)

steel and steam navy

By 1900, The United States had the third largest navy in the world. (p. 411)

residential suburbs

By 1900, suburbs had grown up around every major U.S. city. the United States became the world's first suburban nation. (p. 364)

leading industrial power

By 1900, the United States was the leading industrial power in the world, manufacturing more than an of its rivals, Great Britain, France, or Germany. (p. 319)

factory wage earners

By 1900, two-thirds of all working Americans worked for wages, usually at jobs that required them to work ten hours a day, six days a week.(p. 327)

Henry Ford

By 1914, he had perfected a system for manufacturing automobiles using an assembly line. (p. 478)

state Prohibition laws

By 1915, two-thirds of the states had passed these laws which prohibited the sale of alcohol. (p 437)

northern migration

By 1930, almost 20 percent of African Americans out of the Southern United States to the North. (p. 482)

concentration of wealth

By the 1890s, the richest 10 percent of the U.S. population controlled 90 percent of the nation's wealth. (p. 326)

invade the Philippines

Commodore George Dewey led a U.S. fleet to the Philippines where he defeated Spain. (p. 414)

gold rush

California's population soared from 14,000 in 1848 to 380,000 in 1860, primarily because of this event. (p. 237)

Department of the Interior

Carl Schurz, as Secretary of the Interior in the 1880s, advocated the creation of a forest reserves and a federal forest service to protect federal lands from exploitation. (p. 347)

Matthew C. Perry; Japan

Commodore of the U.S. Navy who was sent to force Japan to open up its ports to trade with the U.S. (p. 239)

municipal reform

City bosses and their corrupt alliance with local businesses such as trolley lines and utility companies were targeted for reform by Progressives. (p. 436)

sharecropping

Common form of farming for freed slaves in the South. They received a small plot of land, seed, fertilizer, tools from the landlord who usually took half of the harvest. It evolved into a new form of servitude. (p. 300)

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who defeated the Union at the Second Battle of Bull Run. At the Battle of Antietam (in Maryland) he was unable to break through the Union line and had to retreat back to Virginia. At Fredericksburg, Virginia his army suffered 5,000 casualties compared to 12,000 casualties for the Union army. His army was finally defeated and he surrendered to Union General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. (p. 272 273, 277, 278)

Fugitive Slave Law

Congress passed a second version of this law in 1850. The law's chief purpose was to track down runaway slaves who had escaped to a Northern state, capture them, and return them to their Southern owners. Enforcement of the law in the North was sometimes opposed even though there were penalties for hiding a runaway slave or obstructing enforcement of the law. (p. 250)

Specie Resumption Act of 1875

Congress sided with creditors and investors when it passed this act which withdrew all greenbacks (paper money not backed by gold or silver) from circulation. (p. 385)

Panic of 1873, "Crime of 73"

Congress stopped making silver coins. (p. 385)

conservationists and preservationists

Conservationist believed in scientific management and regulated use of natural resources, preservationists went a step further, and aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference. (p. 347)

excessive debt

Consumers and businesses believed the economic boom was permanent so they increased borrowing, which later led to loan defaults and bank failures. (p. 498)

international Darwinism

Darwin's concept of the survival of the fittest was applied not only to competition in the business world but also to competition among nations. Therefore, expansionist wanted the U.S. to demonstrate its strength by acquiring territories overseas. (p. 410)

iron law of wages

David Ricardo developed this theory which stated that low wages were justified. He argued that raising wages would only increase the working population, the availability of more workers would cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery. (p. 327)

banks, creditors vs. debtors

Debtors wanted more "easy, soft" money in circulation. On the opposite side creditors stood for "hard, sound" money - meaning currency backed by gold. (p. 384)

Jeffersonian tradition

Democrats of the Gilded Age followed this tradition, which included states rights and limited government. (p. 381)

states rights, limited government

Democrats of the Gilded Age were in favor of these ideas. (p. 381)

Catholics, Luterans, Jews

Democrats were usually from these religions and they were against temperance and prohibition campaigns. (p. 381)

"Gold Bug" Demorats

Democrats who favored gold. (p. 389)

agriculture's dominance

Despite progress and growth after the Civil War, the South remained a mostly agricultural based economy. (p. 347)

ethnic neighborhoods

Different immigrant groups created distinct neighborhoods where they could maintain their distinct identity. (p. 363)

Public Works Administration

Directed by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, it allotted money to state and local governments for building roads, bridges, dams, and other public works. (p. 504)

Mexican deportation

Discrimination in the New Deal programs and competition for jobs forced thousands of Mexican Americans to return to Mexico. (p. 513)

Freeport Doctrine

Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass laws (slave codes) maintaining it. This angered Southern Democrats. (p. 257)

war debts

During World War I the United States had loaned more than $10 billion to the Allies. After the war, the United States insisted that they pay back all the debt. Great Britain and France objected because they suffered much greater losses during the war than the United States. (p. 488)

anti-German hysteria

During World War I, Germans were labeled as the cause of the war and targeted with negative ads and comments. (p. 461)

National War Labor Board

During World War I, former president William Howard Taft led this organization, which arbitrated disputes between workers and employers. (p. 461)

migration of blacks and Hispanics

During World War I, many Mexicans crossed the border to take jobs in agriculture and mining. African Americans moved to the North for new job opportunities. (p. 462)

Federal Reserve

During the Great Depression, the Federal Reserve followed a tight money policy. Instead of trying to stabilize banks, the money supply and prices, they tried to preserve the gold standard. (p. 498)

Blanche K. Bruce

During the Reconstruction era, he represented Mississippi as a Republican U.S. Senator, from 1875 to 1881. He was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate. (p. 298)

Hiram Revels

During the Reconstruction era, this black politician, was elected to the Mississippi senate seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis before the Civil War. (p. 298)

Panic of 1873

Economic panic caused by over speculation by financiers and over building by industry and railroads. In 1874, President Grant sided with the hard-money bankers who wanted gold backing of the money supply. He vetoed a bill calling for the release of additional greenbacks. (p. 302)

Square Deal

Economic policy by President Theodore Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers. (p. 438)

election of 1916

Election between Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) and Charles Evans Hughes (Republican). Wilson won the election, his slogan was: "He kept us out of war". (p. 458)

anti-union tactics

Employers used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockouts (closing the factory), blacklists (lists circulated among employers), yellow dog contracts (contracts that forbade unions), private guards to quell strikes, and court injunctions against strikes. (p. 329)

Back to Africa movement

Encouraged those of African descent to return to Africa. (p. 483)

The Indian Appropriation Act of 1871

Ended recognition of tribes as independent nations by the federal government and nullified previous treaties made with the tribes. (p. 345)

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and wanted a negotiated peace. (p. 279)

family size; divorce

Family size continued to drop as more people moved from the farms to the cities. Children were needed to do work on farms, but in the city they did not provide that advantage. Divorce rates increased as the legal grounds for divorce became more lenient. (p. 366)

Booker T. Washington

Famous African-American, who established an industrial and agricultural school for African Americans in 1881. He taught the virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help. In 1900, he organized the National Negro Business League to support businesses owned by African Americans. (p. 350)

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino nationalist leader who led guerrilla fighters in a three year war against U.S. control of the Philippines. (p. 415)

Panic of 1857

Financial crash which sharply lowered Midwest farmers prices and caused unemployment in the Northern cities. The South was not affected as much because cotton prices remained high. (p. 239)

Monitor vs. Merrimac

First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. On March 9, 1862, the two ships battled for five hours, ending in a draw. This marked a turning point in naval warfare, wooden ships would be replaced by ironclad ones. (p. 273)

Gifford Pinchot

First head of the U.S. Forest Service under President Theodore Roosevelt (p. 439)

Brain Trust

For advice on economic matters, Roosevelt turned to a group of university professors. (p. 503)

Nobel Peace Prize

For his work in settling the Russo-Japanese War, President Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. (p. 420)

causes of immigration

Forces in the United States driving this process were (1) political and religious freedom, (2) economic opportunities in the western U.S. and cities, (3) large steamships offered relatively inexpensive transportation. (p. 361)

National Urban League

Formed in 1911, this organization helped African Americans migrating from the south to northern cities. (p. 444)

Bureau of the Budget

Formed in 1921, this bureau created procedures for all government expenditures to be placed in a single budget for Congress to annually review and vote on. (p. 476)

Ku Klux Klan

Founded in 1867, by ex-Confederate general, Nathaniel Bedford Forrest. This organization of white supremacists used lynchings, beatings, and threats to control the black population in the South. (p. 302)

election of 1936

Franklin D. Roosevelt easily defeated the Republican nominee, Alf Landon. (p. 507)

New Deal

Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to help people at the bottom of the economic pyramid. (p. 503)

mineral resources

From 1848 to the 1890s, gold and silver strikes occurred in what became the states of California, Colorado, Nevada, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota. (p. 340)

former Confederacy, "Solid South"

From 1877 until the 1950s, the Democrats could count on winning every election here. (p. 381)

business prosperity

From 1919 to 1929, manufacturing output rose a spectacular 64 percent due to increased productivity, energy technologies, and governmental policy which favored the growth of big business. (p. 478)

new immigrants

From the 1890s to 1914, they came to the United States from southern and eastern Europe. Mostly non-Protestant, poor and illiterate. (p. 361)

New Deal coalition

From the 1930s to 1960s, this political coalition consisted of the Solid South, white ethnic groups in cities, midwestern farmers, labor unions, and liberals. (p. 508)

submarine warfare

Germany's greatest hope against British sea power was this new type of warfare. (p. 455)

cooperatives

Grangers established these business, owned and run by the farmers, to save the costs charged by middlemen. (p. 351)

Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

He argued that 300 years of frontier experience had shaped American culture by promoting independence and individualism. (p. 343)

Harry S. Truman

He became president on April 12, 1945, when President Franklin Roosevelt died suddenly. In August 1945, he order an atomic bomb be dropped on Hiroshima then on Nagasaki, to end the war with Japan. Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945. (p. 537, 538)

Theodore Roosevelt

He became that 26th President in 1901. He as an expansionist who increased the size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". He added the Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. His motto was to "speak softly and carry a big stick". He received the Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France. (p. 417)

R.H. Macy

He created a New York department store. (p. 326)

Joseph Pulitzer

He established the first newspaper to exceed over one million in circulation by filling it with sensational stories of crime and disaster. (p. 317)

John Brown

He led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal, called the Harpers Ferry raid. (p. 257)

David Farragut

He led the Union navy when they captured New Orleans, in April 1862. (p. 274)

Cornelius Vanderbilt

He merged local railroads into the New York Central Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago. (p. 320)

Huey Long

He proposed a "Share Our Wealth" program that promised a minimum annual income of $5000 for every American family to be paid for by taxing the wealthy. In 1935 he challenged Roosevelt's leadership of the Democratic party by becoming a candidate for president but was soon assassinated. (p. 509)

Francis Townsend

He proposed a simple plan for guaranteeing a secure income for the elderly. He proposed that a 2 percent federal sales tax be used to create a special fund from which every retired person over the age of 60 would receive $200 a month thus stimulating the economy. (p. 509)

Henry Clay

He proposed the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249)

Jefferson Davis

He served as President of the Confederate States during the Civil War. (p. 270)

Alexander H. Stephens

He served as vice president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. He acted in defense of states' rights, and even urged the secession of Georgia in response to the "despotic" actions of the Confederate government. (p. 270)

John D. Rockefeller

He started Standard Oil in 1863. By 1881, Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business. His companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled. (p. 323)

Oliver Wendell Holmes

He taught that law should evolve with the times and not be bound by previous precedents or decisions. (p. 368)

Edwin Stanton

He was President Andrew Johnson's secretary of war. President Johnson believed the new Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional and he challenged the law, by dismissing him from his position. This led to Johnson's impeachment. (p. 297)

John L. Lewis

He was President of the United Mine Workers Union and Leader of the Congress of Industrial Organizations. (p. 510)

Herbert Hoover

He was President of the United States at the time of the stock market crash. He thought that prosperity would soon return. He was slow to call for legislative action and he thought public relief should come from the state and local governments, not the federal government. (p. 500)

Roger Taney

He was a Southern Democrat and chief justice of the Supreme Court during the Dred Scott v. Sandford case. (p. 255)

Alfred Thayer Mahan

He was a U.S. Navy captain whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of seapower changed how America viewed its navy. (p. 411)

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. (p. 433)

John Tyler

He was elected Vice President, then he became the tenth president (1841-1845) when Benjamin Harrison died. He was responsible for the annexation of Mexico after receiving a mandate from Polk. He opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery. (p. 231)

Abraham Lincoln

He was elected president of the United States in 1860. He was a Republican, who ran on a platform that appealed to those in the North and the West. It called for the exclusion of slavery in the new territories, a protective tariff for industry, free land for homesteaders, and a railroad to the Pacific. (p. 258)

Thomas Watson

He was from Georgia and he appealed to poor farmers of both races to join the Populists party. (p. 387)

Eugene Debs

He was one of the founders of the Socialist party that was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Starting in 1900, he was the Socialist party's presidential nominee in five elections. Around 1920, he was sentenced to ten years in federal prison for speaking out against World War I. (p. 440, 461)

Alfred E. Smith

He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 presidential election. He was the former governor of New York and his opponent in the presidential race was Republican Herbert Hoover. As a Roman Catholic and opponent of Prohibition, he appealed to immigrant urban voters. (p. 477)

Winfield Scott

He was the Union General-in-Chief at the start of the Civil War. (p. 271)

George Gershwin

He was the son of Russian-Jewish immigrants. He blended jazz and classical music to produce "Rhapsody in Blue" and folk opera "Porgy and Bess". (p. 482)

Rutherford B. Hayes

He won the presidential election of 1876, which was a highly contested election. He was a Republican governor from Ohio. (p. 302)

Uptown Sinclair; "The Jungle"

He wrote "The Jungle" which described the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry. (p. 438)

Lincoln Steffans

He wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which described in detail the corruption that characterized big-city politics. (p. 434)

Jack London

He wrote about the conflict between man and nature in books such as "The Call of the Wild". (p. 369)

George Creel

Head of the Committee on Public Information. He persuaded the nation's artists and advertising agencies to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war. (p. 461)

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay proposed and it was signed into law by President Millard Fillmore. It proposed: * Admit California to the Union as a free state * Divide the remainder of the Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah (popular sovereignty) * Give land in dispute between Texas and New Mexico to federal government in return for paying Texas' public debt of 10 million * Ban slave trade in D. C., but permit slaveholding * New Fugitive Slave Law to be enforced (p. 249)

Horatio Alger Stories self-made man

His novels portrayed young men who became wealth through honesty, hard work and a little luck. In reality these rags to riches stories were somewhat rare. (p. 327)

Mexican Cession

Historical name for the former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico that were ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. (p 234)

Salvation Army

Imported from England in 1879, this charity provided the basic necessities of life for the homeless and the poor while also preaching Christian Gospel. (p. 366)

Texas

In 1823, Texas won its national independence from Spain. The annexation of this state was by a joint resolution of Congress, supported by President-elect James Polk. This annexation contributed to the Mexican War because the border with Mexico was in dispute. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. (p. 233)

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

In 1834, he established himself as dictator of Mexico and attempted to enforce Mexico's laws in Texas. In March 1836 a group of American settlers revolted and declared Texas to be an independent republic. He then led an army which attacked the Alamo in San Antonio, killing all the American defenders. Shortly after that, Sam Houston led an army that captured him and he was forced to sign a treaty that recognized the independence of Texas. (p. 231)

mining frontier, boomtowns

In 1848, the discovery of gold in California caused the first flood of newcomers to the territory. Gold and silver were later discovered in many other areas of the west. These discoveries caused towns to grow up very quickly, then often lose population and collapse after the mining was no longer profitable. (p. 340)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

In 1848, this treaty ended the Mexican War. Under its terms, Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the border with Texas, Mexico ceded the California and New Mexico territories to the United States. The United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million and assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico. (p. 234)

federal land grants

In 1850, the U.S. government gave 2.6 million acres of federal land to build the Illinois Central railroad from Lake Michigan to Gulf of Mexico. (p. 238)

Franklin Pierce

In 1852, he was elected the fourteenth president of the United States. (p. 236)

Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin

In 1852, she wrote this influential book about the conflict between a slave named Tom, and a brutal white slave owner, Simon Legree. It caused a generation of Northerners and many Europeans to regard all slave owners as cruel and inhuman. Southerners believed it to be proof of Northern prejudice against the Southern way of life. (p. 250)

Gadsden Purchase

In 1853, the U.S. acquired land (present day southern New Mexico and Arizona) from Mexico for $10 million. (p. 236)

Stephen A. Douglas

In 1854, he devised the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which in effect overturned the Missouri Compromise, and allowed the South the opportunity to expand slavery. In 1858, he debated Abraham Lincoln in a famous series of seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. He won the campaign for reelection to the Senate, but he alienated Southern Democrats. In 1860, he won the Democratic presidential nomination, but Southern Democrats nominated their own candidate, John Breckinridge. He was easily defeated by Abraham Lincoln in the presidential election that year. (p. 252, 256, 258)

Morrill Land Grant Act

In 1862, this act encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. (p. 281)

George Fitzhugh, Sociology of the South

In 1854, he wrote this proslavery book which argued that slavery was a positive good for slave and master alike. He was the boldest and most well known of proslavery authors. He questioned the principle of equal rights for unequal men and attacked the capitalist wage system as worse than slavery. (p. 251)

Pottawatomie Creek

In 1856, abolitionist John Brown and his sons attacked this proslavery farm settlement and killed five settlers. (p. 253)

Lecompton constitution

In 1857, President James Buchanan asked that Congress accept this document and admit Kansas as a slave state. Congress did not accept it. (p. 255)

Hinton R. Helper, Impending Crisis of the South

In 1857, he wrote this nonfiction book, that attacked slavery using statistics to demonstrate to fellow Southerners that slavery weakened the South's economy. Southern states banned the book, but it was widely read in the North. (p. 250)

Lincoln-Douglas debates

In 1858, Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln had seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. Lincoln was not an abolitionist, but he attacked Douglas's seeming indifference to slavery as a moral issue. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he emerged as a national figure and leading contender for the Republican nomination for president. (p. 256)

Trent Affair

In 1861, the Confederacy sent diplomats to Britain on a British steamer, to gain recognition for their government. A Union ship captured both men and took them as prisoners of war. The British threatened war if they were not released, and Lincoln gave into their demands. However, the diplomats were not able to get recognition for the Confederacy, from Britain or France. (p. 274)

Morrill Tariff Act

In 1861, this tariff act raised rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers. (p. 281)

Pacific Railway Act

In 1862, this act authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories to the eastern states. (p. 281)

French in Mexico

In 1865, Secretary of State William Seward invoked the Monroe Doctrine when Napoleon III sent French troops to occupy Mexico. He threatened U.S. military action unless France withdrew their troops, and they did. (p. 410)

transatlantic cable

In 1866, Cyrus W. Field's invention allowed messages to be sent across the oceans. (p. 325)

Ex Parte Milligan

In 1866, the Supreme Court ruled that the government had acted improperly in Indiana where, certain civilians had been subject to a military trial during the war. The Court ruled that such trials could be used only when regular civilian courts were unavailable. (p. 279)

Reconstruction Acts

In 1867, Congress passed three acts which placed the South under military occupation. They created five military districts in the former Confederate states, each under control of the Union army. To rejoin the Union, ex-Confederate states were required to ratify the 14th amendment and place guarantees in their state constitution that all adult males of all races would be guaranteed the right to vote. (p. 296)

Alaska Purchase

In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million ("Seward's Folly"). (p. 410)

Tenure of Office Act

In 1867, this act prohibited the president from removing a federal official or military commander, without the approval of the Senate. The purpose of the law was purely political, to protect the Radical Republicans in Johnson's cabinet from dismissal. (p. 297)

National Grange Movement

In 1868, this organization was created primarily as a social and educational help for farmers. (p. 351)

Jay Gould

In 1869, this Wall Street financier obtained the help of President Grant's brother in law, to corner the gold market. The Treasury Department broke the scheme, but after he had already made a huge profit. (p. 300)

Yellowstone, Yosemite

In 1872, this area of Wyoming was declared the first national park. In 1864 this area in California was declared a state park, later it became a national park. (p. 346)

Liberal Republicans

In 1872, this party advocated civil service reform, an end of railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade.

Alexander Graham Bell

In 1876, he invented the telephone. (p. 325)

Little Big Horn

In 1876, the Sioux Indians, led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, massacred the U.S. 7th Cavalry led by General Custer. This was the last major battle between the U.S. Army and the American Indians. (p. 345)

Bland-Allison Act of 1878

In 1878, this act allowed a limited coinage of silver each month at the standard silver-to-gold ratio of 16 to 1. (p. 385)

Standard Oil Trust

In 1881, the name of John D. Rockefeller's company, which controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business in the United States. (p. 323)

Immigration Act of 1882

In 1882, this act placed restrictions on the immigration of undesirable persons, such as paupers, criminals, convicts, and mentally incompetent. (p. 362)

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

In 1883, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included public businesses. (p. 349)

railroad strike of 1877

In 1887, this strike spread across much of the nation and shut down two-thirds of the country's railroads. An additional 500,000 workers from other industries joined the strike. The president used federal troops to end the violence, but more than 100 people had died in the violence. (p. 329)

Eastman's Kodak camera

In 1888, George Eastman invented the camera. (p. 325)

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote "Looking Backward", a popular book of social criticism that that envisioned a future that had eliminated poverty, greed, and crime. (p. 365)

election of 1888, Harrison "Billion Dollar Congress"

In 1888, the Republican Benjamin Harrison became the president and the Republicans controlled Congress. They passed the first billion dollar budget in U.S. history. (p. 386)

James Blaine

In 1889, as secretary of state he arranged the first Pan-American Conference in Washington D.C. Various nations in the Western Hemisphere met to discuss trade and other issues. (p. 412)

Panic of 1893

In 1893, this financial panic led to the consolidation of the railroad industry. (p. 321)

Pan-American Conference (1889)

In 1889, this conference was called by Secretary of State James G. Blaine. It created an organization of cooperation between the United States and Latin American countries. (p. 412)

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

In 1890, Congress passed this act, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." The U.S. Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era. (p. 324)

Ocala Platform of 1890

In 1890, a national organization of farmers, called the National Alliance, met in Florida to address the problems of rural America. It fell short of becoming a political party, but many of the reform ideas would become part of the Populist movement. (p. 352)

Jacob Riis

In 1890, he wrote "How The Other Half Lives", which showed the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. (p. 434)

Susan B. Anthony, NAWSA

In 1890, one of the founders of the National American Womens Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which worked to secure voting rights for women. (p. 366)

Farmers' Alliances in South and West

In 1890, this group of discontented farmers elected senators, representatives, governors, and majorities in state legislatures in the West. (p. 386)

McKinley Tariff of 1890

In 1890, this tariff raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of 48 percent. (p 386)

rise of the Populist Party

In 1892, delegates met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft a political platform that would reduce the power of trusts and bankers. They nominated James Weaver as their candidate for president. (p. 386)

James B. Weaver

In 1892, he was the Populist candidate for president. He is one of the few third party candidates in history to have ever won any electoral votes. (p. 387)

Omaha Platform

In 1892, the Populist party met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft this political platform and nominate a presidential candidate. (p 386)

Hawaii

In 1893, American settlers aided in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani. President McKinley completed the annexation of Hawaii in 1898. (p. 415)

Cleveland blocks annexation

In 1893, President Grover Cleveland block the annexation of Hawaii because he opposed imperalism. However, in 1898, President McKinley did annex Hawaii. (p. 414)

Federal Reserve Act

In 1914, this act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. It still plays a major role in the American economy today. (p. 442)

Clayton Antitrust Act

In 1914, this antitrust legislation strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. It exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts. (p. 442)

Edward House

In 1915, he was President Wilson chief foreign policy adviser. He traveled to London, Paris, and Berlin to negotiate a peace settlement, but was unsuccessful. (p. 459)

National Woman's party

In 1916, Alice Paul formed this organization to focus on winning the support of Congress and the president for a Constitutional amendment for women's suffrage. (p. 445)

Jones Act

In 1916, this act granted the Philippines full territorial status, guaranteed a bill of rights and universal male suffrage to Filipinos, and promised independence for the Philippines as soon as a stable government was established. (p. 422)

Puerto Rico citizenship

In 1917, an act of Congress granted U.S. citizenship and limited self government for this island. (p. 422)

Espionage Act

In 1917, this law imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. (p. 461)

Selective Service Act

In 1917, this law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. Men were chosen by lottery. Eventually, 2.8 million were called by lottery, in addition to the nearly 2 million who volunteered. (p. 462)

Sedition Act

In 1918, this law made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. About 1000 people were jailed because of the law, one of them was Eugene Debs. (p. 461)

Henry Cabot Lodge

In 1919, after World War I, he led a group of senators known as the "reservationists", who would accept the U.S. joining the League of Nations if certain reservations were added to the agreement. The United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations. (p. 466)

Reservationists

In 1919, senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made. They were led by Henry Cabot Lodge. (p. 466)

Irreconcilables

In 1919, senators who voted against the Treaty of Versailles because it required the United States to join the League of Nations. (p. 466)

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

In 1934, this act promoted the re-establishment of tribal organization and culture. Today, more than 3 million American Indians, belonging to 500 tribes, live within the United States. (p. 346)

Ethiopia

In 1935, fascist Italy invaded this African nation. (p. 526)

Schechter v. U.S.

In 1935, the Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Administration (NRA) unconstitutional. (p. 505)

Supreme Court

In 1935, they declared two of President Roosevelt's recovery programs unconstitutional. (p. 509)

Social Security Act

In 1935, this act created a federal insurance program based on the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people's working careers. Monthly payments would be made to retired people over the age of 65. (p. 507)

Rhineland

In 1936, Adolf Hitler invaded this region. This was in violation of the Treaty of Versailles which had declared the area a demilitarized zone. (p. 526)

Spanish Civil War

In 1936, a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war, by 1939 Franco had established a military dictatorship. (p. 525)

sit-down strike

In 1937 workers at the General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan insisted on the right to join a union by sitting down at the assembly line. (p. 510)

Quarantine speech

In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made this speech after Japan invaded China. He proposed that democracies act together to "quarantine" Japan. Public reaction to the speech by the American public was negative, and the idea was abandoned. (p. 526)

Fair Labor Standards Act

In 1938 this act established a minimum wage, a maximum standard workweek with extra pay for overtime, and child labor restrictions. (p. 511)

Sudetenland

In 1938, Hitler insisted Germany had the right to take over an area in western Czechoslovakia. (p. 526)

Selective Training and Service Act

In 1940, Roosevelt passed this law requiring all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service. (p. 528)

Hiram Johnson

In California, he fought against the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad. (p. 436)

Confederate States of America

In February 1861, representatives of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas met in Montgomery, Alabama to form this new country. After the attack on Fort Sumter, the states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas also seceded and joined the Confederacy. The Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia. The Confederate Constitution was modeled after the U.S. Constitution, except that it provided a single six-year term for the president and gave the president an item veto (power to veto part of a bill). (p. 269, 270)

Bull Run

In July 1861, 30,000 federal troops marched from Washington D.C. to attack Confederate forces near Bull Run Creek at Manassas Junction, Virginia. In the first major battle of the Civil War, Union forces seemed close to victory, but then Confederate reinforcements counterattacked and sent the inexperienced Union troops in retreat. (p. 271)

Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson

In July 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run, this Confederate general counterattacked the Union and sent their troops in a retreat back to Washington D.C. (p. 271)

draft riots

In July 1863 riots against the draft erupted in New York City. Some 117 people were killed before federal troops and a temporary suspension of the draft restored order. (p. 280)

California; Bear Flag Republic

In June 1846, John C. Fremont quickly overthrew Mexican rule in Northern California to create this independent republic. (p. 234)

John C. Fremont

In June 1846, he overthrew Mexican rule in northern California and proclaimed California to be an independent republic, the Bear Flag Republic. (p. 234)

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

In June 1930, President Hoover signed into law the highest tariff rates in history, ranging from 31 to 49 percent. In retaliation, European countries enacted their own tariffs. This reduced trade for all nations and worsened the worldwide depression. (p. 500)

Sam Houston

In March 1836, he led a group of American settlers that revolted against Mexico and declared Texas to be an independent republic. He led an army that captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty that recognized Texas as an independent republic. As the first president of the Republic of Texas, he applied to the U.S. government for Texas to be added as a new state. It was many years before the U.S. would act to add Texas as a state. (p. 231)

Freedmen's Bureau

In March 1865, an organization created at end of Civil War, which provided aid to the both black and whites in the South. It provided food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the Civil War. (p. 292)

Sussex Pledge

In March 1916 an unarmed merchant ship, the Sussex, was sunk by the Germans. Germany made a pledge that they would not sink anymore merchant ships without warning. This kept the U.S. out of the war for a little while longer. (p. 456)

Zimmermann telegram

In March 1917, the U.S. newspapers carried the story that Britain had intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the U.S. (p. 459)

Lend-Lease Act

In March 1941, this act permitted Britain to obtain all U.S. arms they needed on credit during World War II. (p. 529)

Vicksburg

In May 1863, Union General Ulysses S. Grant began an artillery bombardment of this Mississippi city, which last for seven weeks. On July 4, 1863, the Confederates finally surrendered the city, along with 29,000 soldiers. The Union now controlled the full length of the Mississippi River. (p. 277)

Charles Evans Hughes

In New York, he battled fraudulent insurance companies. (p. 436)

Warren Harding

In November 1920, he was elected the 29th president of the United States. He was a Republican whose slogan was: "Return to Normalcy". His term was marked by scandals and corruption, although he was never implicated in any of the scandals. In August 1923, he died while traveling in the West. (p. 475-476)

Harpers Ferry raid

In October 1859, John Brown led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. His impractical plan was to obtain guns to arm Virginia's slaves, whom he hoped would rise up in a general revolt. He and six of his followers were captured and hanged. Southern whites saw the raid as proof of the north's true intentions - to use slave revolts to destroy the South. (p. 257)

oil and steel embargo

In September 1940, Japan joined the Axis powers. The United States responded by prohibiting export of steel and scrap iron to Japan and other countries. In July 1941, when Japan invaded French Indochina, the U.S. cut off Japanese access to many vital materials, including U.S. oil. (p. 530)

destroyers-for-bases deal

In September 1940, Roosevelt cleverly arranged a trade that would help Great Britain. The United States gave Britain fifty older but still serviceable US destroyers, in exchange the U.S. was given the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean. (p. 528)

Central Powers

In World War I, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire were known by this name. (p. 455)

Allied Powers

In World War I, Great Britain, France, and Russia were known by this name. (p. 455)

service of African Americans

In World War I, nearly 400,000 African Americans served in segregated military units. (p 462)

self determination

In World War I, territories one controlled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allies. Applying the principle of self-determination, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and Poland; and the new nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were established. (p. 465)

Western front

In World War I, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allied Powers and the Central Powers battled each other. (p. 463)

assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product. (p. 478)

rebates and pools

In a scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. They also created secret agreements with competing railroads to fix rates and share traffic. (p. 321)

Ulysses S. Grant

In early 1862, this Union general led his troops from Illinois to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River (branch of the Mississippi). These victoires opened up the state of Mississippi to attack by the Union. A Confederate army surprised him at Shiloh, Tennessee, but the his army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 total casualties. In July 1863, he captured Vicksburg, Mississippi and the Union now controlled the Mississippi River. In early 1864 Lincoln made him commander of all the Union armies. As General Robert E. Lee tried to flee to mountains with army of less than 30,000 men he cut off his army and forced them to surrender at Appomattox Court House. (p. 273, 274, 277, 278)

Granger laws

In some states, the Grangers, with help from local businesses, successfully lobbied their state legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators. (p. 351)

Stephen Austin

In the 1820s, his father had obtained and large land grant in Texas. He brought 300 families from Missouri to settle in Texas. (p. 231)

Far West

In the 1820s, the Rocky Mountains were known by this name. (p. 237)

farming frontier

In the 1830s and 1840s pioneer families moved west to start homesteads and begin farming. Government programs allowed settlers to purchase inexpensive parcels of land. (p. 237)

Rio Grande; Nueces River

In the 1840s the United States believed the southern Texas border was the Rio Grande River. Mexico believed the border was further north on the Nueces River. (p. 233)

Great American Desert

In the 1850s and 1860s, the arid area between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast, was known by this name. (p. 236)

Bessemer process

In the 1850s, Henry Bessemer discovered this process. By blasting air through molten iron you could produce high-quality steel. (p. 323)

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

In the 1860s, about one-third of the western miners were Chinese immigrants. Native-born Americans resented the competition of these immigrants. In 1862, this act was passed to prohibit further immigration by Chinese laborers to the United States. It was the first bill regarding immigration.

Radical Republicans

In the 1860s, this was the smaller portion of the Republican party than the moderates. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported various programs that were most beneficial to the newly freed African Americans in the South. (p. 295)

speculation and overbuilding

In the 1870s and 1880s railroad owners overbuilt. This often happens during speculative bubbles, created by exciting new technology. (p. 321)

spoilsmen

In the 1870s, political manipulators such as Senator Roscoe Conkling and James Blaine, used patronage - giving jobs and government favors to their supporters. (p. 300)

Jim Crow laws

In the 1870s, the South passed segregation laws which required separate washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and most other public facilities, for blacks and whites. (p. 349)

Social Gospel

In the 1880s and 1890s this movement espoused social justice for the poor based on Christian principles. (p. 365)

"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"

In the 1884 election, the Democratic party was labeled with this phrase. (p. 383)

high tariff

In the 1890s, tariffs provided more than half of the federal revenue. Some Democrats objected to the tariffs because the raised the price on consumer goods and made it for difficult for farmers to sell to export because foreign countries enacted their own tariffs. (p. 385)

City Beautiful movement

In the 1890s, this movement included plans to remake America's cities with tree-lined boulevards, public parks, and public cultural attractions. (p. 364)

fusion of Democrats and Populists

In the 1896 presidential election the Democrats and Populists both nominated William Jennings Bryan for president in fused campaign. (p. 389)

consumerism

In the 1920s, consumerism was fueled by: homes with electricity, electrical appliances, affordable automobiles, increased advertising, and purchasing on credit. (p. 478)

rural vs. urban

In the 1920s, in the urban areas it was common to ignore the law and drink liquor in clubs or bars known as speakeasies. (p 484)

consumer culture

In the 1920s, many writers were disillusioned with the materialism of the business oriented culture. (p. 481)

morals and fashions

In the 1920s, movies, novels, automobiles, and new dances encouraged greater promiscuity. Young women shocked their elders by wearing dresses hemmed at the knee (flapper look), cutting their hair short, smoking cigarettes, and driving cars. (p. 481)

organized crime

In the 1920s, organized crime became big business, as bootleggers transported and sold liquor to many customers. (p. 484)

Francis Willard, WCTU

Leader of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) which advocated total abstinence from alcohol. (p. 367)

electric appliances

In the 1920s, refrigerators, stoves, vacuum cleaners, and washing machines became very popular as prices dropped due to reduced production costs and as electrical power to run them became more available. (p. 478)

movie stars

In the 1920s, sexy and glamorous movie stars such as Greta Garbo and Rudolf Valentino we idolized by millions. (p. 480)

role of women

In the 1920s, the traditional separation of labor between men and women continued. Most middle-class women expected to spend their lives as homemakers and mothers. (p. 480)

impact of the automobile

In the 1920s, this product had the largest impact on society. It caused a growth of cities and suburbs, and workers no longer needed to live near their factories. It provided job opportunities and was a much more efficient way of transportation. (p. 479)

high school education

In the 1920s, universal high school education became a new American goal. By 1930, the number of high school graduates had doubled to over 25 percent of school-age adults. (p. 481)

big-city political machines

In the North, one source of Democratic strength came from big-city political machines. (p. 381)

immigrant vote

In the North, one source of Democratic strength came from the immigrant vote. (p. 381)

racial segregation laws

In the Progressive era (1901 - 1917), racial segregation was the rule in the South and the unofficial policy in the North. (p. 443)

increased lynching

In the Progressive era, thousands of blacks were lynched (hung) by racist mobs. (p. 443)

railroad workers: Chinese, Irish, veterans

In the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, employed thousands of war veterans and Irish immigrants. The Central Pacific, starting from Sacramento, included 6,000 Chinese immigrants among their workers. (p. 321)

Aroostook War

In the early 1840s, there was a dispute over the the British North America (Canada) and Maine border. Open fighting broke out between rival groups of lumbermen. The conflict was soon resolved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. (p. 231)

segregation in San Francisco schools

In the early 20th century San Francisco schools required that Japanese American students attend segregated schools. In 1908, President Roosevelt worked out a "gentleman's agreement" with Japan, Japanese American students would be allowed to attend normal schools and Japan would restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the United States. (p. 420)

Pragmatism

In the early 20th century this philosophy focused on using a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. They encouraged experimentation to find solutions that would produce a well-functioning democratic society. (p. 433)

William James

In the early 20th century, he was an advocate of the new philosophy of pragmatism. He argued that people should take a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. (p. 433)

Eastern Trunk Lines

In the early days of the railroads, from the 1830s to the 1860s, railroad lines in the east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies. (p. 320)

ethnic support

In the early part of World War I Americans supported neutrality. However, 30 per-cent were first or second generation immigrants and their support was usually based on their ancestry. (p. 456)

New Nationalism; New Freedom

In the election of 1912, the Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were the main competitors. Roosevelt called for a "New Nationalism", with more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage (voting rights), and more social welfare programs. Wilson supported a "New Freedom", which would limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business. (p. 441)

college elective system

In the late 1800s, colleges started reducing the number of required courses and offered more elective courses. These were courses students could choose, and this increased the number of foreign language and science courses. (p. 368)

markets and farmers

In the late 1800s, farming became increasingly commercialized and specialized. They became dependent on large and expensive machinery and small, marginal farms were often driven out of business. (p. 350)

cause of migration

In the late 1800s, forces driving Europeans to migrate to the United States were (1) Displaced farmworkers by political turmoil and mechanization, (2) Overcrowding due to population boom, (3) Religious persecution. (p. 361)

kindergarten

In the late 1800s, the practice of sending children to kindergarten became popular. (p. 367)

public high school

In the late 1800s, there was growing support for tax-supported public high schools. (p. 367)

spectator sports, boxing, baseball

In the late 19th century professional sports started. (p.372)

laissez-faire Capitalism

In the late 19th century, american industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies. (p. 324)

social class and discrimination

In the late 19th century, sports such as golf and tennis became popular with wealth members of athletic clubs. The very rich pursued polo and yachting. (p. 372)

causes of Indian wars

In the late 19th century, the settlement of the thousands of miners, ranchers, and homesteaders on American Indian lands led to violence. (p. 344)

corner saloon, pool halls

In the late 19th century, young single men often centered their lives around these establishments. (p. 372)

Congressional Reconstruction

In the spring of 1866, many in Congress were unhappy with President Andrew Johnson's policies and this led to the second round of reconstruction. Its creation was dominated by Congress and featured policies that were harsher on Southern whites and more protective of freed African Americans. (p. 295)

American Expeditionary Force

In the summer of 1918, hundreds of thousands of American troops went to France as members of this force under General John J. Pershing. (p. 463)

Crittenden compromise

In the winter of 1860-1861, Senator John Crittenden proposed a constitutional amendment to appease the South. He proposed that slavery would be allowed in all areas south of the 36 30 line. The Republicans rejected the proposal because it would allow extension of slavery into the new territories. (p. 260)

recession of 1937

In the winter of 1937 the economy went into recession again. The new Social Security tax had reduced consumer spending and at the same time Roosevelt had cut back government spending in hopes of balancing the budget. (p. 511)

streetcar cities

In these cities, people lived in residences many miles from their jobs and commuted to work by horse-drawn streetcars. (p. 363)

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

In this 1842 treaty US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and British ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton created a treaty splitting New Brunswick territory into Maine and British Canada. It also settled the boundary of the Minnesota territory. (p. 232)

Credit Mobilier

In this affair, insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress, to avoid investigation of the huge profits they were making from government subsidies for building the transcontinental railroad. (p. 300)

election of 1918

In this mid-term congressional election Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress. This was a problem for Democrat President Woodrow Wilson because he need Republican votes to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. (p. 466)

election of 1864

In this presidential election, the Democrats nominated the popular General George McClellan. The Republicans renamed to the Unionist party, nominated President Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln won the election, however McClellan did win 45 percent of the popular vote. (p. 278)

election of 1860

In this presidential election, the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln won. Lincoln won all the northern states, while John C. Breckinridge, a South Democrat, won all the southern states. The South felt like it no longer had a voice in national politics and a number of states soon seceded from the Union. (p. 258)

Dingley Tariff of 1897

Increased the tariff rate to more than 46 percent and made gold the official standard of U.S. currency. (p. 390)

expanding middle class

Industrialization helped expand the middle class by creating jobs for accountants, clerical workers, and salespeople. The increase in the number of good-paying jobs after the Civil War significantly increased the size of the middle class. (p. 327)

fraud and corruption, Credit Mobilier

Insiders used construction companies to bribe government officials and make huge profits. (p. 321)

xenophobia

Intense or irrational dislike of foreign peoples. (p. 467)

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation. However, it was greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. (p. 466)

Federal Housing Administration

It insured bank loans for building new houses and repairing old ones. (p. 505)

Farm Board

It was authorized to help farmers stabilize prices by temporarily holding surplus grain and cotton in storage. (p. 500)

Fair Employment Practices Committee

It was set up to assist minorities in gaining jobs in defense industries. (p. 513)

yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. (p. 413)

Henry Grady

Journalist from Georgia who coined the phrase "New South". Promoted his ideas through the Atlanta Constitution, as editor. (p. 347)

mass circulation newspapers

Large circulation newspapers had been around since 1830, but the first to exceed one million subscribers was Joseph Pulitzer's New York World. (p. 371)

Neutrality Acts

Laws passed by isolationists in the late 1930s, that were designed to keep the United States out of international wars. (p. 525)

quota laws of 1921 and 1924

Laws passed to limit immigration. (p. 485)

Shiloh

Major battle in the American Civil War, fought in 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. Confederate forces led by Albert Johnston launched a surprise attack against the Union army led by General Ulysses S. Grant. The Union army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 casualties (dead and wounded) on both sides. (p. 274)

strikes of 1919

Major strike in Seattle where 60,000 unionists held a peaceful strike for higher pay. Boston police went on strike to protest firing of police officers who tried to unionize and Governor Calvin Coolidge sent in National Guard. U.S. Steel Corporation had a strike, after considerable violence, the strike was broken by state and federal troops. (p. 467)

black pride

Many African American leaders agreed with Marcus Garvey's ideas on racial pride and self-respect. This influenced another generation in the 1960s. (p. 483)

compulsory school attendance

Many states passed laws, which made it mandatory for children to go to public schools. (p. 437)

realism, naturalism

Mark Twain became the first realist author and his books often showed the greed, violence, and racism in American society. Authors known for their naturalism focused in how emotions and experience shaped human experience. (p. 369)

Migration for jobs

Mexican Americans moved to find work, such as the sugar beet fields and mines of Colorado, and the building of western railroads. (p. 346)

anti-trust movement

Middle class people feared a growth of new wealth due to the trusts. In the 1880s trust came under widespread scrutiny and attack. In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it was too vaguely worded to stop the development of trusts. Not until the Progressive era, would the trusts be controlled. (p. 324)

depression mentality

Millions of people who lived through the Great Depression developed an attitude of insecurity and economic concern that remained throughout their lives. (p. 512)

"hard" money vs. "soft" money

Money backed by gold vs. paper money not backed by specie (gold or silver). (p. 384)

urban middle class

Most Progressives were urban middle-class men and women. They included: doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, office workers, and middle managers. (p. 432)

jazz age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz, a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime. (p. 480)

greenbacks

Name given to paper money issued by the Union government during the Civil War. They bills were not redeemable for gold, which contributed to creeping inflation. (p. 280)

greenbacks

Name given to paper money issued by the government, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold. (p 302)

Thomas Nast

New York Times political cartoonist who exposed the abuses of the "Boss" Tweed ring. Tweed was eventually arrested and imprisoned in 1871. (p. 310)

new social sciences

New fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science emerged. (p 368)

nationalist media

Newspapers and magazines published printed stories about ]distant and exotic places. This increased public interest and stimulated demands for a larger U.S. role in world affairs. (p. 411)

Bull Moose Party

Nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to nominate Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election. (p. 441)

abstract art

Non-representational art, not accepted by Americans until the 1950s. (p. 370)

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Northern abolitionist and Free-Soilers set up this company to pay for the transportation of antislavery settlers to the Kansas Territory. They did this to shift the balance of power against slavery in this new territory. (p. 253)

Boston police strike

Officers went on strike to protest the firing of a few officers because they tried to unionize. (p. 467)

Guam and Philippines

On December 10, 1898, the Spanish-American War treaty was signed in Paris. Under the treaty the U.S. acquired Guam and also the Philippines. (p. 415)

Fredericksburg

On December 13, 1862, General Ambrose Burnside launched a frontal attack on General Lee's strong position at this Virginia city. The Union army suffered 12,000 casualties (dead or wounded), while the Confederates only 5,000 casualties. (p. 273)

Pearl Harbor

On December 7, 1941, a date that will live in infamy, this U.S. naval base in Honolulu, Hawaii was bombed by Japanese planes. 2,400 Americans were killed and 20 warships were sunk or severely damaged. The next day, the United States declared war on Japan. (p. 531)

sinking of the Maine

On February 15, 1898, the USS Maine battleship exploded in Havana Harbor. The yellow press accused Spain of blowing up the ship even though experts later concluded that the explosion was probably an accident. (p. 413)

Gettysburg

On July 1, 1863, General Robert E. Lee led a Confederate army into Pennsylvania. He surprised the Union troops, and started the most crucial and bloodiest battle of the war. There were 50,000 casualties, but the Confederate army eventually retreated to Virginia, never to regain the offensive. (p. 277)

Hundred Days

On March 4, 1933, Franklin Roosevelt started his term and called Congress into a one hundred day session. They passed into law all of Roosevelt's legislation. (p. 503)

Haymarket bombing

On May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. (p. 330)

Lusitania

On May 7, 1915 a British passenger ship was sunk by German torpedoes and 128 American passengers died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, and moved the country towards war. (p. 455).

United Nations

On October 24, 1945, this international organization formed after World War II to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. (p. 539)

Black Tuesday

On October 29, 1929, millions of panicky investors sold, as the bottom fell out of the stock market. (p. 497)

November 11, 1918

On this date, Germany signed a World War I armistice in which they agreed to surrender their arms, give up much of their navy, and evacuate occupied territory. (p. 463)

Mary McLeod Bethune

One of the African Americans that was appointed to middle-level positions in federal government. She was a leader of efforts for improving education and economic opportunities for women. (p. 513)

Eugene V. Debs

One of the founders of the Socialist party and the party's presidential candidate from 1900 to 1920. (p. 440)

Ernest Hemingway

One of the most popular writers of the 1920s, he wrote "A Farewell to Arms". (p. 481)

League of Woman Voters

Organized by Carrie Chapman Catt. A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues. (p. 445)

movie palaces

Ornate, lavish single-screen movie theaters that emerged in the 1910s in the United States. (p. 480)

due process of law

Part of the 14 Amendment, it denies the government the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property. (p. 295)

cash and carry

Policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality, while aiding Great Britain. Great Britain could buy U.S. military arms if it paid in full and used its own ships to transport them. (p. 528)

identity politics

Political activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological goals. (p. 381)

political machines, boss

Political parties in major cities came under the control of tightly organized groups of politicians, known as political machines. Each machine had its boss, the top politician who gave orders and doled out government jobs. (p. 364)

Thomas Edison

Possibly the greatest inventor of the 19th century. He established the first modern research labratory, which produced more than a thousand patented inventions. These include the phonograph, first practical electric light bulb, dynamo for electric power generation, mimeograph machine, and a motion picture camera. (p. 326)

presidential reconstruction

President Abraham Lincoln believed that the Southern states could not leave the Union and therefore never did leave. He consider them a disloyal minority. After Lincoln's assassination, President Andrew Johnson attempted to carry out Lincoln's plan for reconstruction. (p. 292)

Harold Ickes

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's secretary of the interior. (p. 504)

bank holiday

President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the banks to be closed on March 6, 1933. He made a radio address explaining that the banks would be reopened after allowing enough time for the government to reorganize them on a sound basis. (p. 503)

reorganization plan

President Franklin Roosevelt proposed a plan that allowed the president to appoint a new Supreme Court justice for each current justice over the age of 70. Congress refused to pass this legislation. (p. 509)

fireside chats

President Franklin Roosevelt spoke on the radio to the American people. (p. 504)

Good Neighbor Policy

President Franklin Roosevelt's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region. (p. 523)

impeachment

President Johnson was the first president impeached, for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868. One of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office. The impeachment failed, falling just one vote short. (p. 297)

role of American money

President Taft believed that private U.S. investment in China and Central America would lead to greater stability there. His policy, was thwarted by growing anti-imperliasm both in the U.S. and overseas. (p. 420)

trust-busting

President Theodore Roosevelt broke up the railroads and Standard Oil by using the Sherman Antitrust Act. (p. 438)

bad vs. good trusts

President Theodore Roosevelt did make a distinction between breaking up "bad trusts", which harmed the public and stifled competition, and regulating "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated a market. (p. 438)

conservation of public lands

President Theodore Roosevelt's most original and lasting contribution in domestic policy may have been his efforts to protect the nation's natural resources. (p. 439)

taxes and bonds

President Wilson raised $33 million in two years by increasing taxes and selling Liberty Bonds. (p. 461)

Mexican civil war

President Wilson's moral approach to foreign affairs was severely tested by a revolution and civil war in Mexico. He refused to recognize the military dictatorship of General Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power in Mexico in 1913 by arranging to assassinate the democratically elected president. (p. 423)

anti-imperialism

President Woodrow Wilson differed from his Republican presidential predecessors. He believed that the U.S. should not expand its territory overseas. (p. 421)

military intervention

President Woodrow Wilson used military action to influence Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. (p. 423)

Wilson's stroke

President Woodrow Wilson went on a speaking tour to rally public support for the Treaty of Versailles which required joining the League of Nations. In September 1919, he collapsed after delivering a speech in Colorado. He returned to Washington and a few days later suffered a massive stroke from which he never recovered. (p. 466)

regulatory commissions

Progressives created state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, and business such as insurance. (p. 436)

Palmer raids

Prompted by a series of unexplained bombings, in 1920, this operation was coordinated by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer. Federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organizations in many cities. (p. 467)

civil service reform

Public outrage over the assassination of President Garfield pushed Congress to remove some jobs from control of party patronage. (p. 384)

large department stores

R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. (p. 326)

Benjamin Wade

Radical Republican who endorsed woman's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks. (p. 295)

railroads and middlemen

Railroads and middlemen were able to charge high or discriminatory rates in the food supply chain because they had little competition. (p. 351)

nation's first big business

Railroads created a nationwide market for goods. This encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320)

14th Amendment

Ratified in 1868, this Constitutional amendment, declares that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens, and it obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S. citizens and provide them with "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law". Other parts of the amendment related to Congress' plan for Reconstruction. (p. 295)

15h Amendment

Ratified in 1870, this Constitutional amendment, prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." (p. 297)

Sixteenth Amendment, federal income tax

Ratified in 1913, this constitutional amendment, explicitly permitted Congress to levy a federal income tax. (p. 439)

expansionist politicians

Republican politicians generally endorsed the use of foreign affairs to search for new markets. (p. 411)

disarmament

Republican presidents of the 1920s tried to promote peace and also to scale back defense expenditures by arranging disarmament treaties (reduction in military equipment). (p. 486)

conservative coalition

Republicans and many Democrats were outraged by President Franklin Roosevelt's plan to reorganize the Supreme Court. (p. 509)

Contract Labor Act of 1885

Restricted the immigration of temporary workers, to protect American workers. (p. 362)

Frances Perkins

Roosevelt's secretary of labor, she was the first woman to serve in a president's cabinet. (p. 503)

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price. (p. 409)

Albert Fall

Secretary of the Interior during Harding's administration. He was convicted of accepting bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome, Wyoming. (p. 476)

Confiscation acts

Series of acts passed by the Union government, designed to liberate slaves in Confederate states. The second act in July 1862, freed slaves from anyone engaged in rebellion against the United States (Union). (p. 275)

Pendleton Act of 1881

Set up by the Civil Service Commission, it created a system where federal jobs were awarded based on competitive exams. (p. 384)

Margaret Sanger

She founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. She advocated birth control awareness. (p. 481)

Margaret Sanger

She founded an organization the became Panned Parenthood. They advocated for birth-control education. (p. 445)

Florence Kelley

She was a reformer who promoted state laws which protected women from long working hours. (p. 437)

Ida B. Wells

She was the editor of a black newspaper, she campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow laws. (p. 349)

Eleanor Roosevelt

She was the most active first lady in history, writing a newspaper column, giving speeches, and traveling the country. She served as the president's social conscience and influenced him to support minorities. (p. 502)

Appomattox Court House

Site of the surrender of the Confederate army led by Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant, on April 9, 1865. (p. 278)

Great White Fleet

Sixteen United States battleships, painted white, were sent around the world to display American naval power. (p. 419 )

steel-framed buildings

Skyscrapers were made possible by this type of building. The first, was the Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago. It was made possible by a steel skeleton, Otis elevator, and central steam heating system. (p. 363)

Gospel of Wealth

Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists. (p. 325)

spreading religion and science

Some Protestant Americans believed that the United States had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and our superior science technology. (p. 411)

Black Codes

Southern state legislatures created these codes after the Civil War. They restricted the rights and movements of newly freed African Americans. 1) prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land, 2) placed freemen into a form of semi bondage by forcing them, as "vagrants" and "apprentices" to sign work contracts, 3) prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court. (p. 294)

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was leaked to the press and and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Many considered it an official Spanish insult against U.S. national honor. (p. 413)

Knights of Labor

Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330)

Munn v. Illinois

Supreme Court case in 1877, which upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads. (p. 352)

Wabash v. Illinois

Supreme Court case in 1886, which ruled that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce. (p. 352)

debt moratorium

Suspension on the payment of international debts. In 1931, President Hoover proposed a suspension of international debt payments. (p. 500)

patronage

Term for one of the key inducements used by party machines. A job, promotion, or contract that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence. (p. 300)

Andrew Johnson

The 17th President of the United States from 1865 to 1869. This Southerner from Tennessee was Lincoln's vice president, and he became president after Lincoln was assassinated. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. (p. 297)

William Jennings Bryan

The 1896 Democratic nominee for president. (p. 388)

rise of modern urban industrial society

The 1896 election was a victory for big business, urban centers, conservative economics, and moderate middle-class values. Rural America lost its dominance of American politics. (p. 390)

Art Deco

The 1920's modernistic art style that captured modernistic simplification of forms, while using machine age materials. (p. 482)

William Howard Taft

The 27th President of the United States, from 1909 to 1913. He adopted a foreign policy that was mildly expansionist but depended more on investors' dollars than on the military. His policy of promoting U.S. trade by supporting American business abroad was known as dollar diplomacy. (p. 420)

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. This Democrats is known for his leadership during World War I, creating the Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification). He won the Nobel Peace Prize. (p. 421)

wartime solidarity

The New Deal helped immigrant groups feel more included, and serving together in combat or working together in defense plants helped to reduce prejudices. (p. 534)

war's long term effects

The Civil War had long term effects on women. The field of nursing was now open to women for the first time. The enormous responsibilities undertaken by women gave impetus to the movement to obtain equal voting rights for women. (p. 282)

Queen Liliuokalani

The Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests. (p. 414)

blacks, Catholics and Jews

The KKK directed hostility toward these groups in the North. (p. 486)

ABC powers

The South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, which attempted to mediate a dispute between Mexico and the United States in 1914. (p. 423)

Article X

The Treaty of Versailles required signers join the League of Nations. The League of Nations charter, Article X, called on each member nation to be ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of the other nations. (p. 465)

rejection of treaty

The Treaty of Versailles required the U.S. to join the League of Nations. It was never ratified by Congress. (p. 466)

John J. Pershing

The U.S. general who chased Pancho Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him. (p. 423)

Elias Howe

The U.S. inventor of the sewing machine, which moved much of clothing production from homes to factories. (p. 238)

Anaconda Plan

The Union's Civil War plan, created by General Winfield Scott. It called for the U.S. Navy to blockade Southern ports cutting off essential supplies from reaching the Confederacy. (p. 271)

research and development

The United States government worked closely with industrial companies, universities, and research labs to create and improve technologies that could be used to defeat the enemy. (p. 532)

Ostend Manifesto

The United States offered to purchase Cuba from Spain. When the plan leaked to the press in the United States, it provoked an angry reaction from antislavery members of Congress, forcing President Franklin Pierce to drop the plan. (p. 235)

business and imperialists competitors

The United States was not alone in pursuing imperialism, which meant acquiring territory or gaining control over the political or economic life of other countries. Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan tried to influence or possess weaker countries around the world. (p. 410)

preparedness

The United States was not prepared to fight a war and initial President Wilson resisted action. However, in late 1915 he pushed for an expansion of the armed forces. (p. 458)

Treaty of Versailles

The World War I peace conference which included the victorious Allied Powers (United States, Great Britain, and France). The defeated Germany agreed to the following terms: 1) Germany had to disarm. 2) Germany had to pay war reparations. 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing the war. 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons. 5) Germany had to accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years. 6) Territories taken from Germany: Austria-Hungary, and Russia were given their independence (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia) 7) Signers joined the League of Nations which includes Article X; that each member nation would stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of the other nations. (p. 465)

a splendid little war

The ambassador to England wrote to his friend, Teddy Roosevelt, with these words because of low casualties in the war against Spain. (p. 414)

21st Amendment

The amendment which ended the prohibition of alcohol in the United States, it repealed the 18th amendment. (p. 485)

Helen Hunt Jackson

The author of "A Century of Dishonor", which created sympathy for Native Americans, but also generated support for ending American Indian culture through assimilation. (p. 345)

Theodore Dreiser

The author of "Sister Carrie". Notable for its naturalism and controversy, as it ran contrary to the moral undercurrents of 1900. (p. 369)

survival of the fittest

The belief that Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection in nature applied to the economic marketplace. (p. 324)

Social Darwinism

The belief that government's helping poor people weakened the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. (p. 324)

manifest destiny

The belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America. (p. 230)

Protestant work ethic

The believe that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor. (p. 325)

census of 1890

The census of 1890 declared that except for a few pockets, the entire frontier had been settled. (p. 343)

George McClellan

The commander of the Union army in the East. After extensive training of his army, he invaded Virginia in March 1862. The Union army was stopped as a result of brilliant tactical moves by the Confederate army. After five months he was forced to retreat to the Potomac, and was replaced by General John Pope. (p. 271)

Casablanca Conference

The conference attended by Roosevelt and Churchill in January 1943, to discuss the strategy to win World War II. The plan called for the invasion of Sicily and Italy by British and American troops. They resolved to accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of Axis powers. (p. 537)

deforestation

The conservation movement was sparked by removal of large number of trees. (p. 346)

social reformers, temperance

The core of Republican support came from middle-class Anglo-Saxon Protestants who supported temperance or prohibition, along with business men. (p. 381)

silver rush

The discovery of silver in Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and other western territories, created a mining boom. (p 237)

sucession

The election of Abraham Lincoln was the final event that caused the southern states to leave the Union. In December 1860, South Carolina voted unanimously to secede. Within the next six weeks Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had all seceded. In February 1861, representatives of seven states met in Montgomery, Alabama to create the Confederate States of America. (p. 259)

James K. Polk

The eleventh U.S. president from 1845 to 1849. He was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and a protege of Andrew Jackson. He favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. (p. 232)

federal land grants and loans

The federal government provided land and loans to the railroad companies in order to encourage expansion of the railroads. (p. 320)

Volstead Act

The federal law of 1919 that established criminal penalties for manufacturing, transporting, or possessing alcohol. (p. 484)

James Buchanan

The fifteenth President of the United States from 1857 to 1861. He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina to December 20, 1860. During his term: "Bleeding Kansas" (1856), Caning of Senator Sumner (1856), Lecompton Constitution (1857), Dred Scott case (1857) (p. 255)

Interstate Commerce Commission

The first federal regulatory agency created to regulate interstate commerce which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices. (p. 352)

Mark Twain

The first great realist author, he is famous for his classic "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". (p. 369)

mountain men

The first non-native people to open the Far West. These fur trappers and explorers included James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, and Jedediah Smith. (p. 237)

Jeanette Rankin

The first woman to serve in Congress. She one of the few in Congress who voted against the World War I declaration of war. (p. 460)

Winslow Homer

The foremost American painter of seascapes and watercolors. (p. 369)

industrial design

The fusion of art and technology during the 1920s and 1930s created the new profession of industrial design. (p. 482)

white-collar workers

The growth of large corporation required thousands of white-collar workers (jobs not involving manual labor) to fill the highly organized administrative structures. (p. 327)

growth of leisure time

The growth of leisure time activities was a result of the reduction of work hours, improved transportation, advertizing, and the decline of restrictive values. (p. 371)

melting pot vs. cultural diversity

The historian's term, melting pot, refers to immigrants leaving their old-world characteristics and adopting the United States characteristics. Other historians argue that first-generation immigrants maintained their cultural identity and only the second and third generations were assimilated in the U.S. society. (p. 373)

assimilationists

The idea that Native Americans should be integrated into American society by becoming educated, adopting American culture, customs, and Christianity. (p. 345)

laissez-faire economics and politics

The idea that government should do little to interfer with the free market. (p. 380)

American Federation of Labor

The labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330)

Harlem Renaissance

The largest African American community of almost 200,000 developed in the Harlem section of New York City. It became famous in the 1920s for its talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers. This term describes this period. (p. 483)

Civil Rights Act of 1875

The last major piece of Reconstruction legislation, this law prohibited racial discrimination in all public accommodation and transportation. It also prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries. However, the law was poorly enforced. (p. 297)

Charles Sumner

The leading Radical Republican in the Senate from Massechusetts. (p. 295)

race riots

The migration of African Americans to the north led to rioting in East St. Louis and Chicago, where 40 people were killed. (p. 467)

Alamo

The mission and fort that was the site of a siege and battle during the Texas Revolution, which resulted in the massacre of all its defenders. The event helped galvanize the Texas rebels and led to their victory at the Battle of San Jacinto. Eventually Texas would join the United States. (p. 231)

Hollywood

The movie industry was centered here. The industry grew rapidly in the 1920s. Sound was introduced to movies in 1927. By 1929 over 80 million movie tickets were sold each week. (p. 480)

expeditionary force

The name given to the group sent to capture Pancho Villa in Mexico. (p. 423)

the Good War

The term for the unity of Americans supporting the democratic ideals in fighting World War II. (p. 533)

spheres of influence

The term when countries came to dominate trade and investment within a particular region and shut out competitors. In the 1890s, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, and Germany were all establishing close ties with China that disturbed the United States. (p. 417)

Millard Fillmore

The thirteenth president of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to become president upon the death of a sitting President, when he succeeded Zachary Taylor. As vice president he helped pass the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249, 255)

Zachary Taylor

The twelfth president of the United States from 1849 to 1850. He was a general and hero in the Mexican War. He was elected to the presidency in 1848, representing the Whig party. He died suddenly in 1850 and Millard Fillmore became the president. (p 248, 249)

patronage politics

The use of government resources to reward individuals for their electoral support. (p. 381)

overland trails

The wagon train trails that led from Missouri or Iowa to the west coast. They traveled only 15 miles per day and followed the river valleys through the Great Plains. Months later, the wagon trains would finally reach the foothills of the Rockies or face the hardships of the southwestern deserts. The final challenge was to reach the mountain passes before the first heavy snows. Disease was even a greater threat than Indian attack. (p. 237)

Roosevelt Corollary

Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that the United States would intervene in the Americas, on the behalf of European interests. (p. 418)

big-stick policy

Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy motto was to "speak softly and carry a big stick". By acting boldly and decisively in a number of situation, Roosevelt attempt to build the reputation of the United States as a world power. (p. 417)

Force Acts (1870, 1871)

These act passed in 1870 and 1871, gave power to federal authorities to stop Ku Klux Klan violence and to protect the civil rights of citizens in the South. (p. 302)

Kansas-Nebraska Act

This 1854 act, sponsored by Senator Stephen A Douglas, would build a transcontinental railroad through the central United States. In order gain approval in the South, it would divide the Nebraska territory into Nebraska and Kansas and allow voting to decide whether to allow slavery. This increased regional tensions because it effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had already determined that this area would not allow slavery. (p. 252)

Elkins Act

This 1903 act allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers. (p. 438)

Pure Food and Drug Act

This 1906 act forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. (p. 438)

Meat Inspection Act

This 1906 act provided federal inspectors to visit meatpacking plants to insure that they met sanitation standards. (p. 439)

Hepburn Act

This 1906 act tightened existing railroad regulation. It empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records. (p. 438)

Mann-Elkins Act

This 1910 act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. (p. 432)

Tom L. Johnson

This Cleveland mayor devoted himself to the cause of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares. He fought for public controlled city utilities and services, but failed. (p. 436)

Robert LaFollette

This Congressman was one of the few who voted against the World War I declaration of war. (p. 460)

Franklin D. Roosevelt

This Democratic candidate won the 1932 presidential election. As a candidate, he promised a "new deal" for the American people, the repeal of Prohibition, aid for the unemployed, and cuts in government spending. (p. 502)

Lewis Cass

This Democratic senator from Michigan, proposed popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery question in the territories. (p. 248)

Pancho Villa

This Mexican leader led raids across the U.S.-Mexican border and murdered several people in Texas and New Mexico. (p. 423)

William (Boss) Tweed

This New York City politician, arranged schemes that allowed he and his cronies to steal about $200 million dollars from New York. He was eventually sentenced to prison in 1871. (p. 301)

Thaddeus Stephens

This Pennsylvania Congressman was a Radical Republican. He hoped to revolutionize Southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise their civil rights, receive education, and receive lands confiscated from planter class. (p. 295)

Amnesty Act of 1872

This act removed the last of the restrictions on ex-Confederates, except for the top leaders. Allowed southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state governments. (p. 302)

Dawes Act of 1887

This act supported the idea of assimilation of the American Indians. It divided tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres. U.S. citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of American life. (p. 345)

Forest Management Act of 1897

This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. (p. 347)

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. (p. 347)

Interstate Commerce Act of 1886

This act, created in 1886, did little to regulate the railroads. (p. 322)

Works Progress Administration

This agency created in 1935, part of the Second New Deal, it was much more ambitious than earlier efforts. Between 1935 and 1940 up to 3.4 million people were hired to construct bridges, roads, airports, and public buildings. Artists, writers, actors, and photographers were also employed. (p. 506)

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

This agency guaranteed individual bank deposits. (p. 504)

Securities and Exchange Commission

This agency was created to regulate the stock market and to place strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that led to the 1929 stock crash. (p. 505)

Antietam

This battle took place in September 1862, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee moved his troops into Union territory in Maryland. The Union army met them at Antietam Creek, in Sharpsburg, Maryland. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with more than 22,000 killed or wounded. Unable to break through the Union lines the Confederate army retreated to Virginia. The win was important because it stopped the Confederate invasion of the North and gave Lincoln the victory he was waiting for. He could now act against slavery. (p. 273)

Federal Reserve Board

This board was organized to supervise twelve district banks in the Federal Reserve Bank system. (p. 442)

building the Panama Canal

This canal was started in 1904 and completed 10 years later. The building of this large canal was important because it would benefit American commerce and military capability. (p. 418)

13th Amendment

This constitutional amendment, ratified in December 1865, forbade slavery and involuntary servitude in all states. (p. 276)

Monroe Doctrine

This doctrine stated that European powers could not interfere in the Western Hemisphere. In 1895 and 1896, the U.S. applied this doctrine to push Great Britain to arbitrate a boundary dispute between Venezuela and British colony of Guiana. (p. 412)

white supremacists

This group favored separating (segregating) public facilities, as a means of treating African American as social inferiors. (p. 349)

Sumner-Brooks incident

This incident took place in 1856, when Congressman Preston Brooks severely beat Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner. The attack occurred in the Senate chamber, after Sumner gave a vitriolic speech, "The Crime Against Kansas". (p. 254)

Compromise of 1877

This informal deal settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (Democrat). It was agreed that Hayes would become president. In return, he would remove all federal troops from the South and support the building of a Southern transcontinental railroad. (p. 303)

habeas corpus

This is the term for the constitutional right to be informed of charges and to be given a fair trial. During the Civil War Abraham Lincoln suspended this right, and arrested an estimated 13,000 people on suspicion of aiding the Confederates. (p. 279)

Congress of Industrial Organizations

This labor union concentrated on organizing unskilled workers in the automobile, steel, and southern textile industries. (p. 510)

free-soil movement

This movement did not oppose slavery in the South, but they did not want the Western states to allow slavery. (p. 247)

advertising

This new technique was important to creating the new consumer economy. (p. 326)

Civilian Conservation Corp

This organization employed young men for projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums. (p. 504)

National Consumers' League

This organization was formed in the 1890's, under the leadership of Florence Kelly. They attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions. (p. 437)

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

This organization's mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African Americans. (p. 444)

Greenback party

This political party was formed by supporters of paper money not backed by gold or silver. (p. 384)

Ghost Dance movement

This religious movement was a last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S. government domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands. In an effort to suppress the movement, at the Battle of Wounded Knee more that 200 American Indians were killed. This battle marked the end of the Indian Wars. (p. 345)

Josiah Strong

This reverend believed that Protestant American had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and the benefits of their superior civilization . (p. 411)

Kellogg-Briand Treaty

This treaty of 1928 renounced the use of force to achieve national ends. It was signed by Frank Kellogg of the United States and Aristide Briand of France, and most other nations. The international agreement proved ineffective. (p. 487)

Treaty of Paris: Puerto Rico

This treaty was signed on December 10, 1898 with Spain. It provided for: 1) Cuban independence, 2) Purchase of Puerto Rico and Guam, 3) Purchase of the Philippines. (p. 415)

Johns Hopkins University

This university was founded in Baltimore in 1876, the first to specialize in advanced graduate studies. (p. 368)

Oregon territory

This was a vast territory on the Pacific coast that stretched as far north as the Alaskan border. Originally the United States was interested in all the territory, but in 1846 Britain and the U.S. agreed to divide the territory at the 49th Parallel, today's border between Canada and the United States. (p. 232)

regional artists

Thomas Benton and Grant Wood celebrated the rural people and scenes of the American heartland. (p. 482)

T. S. Eliot

Thomas Stearns Eliot was an essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and one of the twentieth century's major poets. (p. 481)

bonus march

Thousands of unemployed World War I veterans marched to Washington, D.C. and set up encampments to demand immediately payment of the bonuses promised to them at a later date. The Army, led by General Douglas MacArthur broke up the encampment. (p. 501)

old immigrants

Through the 1880s, they came to the United States from northern and western Europe. They were mostly Protestant and had a high-level of literacy. (p. 361)

U.S. joined international force

To protect American lives and property, U.S. troops participated in an international force that marched into Peking (Beijing) and quickly crushed the rebellion of the Boxers. (p. 417)

Cleveland threatens lower tariff

Toward the end of Grover Cleveland's first term he urged Congress to lower the tariff rates. (p. 385)

mail-order companies

Two companies, Sears Roebuck, and Montgomery Ward, used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers to sell many different products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper catalog. (p. 326)

John J. Pershing

U.S. general who led the American Expeditionary Force into France in World War I. (p. 463)

George Goethals

United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal. (p. 418)

urban reformers

Urban reformers stated more than 400 settlement houses in the cities. They provided services to help poor immigrants. (p. 365)

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of U.S. Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War. (p. 414)

uneven income distribution

Wages had risen relatively little compared to the large increases in productivity and corporate profits. Economic success was not shared by all, as the top 5 percent of the richest Americans received over 33 percent of all income. (p. 497)

urban frontier

Western cities that arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming. They included San Francisco, Denver, and Salt Lake City. (p. 238)

Herbert Hoover

When Calvin Coolidge decide not to run for president in 1928, he was the Republican presidential nominee. He promised to extend "Coolidge Prosperity", and won the election. (p. 477)

conscience Whigs

Whigs that opposed slavery. (p. 248)

Buffalo Bill Wild West Show

William F. Cody brought this show to urban populations. (p. 372)

"Cross of Gold" Speech

William Jennings Bryan gave this speech at the 1896 Democratic convention. The prosilver and anti-gold speech assured him of the nomination. (p. 389)

start of the modern presidency

William McKinley emerged as the first modern president, he would make America an important country in international affairs. (p. 390)

Conciliation treaties

Wilson's commitment to democracy was shared by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan. Bryan negotiated treaties in which nations pledged to submit disputes to international commissions and observe a one-year cooling-off period before taking military action. Thirty of these treaties were negotiated. (p. 422)

4 million freedmen

With the passage of the thirteenth amendment in 1865, 4 million African Americans were now free. (p. 282)

attitudes toward suffrage

Women's contribution to the war effort prompted President Wilson and Congress to support the 19th amendment. (p. 462)

causes of labor discontent

Worker's discontent was caused by performing monotonous task required completion within a certain time, dangerous working conditions, and exposure to chemicals and pollutants. (p. 328)

Convict Lease System

system of penal labor practiced in the Southern United States. Convict leasing provided prisoner labor to private parties, such as plantation owners and corporations. Since many blacks were in jail due to black codes, it targeted blacks and essentially continued slavery.