AP World- AMSCO 4.2 Exploration: Causes and Events

East India Company

An English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia.

Henry Hudson

An English explorer sent by the Dutch in 1609 to explore the east coast of North America; he sailed up the Hudson River, but found no northwest passage - continuous explorations did offer the possibility if being only 1/2 the distance of a route that went around South America . He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journeys until the time of his death in 1506

Silver

China was an enthusiastic consumer; silver made its way from Mexico across the Pacific ocean to East Asia in heavily armed Spanish ships (galleons) that made stops in the Philippines; at Manila, Europeans exchanged silver for luxury goods

What were the results of Hudson's voyages?

Due to his voyages, the Dutch claimed the Hudson River Valley & the island of Manhattan, where they settled a community called New Amsterdam that prospered due to its location

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

Quebec

First permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608. a land rich in furs & other resources, establishing a town & trading post in 1608 named this; traders looked for furs & the priests wanted to convert Native Americans to Christianity

New France

French colony in North America

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who sailed from the Atlantic Ocean into the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

Manila Galleons

Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world.

Wind wheels

Prevailing wind patterns in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans north and south of the equator; their discovery made sailing much safer and quicker.

Trade winds

Prevailing winds that blow northeast from 30 degrees north latitude to the equator and that blow southeast from 30 degrees south latitude to the equator

What stoked expansion?

Rivalries among European states & religion

Spanish in the Philippines

Spain annexed the Philippines in 1521 & returned in 1565, starting a long campaign to conquer the Filipinos, who fiercely resisted

Manila

Spanish commercial center in the Philippines

Hernan Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

French Settlements

The French rarely permanently settled, trading for furs trapped by the Native Americans instead of demanding land causing the French to have better relations with them & slower growing settlements

What did conquest bring?

They brought wealth to states thru tax collection & new trading opportunities; it also brought great material wealth, especially silver, to European states

Why did the Portuguese have an advantage?

They had superior ships & weapons that were unmatched among the Europeans; due to this, they'd already won control of both the African & Indian coasts

How was interest in the Americas rekindled?

When the Spanish came into contact with 2 major empires in the region, the Aztecs in Mesoamerica & the Incas in South America, who had gold & silver

La Salle

a French trader who explored the Great Lakes & followed the Mississippi River south to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico, claiming this region for France

Northwest Passage

a route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia and the precious trade in spices and luxury goods. something French, English, & Dutch explorers looked for

Dutch Merchants

acted as middlemen; bought furs from trappers in northern lands (Canada) & crops from lands to the south which they sent, with other goods, to the Netherlands for manufactured goods they could sell in colonial North America

Portuguese Vulnerability

small nation that lacked the workers + ships necessary for the enforcement of a big trade empire, & many merchants ignored their gov., trading independently; corruption among gov. officials also hampered the empire & by the 17th century, Dutch & English rivals were challenging them in East Asia

Silver Currency

the Chinese gov. started using silver as its main form of currency soon & by the early 17th century, silver was a dominant force in the global economic system

Vasco da Gama

the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa. There he claimed territory as part of Portugal's empire.

Portuguese explorers

were the 1st Western Europeans to reach the Indian Ocean by sea by going around the southern tip of Africa

Volta do mar

"Returning through the sea," a fifteenth-century Portuguese sea route that took advantage of the prevailing winds and currents.

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) became the first European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions, to search for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold. Under him, Portugal began importing enslaved Africans by sea, replacing the overland slave trade.

Bartholomew Diaz

(1487-1488) Portuguese, sailed around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, in 1488 into water his crew did not know.

Samuel de Champlain

(1567-1635) French explorer who realized there were valuable goods and rich resources available in the Americas, so there was no need to go beyond to Asia.

"When the Portuguese go from Macao, the most southern port city in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, perfume, and porcelain and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great ship that goes to Japan every year, and brings back more than 600,000 coins' worth of Japanese silver. The Portuguese use this Japanese silver to their great advantage in China. The Portuguese bring from China gold, perfume, silk, copper, porcelain, and many other luxury goods." Ralph Fitch, a British merchant, in an account of his travels to the East Indies, 1599 Which conclusion about the Portuguese is best supported by the passage above? (A) They manufactured luxury goods that they could sell in China. (B) They made great profits transporting goods between Asian countries. (C) They primarily wanted to accumulate silver. (D) They preferred to trade with China rather than Japan.

(B) They made great profits transporting goods between Asian countries.

"When the Portuguese go from Macao, the most southern port city in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, perfume, and porcelain and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great ship that goes to Japan every year, and brings back more than 600,000 coins' worth of Japanese silver. The Portuguese use this Japanese silver to their great advantage in China. The Portuguese bring from China gold, perfume, silk, copper, porcelain, and many other luxury goods." Ralph Fitch, a British merchant, in an account of his travels to the East Indies, 1599 Which statement best describes the point of view of the source, Ralph Fitch? (A) He was ridiculing the Portuguese for working so hard for so little profit. (B) He was embarrassed that the Portuguese were taking advantage the Chinese and Japanese. (C) He was hoping to make profits just as the Portuguese were doing (D) He was criticizing the Portuguese for being so focused on acquiring wealth.

(C) He was hoping to make profits just as the Portuguese were doing

"When the Portuguese go from Macao, the most southern port city in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, perfume, and porcelain and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great ship that goes to Japan every year, and brings back more than 600,000 coins' worth of Japanese silver. The Portuguese use this Japanese silver to their great advantage in China. The Portuguese bring from China gold, perfume, silk, copper, porcelain, and many other luxury goods." Ralph Fitch, a British merchant, in an account of his travels to the East Indies, 1599 Which statement best explains why Portugal established a trading post empire? (A) It had a large navy and was able to conquer nearby lands. (B) It was a landlocked country and could not expand except by sea. (C) It had only enough people and power to maintain trading posts rather than a large empire. (D) It was ahead of other European states in developing navigational innovations.

(C) It had only enough people and power to maintain trading posts rather than a large empire.

Jamestown

100 English colonists, in 1607, traveled approx. 60 miles inland from the coast where they built this town; it was England's 1st successful colony in the Americas, and one of the earliest colonies in the present-day United States.

Afonso de Albuquerque

A ruthless Portuguese admiral who won a short bloody battle with Arab traders & set up a factory at Malacca in Indonesia; he previously served as governor of Portuguese India (1509-1515)

Portugal

A small kingdom, bounded on the east by the Spanish kingdoms of Castile & Aragon that could only expand overseas; 3 people led its exploration

mercantilism

A theory requiring heavy gov. involvement to max the amount of gold & silver coming into the country and min. the flow of precious metals out of the country; idea of maxing gov involvement to control resources for your country. An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Portuguese arrive at China

AD 1514; initial visits had little impact on Chinese society, but missionaries followed merchants & tried to gain converts among the Chinese; the Jesuits soon followed with missionaries in Macau impressing the Chinese with their learning, but the scholar gentry weren't impressed

What did the Portuguese do to control trade?

They made trading posts, which controlled trade routes, the aim being to establish a monopoly over the spice trade in the area

Portuguese, early 16th Century

They traveled to Japan to trade, followed by Christian missionaries in 1549 who formed large Catholic settlements until the 1600s when Japanese rulers outlawed Catholicism & expelled the missionaries

trading post empire

This is the type of empire established by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean trading arena based on small outposts rather than control over large territories. their forts gave the Portuguese a global trading post empire