AP World Chapters 23-26 Test Review (Important Things)

Famous speech by Bismarck

"Blood and Iron"

Enclosures

"Enclosure" refers to the consolidation of land, usually for the stated purpose of making it more productive. The British Enclosure Acts removed the prior rights of local people to rural land they had often used for generations.

Battle of Plassey

(India, 1757) On June 23rd, a small village and mango grove between Calcutta and Murshidabad, the forces of the East India Company under Robert Clive defeated the army of Siraj-ud-daulah, the Nawab of Bengal.

Reasons for the "Scramble"

-"White man's burden" -Lebensraum -Missionary work -Military bases to support Navies -Adventure -Career -Land

Napoleon's military losses and failures

-Scorched Earth, 1812 -Trafalgar, 1803 -Berlin and Milan Decrees -Typhus

Consumer consumption and leisure examples (19th century)

-demand created by advertising when there isn't one -fad items like the bicycle in the 1880s -professional and amateur sports -popular theatre -comics -newspapers -wall posters and art -vacations

Boxer Rebellion

1889 to 1901, European, American Japanese put down Boxers trying to end foreign economic/political control.

King Leopold's Holocaust

6 to 10 million killed in labor for rubber. Between 1880 and 1920, the population of the Congo was slashed in half. Some ten million people were victims of murder, starvation, exhaustion, exposure, disease and a plummeting birth rate.

Sepoy

A Muslim or Hindu soldier who worked for the British East India Company with British officers.

Sphere of influence

A country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.

Nabob

A person who returned from India to Europe with a fortune.

Rotten boroughs

A rotten borough is a borough that was able to elect a representative to Parliament though having very few voters, the choice of representative typically being in the hands of one person or family.

Mexican-American war

A war between the United States and Mexico (April 1846-February 1848) stemming from the United States' annexation of Texas in 1845.

Capitalism: leader or important figure

Adam Smith

Adam Smith

Adam Smith (1723-1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher, and author. He was a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy, and was a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era. Smith was the "father of capitalist theory".

Sykes-Picot agreement

Also called the Asia Minor Agreement, the Sykes-Picot agreement was a secret convention made during World War I between Great Britain and France, with the assent of imperial Russia, for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. The agreement led to the division of Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine into various French- and British-administered areas. Negotiations were begun in November 1915, and the final agreement took its name from its negotiators, Sir Mark Sykes of Britain and François Georges-Picot of France.

Caudillos

An independent leader who dominated a local area.

Mexican Cession

Area of the present-day United States that Mexico agreed to give up as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War.

Goods sold by Latin America

Beef, coffee and guano

Argentine economy grew with:

Beef, hides, and wool

Big Stick policy

Big stick policy refers to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy: "speak softly, and carry a big stick."

Cecil Rhodes

Cecil John Rhodes was a British businessman, mining magnate and politician in South Africa, who served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896.

Figures in scientific advance (19th-20th centuries)

Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution by natural selection. Albert Einstein and the theory of relativity Sigmund Freud and theories about the subconscious

Chartist Movement

Chartism was a working class movement, which emerged in 1836 and was most active between 1838 and 1848. The aim of the Chartists was to gain political rights and influence for the working classes. Chartism got its name from the formal petition, or People's Charter, that listed the six main aims of the movement.

Marxism: book

Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Count Cavour

Count Cavour was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification.

Dollar Diplomacy

Dollar diplomacy is the use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence.

Boers

Dutch settlers

Marxism: beliefs

Economic forces have always separated the "haves and have nots". Those who own the means of production have money and political power. Land then factories. The owners would hoard profit and the poor would get poorer and the conditions would get worse for the proletariat (working class). There is a fixed amount of wealth in the world. Basic principles for the solution: -Owners must be overthrown in violent revolution with workers of the world uniting. -No private property, everyone is equal and everything is shared equally.

Socialism: leader or important figure

Eduard Bernstein

Eduard Bernstein

Eduard Bernstein was a German social democratic political theorist and politician, a member of the Social Democratic Party, and the founder of evolutionary socialism, social democracy, and reformism.

Cixi

Empress Dowager, last ruler of the Qing dynasty.

Examples of 19th century reforms

Factory Act of 1833 Child labor laws Mine Act of 1842 Other reforms: end of slavery, birth of women's suffrage movement and other reform. Public schools, prison reform, extended vote to all men.

Capitalism/Laissez Faire/Free Market economics

French for 'leave alone', laissez-faire is an economic theory that became popular in the 18th century. The driving idea behind laissez-faire as a theory was that the less the government is involved in free market capitalism, the better off business will be, and then by extension society as a whole. An example of laissez faire are the economic policies held by capitalist countries.

Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist, and businessman. He founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy.

Book by Joseph Conrad

Heart of Darkness (about a voyage up the Congo River into the Congo Free State, in the heart of Africa, by the story's narrator Marlow)

Book by J.A. Hobson

Imperialism: A Study

Impressionism

Impressionism was life in the moment, a reaction to realism. Art became less realistic.

Italian unification

Italian unification, or the Risorgimento, was the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century.

Marxism: leader or important figure

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Karl Marx

Karl Marx was a Prussian-born scientist, philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Trier to a middle-class family, he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy.

La Reforma

La Reforma, ( Spanish: "The Reform") liberal political and social revolution in Mexico between 1854 and 1876 under the principal leadership of Benito Juárez.

Lebensraum

Lebensraum is the territory that a state or nation believes is needed for its natural development, especially associated with Nazi Germany.

Marxism/Communism

Marxist socialism is, in theory, what was being practiced by all of the "Communist" countries. The objective of Marxist socialism is to use the State to prepare society for communism by communalizing all of the productive forces of the society, i.e. by making all of the means of production public property.

Robespierre

Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre was a French lawyer and politician. He was one of the best-known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror

Miguel de Hidalgo

Miguel de Hidalgo was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and a leader of the Mexican War of Independence.

The three stages of revolution (French)

Moderate, Revolution, Radical

New and Old Problems in Independent Nation States

New political elite were earlier social elite. The masses did not share the agenda or trust the new politicians. Western ideals from the Enlightenment and Fr. Rev. were not shared by all and were difficult to live up to in a depressed economic state. Catholic Church and conservatives resisted liberal goals of religious tolerance and social change and equality. Pushed these two groups together. Creoles did not trust the masses. Indian majority or minority were not represented and impoverished. Political fragmentation caused by class, physical geography, liberal v. conservative and regional interests.

Main driver of 20th century Middle East history

Oil

Realpolitik

Politics of reality

Realism

Realism was an artistic movement that began in France in the 1850s, after the 1848 Revolution. Realists rejected Romanticism, which had dominated French literature and art since the late 18th century. Realism revolted against the exotic subject matter and exaggerated emotionalism and drama of the Romantic movement.

Utopian socialism: leader or important figure

Robert Owen

Robert Owen

Robert Owen was one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement.

Romanticism and the Romantic movement

Romanticism (1780-1840) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. It was an artistic revolution that embraced love of nature, emotion, spontaneity, nationalism and rejected the rational ideas of the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution. It idealized Middle Ages, glorified heroic action and heroes, folk traditions, fairy tales, nationalism and the beauty of nature.

Santa Anna

Santa Anna was a Mexican who fought to defend royalist New Spain and then for Mexican independence. He served as a Mexican politician and general. He greatly influenced early Mexican politics and government, and was a skilled soldier and cunning politician, who dominated Mexican history in the first half of the nineteenth century to such an extent that historians often refer to it as the "Age of Santa Anna".

Socialism

Socialism is the ideals associated with lessening the gap between the rich and the poor and caring for all of society's people, rich or poor. It is a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Goals of unions

Some goals of unions were to obtain the following: -higher salary (minimum wage) -shorter hours -disability, workman's compensation -vacation -improved working conditions

Sun Yat-Sen

Sun Yat-sen was a Chinese physician, writer, philosopher, calligrapher and revolutionary, the first president and founding father of the Republic of China.

Tennis Court Oath

Tennis Court Oath, (French Serment du Jeu de Paume), (June 20, 1789), dramatic act of defiance by representatives of the nonprivileged classes of the French nation (the Third Estate) during the meeting of the Estates-General (traditional assembly) at the beginning of the French Revolution.

The "Scramble for Africa"

The "Scramble for Africa" was the invasion, occupation, division, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914.

Old Regime

The Ancien Régime was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Middle Ages until 1792, when hereditary monarchy and the feudal system of French nobility were abolished by the French Revolution.

The Arab-Israeli conflict

The Arab-Israeli conflict refers to the political tension, military conflicts and disputes between a number of Arab countries and Israel.

Balfour declaration

The Balfour Declaration (1917) was a statement of British support for "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people." It was made in a letter from Arthur James Balfour, the British foreign secretary to a leader of British Jewry. Its statements were generally contradictory to both the Sykes-Picot Agreement (a secret convention between Britain and France) and the Ḥusayn-McMahon correspondence (an exchange of letters between the British high commissioner in Egypt.

Bantu migration

The Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from Western Africa-- near modern-day Nigeria-- southward and eastward, spreading out across all of the southern half of the African continent. This migration started at about 1000 B.C.E., and ended at about 1700 A.D. although that date is still in dispute.

Berlin Conference

The Berlin Conference of 1884-85, also known as the Congo Conference (German: Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz), regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. (Europeans meet in 1880 to determine how a country claims a colony without regard to the native peoples.)

The De Beers

The De Beers Group of Companies has a leading role in the diamond exploration, diamond mining, diamond retail, diamond trading and industrial diamond manufacturing sectors.

Fabian Society

The Fabian society is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow.

Franco-Prussian war

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire of Napoleon III and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.

Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution, was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection that took place in the former French colony of Saint-Domingue that lasted from 1791 until 1804. It affected the institution of slavery throughout the Americas.

Sepoy mutiny

The Indian Mutiny, also called Sepoy Mutiny, was a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857-58. Begun in Meerut by Indian troops (sepoys) in the service of the British East India Company, it spread to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, and Lucknow.

Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine is the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.

Open Door policy

The Open Door policy is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity.

Opium wars

The Opium Wars were two wars in the mid-19th century involving Anglo-Chinese disputes over British trade in China and China's sovereignty. The disputes included the First Opium War and the Second Opium War.

"Sick man" of Europe

The Ottomans

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, officially entitled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Dutch East India Company

The United East Indian Company, referred to by the British as the Dutch East India Company, was originally established as a chartered company in 1602, when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade.

War of Jenkin's Ear

The War of Jenkins' Ear (known as Guerra del Asiento in Spain) was a conflict between Britain and Spain that lasted from 1739 to 1748, with major operations largely ended by 1742. Its unusual name, coined by Thomas Carlyle in 1858, refers to an ear severed from Robert Jenkins, a captain of a British merchant ship.

Capitalism: book

The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith

1911 revolution

The Xinhai Revolution, also known as the Revolution of 1911 or the Chinese Revolution, was a revolution that overthrew China's last imperial dynasty, and established the Republic of China.

"Invisible Hand"

The invisible hand is a term used by Adam Smith to describe the unintended social benefits of individual actions. The phrase was employed by Smith with respect to income distribution and production. (Greed)

Unionization

The process of organizing the employees of a company into a labor union which will act as an intermediary between the employees and company management. In most cases it requires a majority vote of the employees to authorize a union. If a union is established the company is said to be unionized.

Toussaint L'Overture

Toussaint L'Overture was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. His military and political acumen saved the gains of the first Black insurrection in November 1791.

Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility. "Utility" is defined in various ways, usually in terms of the well-being of sentient entities, such as human beings and other animals.

Reforms pushed for by Utilitarians

Utilitarians pushed for reform and imposing good "Western" values on the less advanced Indians. Ended Sati, Western education, later helps independence movements.

Utopian Socialism

Utopian socialism is socialism achieved by the moral persuasion of capitalists to surrender the means of production peacefully to the people.

Bengal Famine of 1770

that affected the lower Gangetic plain of India. The famine is estimated to have caused the deaths of up to 10 million people. The famine has been attributed to a failed monsoon in 1769 that caused widespread drought and "that for centuries, agriculture in the region has been characterised by dependence on monsoon rainfal, archaic techniques and crude tilage, low intensity of inputs, subsistence farming, proneness to famines, and the low productivity of land." Failures in the rule of the British East India Company have also been cited as turning a severe drought into a famine. Nobel prize winning Indian economist Amartya Sen even describes it as a man-made famine, noting that no previous famine had occurred in India that century.