AP World Chapter 34: "Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence"

Leon Pinsker

(1821 - 1891) European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land.

Jawaharlal Nehru

(1889-1964) One of Gandhi's disciples; governed India after independence (1947); committed to program of social reform and economic development; preserved civil rights and democracy.

Walter Sisulu

(1912-2003) Black African leader who, along with Nelson Mandela, opposed apartheid system in South Africa

Gamal Abdul Nasser

(1918-1970) Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone in 1956

Steve Biko

(1946-1977) An organizer of black consciousness movement in South Africa, in opposition to apartheid; murdered while in police custody

Nelson Mandela

(b. 1918) Long-imprisoned leader of the African National Congress party; worked with the ANC leadership and F.W. De Klerk's supporters to dismantle the apartheid system from the mid-1980s onward; in 1994, became the first black prime minister of South Africa after the ANC won the first genuinely democratic elections in the country's history.

Rowlatt Acts

Laws passed in 1919 that allowed the British government in India to jail anti-British protesters without trial for as long as two years

Negritude

Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.

Mullahs

Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism.

Saddam Hussein

Military dictator of Iraq; fought a 10-year war with Iran; invaded Kuwait in 1990; defeated by an American-led coalition in the Gulf War of 1991.

Free Officers Movement

Military nationalist movement in Egypt founded in the 1930s; often allied with the Muslim Brotherhood; led coup to seize Egyptian government from khedive in July 1952.

Secret Army Organization

Organization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence.

Government of India Act

Passed in 1935 by the british parliament, this provided local self government in india and limited democratic elections.

Hosni Mubarak

President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011 succeeding Anwar Sadat and continuing his policies of cooperation with the West.

Mohammad Mosaddeq

Prime Minister of Iran; deposed in 1953 by Operation Ajax

Morley-Minto Reforms

Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils.

National Liberation Front

Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958.

Land Freedom Army

Radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as the Mau Mau.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Religious ruler of Iran following revolution of 1979 to expel the Pahlavi shah of Iran; emphasized religious purification; tried to eliminate Western influences and establish purely Islamic government.

Anwar Sadat

Successor to Gamal Abdul Nasser as ruler of Egypt; acted to dismantle costly state programs; accepted peace treaty with Israel in 1973; opened Egypt to investment by Western nations.

Globalization

The increased interconnectedness of all parts of the world, particularly in communication and commerce but also in culture and politics.

Homelands

Under apartheid, areas in South Africa designated for ethnolinguistic groups within the black African population; such areas tend to be overpopulated and poverty-stricken.

F.W. de Klerk

White South African prime minister in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Working with Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress, de Klerk helped to dismantle the apartheid system and opened the way for a democratically elected government that represented all South Africans for the first time.

Atlantic Charter of 1941

World War II alliance agreement between the United States and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization

Muslim League

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations

Arab-Israeli War of 1948

broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of the independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948

B.G. Tilak

first populist leader in India; believed that Indian nationalism should be grounded in the Hindu majority.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Jomo Kenyatta

A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Lineage

Africa had lineage based structure

Apartheid

Afrikaner policy of racial segregation in South Africa designed to create full economic, social, and political exploitation of African majority.

Theodore Herzl

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

African National Congress

Black political organization within South Africa; pressed for end to policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to black majority rule; until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa

Lord Cromer

British advisor to the Egyptian government; his reform program benefited the elite and foreign merchants, not the mass of Egyptians.

Dinshawai incident

Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement.

Effendi

Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.

Indira Gandhi

Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru (no relation to Mahatma Gandhi); installed as a figurehead prime minister by the Congress Party bosses in 1966; a strong-willed and astute politician, she soon became the central figure in India politics, a position she maintained through the 1970s and passed on to her sons.

Biafra

Eastern Nigerian region inhabited mostly by the Ibo people; in 1967 attempted unsuccessfully to secede from Nigeria; defeated and reintegrated in 1970.

Muslim Brotherhood

Egyptian nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; committed to fundamentalist movement in Islam; fostered strikes and urban riots against the khedival government.

Wafd Party

Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.

Afrikaner National Party

Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid.

Primary products

Food or industrial crops for which there is a high demand in industrialized economies; prices of such products tend to fluctuate widely; typically the primary exports of Third World economies.

Iran-Iraq War

Fought over religious differences, this war lasted many years, from 1980 to 1988.

Bangladesh

Founded as an independent nation in 1972; formerly East Pakistan.

Hasan al-Banna

Founder of Muslim Brotherhood

Kwame Nkrumah

Ghanaian leader at independence; his efforts at reform ended with the creation of dictatorial rule.

Simon Commission

In 1927, considered future Indian colonial government responses to nationalist demands; served to unify nationalist politicians on both right and left of independence movement and also to heal rift between Muslims and Hindus

Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights

Neocolonial Economy

Industrialized nations' continued dominance of the world economy; ability of the industrialized nations to maintain economic colonialism without political colonialism

Green Revolution

Introduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a means of producing higher yields in crops such as rice, wheat, and corn; particularly important in the densely populated countries of Asia.

religious revivalism

An approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life; increasingly associated with revivalist movements in a number of world religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism.