AP World History 2021
Blitzkrieg
"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939
Glasnot
"openness", aimed to open Soviet society by introducing free speech and some political liberty, ending party censorship. This is a huge break from the past and very successful. (Basically is no longer communism).
The Renaissance
"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome. Promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy and art. Some of the greatest authors, scientists, and artists thrived during this time while global explorations opened up new lands and cultures to European commerce
Mali
(1200-1400)The kingdom in West Africa that followed the Kingdom of Ghana; its wealth is also based on trans-Saharan trade; this kingdom encouraged the spread of Islam.
Akbar the Great
(1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion. He abolished the jizya tax
Voltaire
(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
Seneca Falls Convention
(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written to show how women were willing to start a revolution
Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.
Benito Mussolini
(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.
Sino-Japanese War
(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.
Sandinistas/Contras
(1985) US disliked Sandinista government in Nicaragua, which had taken over in 1979, b/c it was Marxist; revolutionaries against the Sandinistas, the Contras, were funded by the US
Battle of Tours
(732 CE) European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe by Charles the Hammer.
Abbasid Caliphate
(750-1258)- third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. The rulers who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs. Women lost their status in society. Art, literature, and science developments! Slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks and then the Mongols.
Great Depression
(HH) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it
Japanese Imperial Expansion
-Liberalist idea/focus that all Japanese were part of the same body (politic) Kokutau -People wanted an open government and society -Struggle for democracy engaged academic theorists, journalists, feminists, outcasts, and working people -Defined emperor differently
How is Islam similar to Judaism and Christianity?
-both monotheistic -both have similar holy books
Factors that influenced the industrial revolution
1) Agricultural Productivity 2) Environmental Features providing the necessary natural resources to make factories 3) Close proximity to waterways for a source of power, transportation and discharge of waste 4) Urbanization 5)Laws to protect private properties 6) Nations benefitting from their colonies' resources Great Britain had ALL of these so that wis why the Industrial Revolution began there
WW1 Event Causes
1) Archduke is Assasinated 2) Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia 3) Great Britain enters war on Allies' side 4) WW1 becomes a total war
Results of WWII
1) Millions of Casualties 2) The Unites States in Soviet Union emerged as the Super powers of the late 20s 3) Beginning of the Cold War/Bi polarization of Europe 4) Division of Germany 5) The Creation of U.N. 6) The Nuremburg war trials 7) The Emergence of Third World National Movements
SPICE Themes
1. Social 2. Political 3. Interaction between humans and the environment 4. Cultures 5. Economics
Causes of the Commercial Revolution
1. The development of European colonies overseas 2. The opening of new trade routes over the Atlantic and Pacific 3. Population growth causing an increased demand for goods 4. Inflation caused by increased mining
Unit 1: The Global Tapestry in a nutshell
1200-1450- regional societies are building on past developments and thriving. unified beliefs=unified governments=increased technology=stability=economic advancements
Songhay Empire
1400-1500 -A state located in western Africa following the decline of the Mali Empire. Collapsed due to the slave trade
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
Karl Marx
1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
Opium War
1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong.
Treaty of Nanjing
1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of Chinese territory and conduct trading business in China under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong.
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops which further weakened the dynasty and increased foreign influence
Yalta Conference
1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war. They determined what would happen to the losing countries like Nazi Germany but they all had different ideas so nothing was really figured out (like whether Poland should be capitalist or communist)
End of WWII
1945- World War 2 ended with the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers. On 8 May 1945, the Allies accepted Germany's surrender, about a week after Adolf Hitler had committed suicide. VE Day - Victory in Europe celebrates the end of the Second World War on 8 May 1945.
Suez Canal Crisis
1956 Egypt had been receiving aid from the Soviets, leading Eisenhower to promise money to Egypt to curtail the Soviets Eventually, Eisenhower took back his offer and Egypt attempted to nationalize the Canal Britain, France, and Israel invaded to gain control of the canal Fearing an escalation with nuclear weapons, Eisenhower forced France, Britain, and Israel to withdraw
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962- Happened when the US discovered the Soviets were holding nuclear missiles in Cuba which caused a crisis. The US and Soviets came to an agreement where Cuba would remove the missile and in return, the US would never invade Cuba again
Cambodian Genocide
1975-1979 attempt to form Communist peasant farming society resulted in deaths by starvation, overwork, and executions.
Collapse of USSR
1989-Berlin Wall fell & E German gov't collapsed (after Regan left, but b/c of his efforts) 1991-Soviet economy fell apart & USSR dissolved
Treaty of Tordesillas
A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
Ethiopia
A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy- expansion of social contract
Israel
A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.
Al-Andalus
A Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established by the Berbers in the eighth century CE
Vasco de Gama
A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean
Taj Mahal
A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife. It was covered in excerpts of the Quran and reinforced the piety and faithfulness of Mughal rulers to Islam
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British
joint-stock company
A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts. This increased the number of businesses because there was less risk in investment
Concordat of Worms
A compromise between the king and the Pope that started that the church alone could grant a bishop church power but allowed the king to veto these choices
Total War
A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort. It also means that everyone is a target, any weapon is allowed, and the battlefield in unlimited
Cold War
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
Protectorate Imperialism
A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power
Ghost Dance
A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good.
telegraph
A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s. Improved communication a lot!
Augusto Pinochet
A dictator in Chile who came to power by a military takeover promising to restore stability. He attempted to reverse leftist policies left from land reform in Chile and he killed thousands of political opponents and commited human rights crimes in the process
Malaria
A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood. It affects tropical regions and anti-parasitics are used to treat it.
Mutually Assured Destruction
A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender.
Berlin Wall
A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.
stock market
A general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying and selling of stock shares issued by a company. Stockholders weren't personally liable which decreased the risk for individuals but gave an opportunity for profit
Fascism
A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.
Viceroy
A governor or ruler exercising authority on behalf of a sovereign in a province or colony. Spanish viceroys were appointed in conjuction with audiencias
Allied Forces of World War I
A group of countries, including the United Kingdom, France, the Russian Empire, Belgium, Serbia, Italy, Japan, Greece, and Romania, that fought against Germany and its allies during World War I
Alliances of WWI
A grouping of nations where each one pledges mutual support to the others. The formation of alliances was an underlying cause of WWI. This caused WWI because the conflict originally involved between two countries were likely to involve many more countries due to the alliance. For example, Germany was an ally of Austria-Hungary, if they were at war, then Germany would be automatically at war.
The Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen
A guiding document made by the French Revolution leaders that sought to give French people guidance towards natural rights, equality, and a representative government
Guano
A highly effective fertilizer made from bird or bat poop. It became a major commodity traded globally in the 19th century. Made imperialist countries support mining for the poop
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
A imperialistic system founded by Japan consisting of other Asian countries during the early 20th century. Japan reduced its members to puppet nations, taking their raw materials and using them as new markets.
Balkan
A large peninsula in southeastern Europe containing the Balkan Mountain Range
the Estates General
A larger legislative bureaucracy that replaced Feudalism.
steam engine
A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.
Sun Temple in Cuzco (Coricancha)
A major gold-covered temple constructed high above the city that allowed rulers to practice ceremonies in full view of their subjects. This reinforced the ruler's connection with the Sun God (Inti). The Spanish later tore this down and built a church over it to show victory of Christianity
The Srivijaya Empire
A maritime empire that controlled the strait of Malacca between India and China. It was an Indonesian Hindu empire that was an important trade center between China and India for the expansion of Buddhism
The Holy Roman Empire
A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe. Huge church power instead of the central government
Berlin Conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa
Holocaust
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
Triple Entente
A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.
Janissaries
A military unit made up through the devshirme system. The janissary system was flexible and only recruited the best and was NOT hereditary. This allowed the empire to no develop another power base to rival the Sultan. Problems did emerge when janissaries could pass over their positions to their kids
cellular phone
A mobile phone that communicates via a cellular network. This lets you communicate across the world. The telegraph and landline phones were much slower than this. With new technology, globalization becomes easier and easier
Islam
A monotheistic religion based on the belief that there is one God, Allah, and that Muhammad was Allah's prophet. Islam is based in the ancient city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the birthplace of Muhammad. It was very cohesive because it blended politics with religion
zionism
A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in the middle east.
Pan-Arabism
A movement that calls for unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts that the Arabs constitute a single nation.
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
A multilateral free trade agreement being negotiated by 12 Asia Pacific countries
Mandates
A nation governed by another nation on behalf of the League of Nations. In WW1, these were controlled by the British, French, and other Allies after the Ottoman Empire dissolved and Germany had to give up its colonies at the Paris Peace Conference. They said they were ruling these countries under the justification that it was until they were ready to self determine for themselves
May Fourth Movement
A national protest in China in 1919, in which people demonstrated against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign interference.
Commodore Matthew Perry
A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years. Caused the Japanese emperor to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa and open Japanese ports to trade
NGOs
A non-governmental, non-profit organization that runs aid programs and lobbies for people's rights around the world
Winston Churchill
A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.
Serfs
A person who lived on and farmed a lord's land in feudal times. They weren't slaves but owned no land, so, they were tied to the land of the lord that allowed them to work there
Schieffen Plan
A plan drawn under the guidence of a german general Alfred von Schlieffen that called for attacking and defeating France in the west and rushing east to fight Russia. Failed though because Germany underestimated French
Tennis Court Oath
A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution
Imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. This changed the production and consumption of goods and had a profound effect on the global economy, social organization, and culture
Perestroika
A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market-based economy and society.
Chinese Communist Revolution
A political revolution in China led by Mao Zedong. After several years of fighting the Kuomintang, the communists won control of the country in 1949.
Global Urbanization
A population shift from rural to urban areas and the ways in which each society adapts to the change
Ashanti Empire
A pre-colonial West African state that emerged in the 17th century in what is now Ghana.
Vietnam War
A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. South lost and Vietnam became communist
Glorious Revolution
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
three-field system
A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe. This helped not overuse the soil
Monsoons
A seasonal wind pattern that causes wet and dry seasons. Could become an obstacle for trade
The Crusades
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. They also attacked Orthodox Christians in Constantinople in the process
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. Humanity went from farms to factories.
Arab Spring
A series of public protests, strikes, and rebellions in the Arab countries, often facilitated by social media, that have called for fundamental government and economic reforms.
New Deal
A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression inspired by Keynesian Economics.
working class
A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations. associated with low skilled jobs
middle class
A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers. This class began during industrialization and caused consumerism. Included business owners and skilled jobs
Communist Manifesto
A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.
Great Zimbabwe
A stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining, and unity.
No Man's Land
A strip of land beween the trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during WW1
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. Sometimes it can inbolve a sense of superiority over other nations
socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
US Imperialism
A term used to describe the U.S. acquisition of Caribbean, Pacific, Philippines, and the Westward Expansion Caused resistance leaders, Spanish-American and Philippine wars, American Indian Wars and the Ghost Dance
Communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
Governance (GOV) Theme
A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and decline. Ggovernments maintain order through a variety of administrative institutions, policies, and procedures and governments obtain, retain, and exercise power in different ways and for different purposes
supranational organization
A venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organization
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules. They give up some of their rights in exchange for a community under a shared authority/gov't
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
WWII
A war fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Axis powers — Germany, Italy, and Japan — and the Allies, including France and Britain, and later the Soviet Union and the United States.
Jamaica Letter
A was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on thee independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate.
Trench system
A way of fighting war that involves building dug out protection known as trench usually done due to the fact that there is a stalemate and no advances can be made.
League of Nations
A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946. USSR and Great Britain were never full members
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
World Trade Organization
Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.
Nazism
Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s.
Zulu Nation
African tribe and nation that stood up to British imperialism in Africa but lost the Zulu wars.
4 Khanates of Mongolian Empire
After Genghis Khan died, the Mongol empire was split into 4 khanates: The Golden Horde, The Great Khanate (Yuan Dynasty), the Ilkhanate, and the Chagati Khanate
End of Land-based and maritime Empires
After Industrialization weapons, it was clear that land and maritime empires could easily fall if they were weak in their military arsenals. ex) Ottoman Empire, Qing Dynasty, and Russian Empire
New Balances of Power after WWII
After WWII, the US and Soviet Russia became the leading global superpowers that emerged
White Australia Policy
After a flood of immigrants entered the country in the mid-1800s, laws were passed to allow only whites to immigrate. Ideas of racial superiority also led to brutal violence against native peoples. This antagonized many nations particularly those in Asia.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Agreement signed by the United States, Canada, and Mexico in 1992 to form the largest free trade zone in the world.
Violent Resistance in 20th century
Al-Qaeda Palestinian Liberation Front Shining Path in Peru
Diffusion of Crops on Silk Road
Allowed access to diverse foods, increasing the population. ex) Champa rice, banana, cotton, sugar, citrus
Industrial Transportation
Allowed for countries to explore large sections of land and rivers (you could go against the current) and also caused migration to those areas. This did cause conflict with people already living there though
Diffusion of Literacy, Cultural, and Artistic Traditions on Silk Roads
Allowed for merchants to bring their religions with them, causing new and old beliefs to spread around. Classical texts were also preserved and adapted to new traditions. Ex) Spread of Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, and Hinduism
Silk Road effect on Religion
Allowed for religions like Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, and even traditional Chinese customs to spread
Mansa Musa's Hajj
Allowed for the spread of Islam through the Trans-Saharan trade route and exposed people along to Mali's wealth and power.
Effect of the silk road on disease
Allowed it to spread a lot faster and easier! Example: the Black Plague
Social Media effect on globalization
Allows protests to be organized and increases the number of people in a movement. It's helped organizations like BLM set up rallies, protests, and other events
Genghis Khan
Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.
Containment Doctrine
America's strategy against the Soviet Union based on ideas of George Kennan. The doctrine declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure. Containment guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War.
Thomas Paine
American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809). Wrote Common Sense for this reason
Western Australia Aborigine Act
An act that placed heavy restrictions on natives, gave the government permission to separate children and parents, and required the natives to need permission for jobs. This was done to eradicate the Aborigine Population
Fascist Corporatist economy
An anti-capitalist economy where government-controlled corporations and had political influence through them. Used by Benito Mussolini in Italy
Sphere of Influence Imperialism
An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
Quipu
An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Sephardim
An ethnic grouping of the Jews who migrated first to Spain and then to North Africa, the Americas, and back to West Asia.
Zheng He
An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
Astrolabe
An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
labor union
An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members
Ankor Wat
An originally Hindu temple during the Khmer Empire in the capital that was developed into a Buddhist temple. (Spread of religions through Indian Ocean trade network all the way to Cambodia!)
Angola Independence
Angola was inspired by other African independence movements so they declared independence. The Portuguese sent troops to stop the uprising but a coup in Portugal cut it off. This led to a power gap and the Angolan Civil War
Stock Market Crash
Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies
dhow ships
Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design
Zamindars
Archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor.
Environmental effect of Columbian exchange
As colonizers expanded planatations, many regions suffered deforestation, soil depletion, and a strain on water sources
multinational corporation (MNC)
As one of the primary agents of globalization, this business has headquarters in one country and production facilities in one or more other countries; sometimes called a transnational corporation. ex) iPhones say "Designed by Apple in California, Assembled in China" this shows how creating the designs, plans, and software (a high level economy/education action) was done in a knowledge economy whereas the manufacturing of those ideas takes place in a more industrial economy
Economic Systems (ECN) Theme
As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange and consume goods and services
Innovations in Navigation 1450-1750
Astrolabe, Lanteen Sails, Compass, New Ships (caravel, carrack, fluyt)
Responses to archduke's assasination
Austria Hungary, backed by Germany, was angry at the archduke's death and demanded Serbia to hand over Princip and his co-conspirators and 9 other requests alluding to wanting to take over the Balkans. Serbia declined this request and so Austria Hungary declared war and alliances began to form for the war
Adolf Hitler
Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).
Huitzilopochtli
Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god
Golden Horde Khanate
Based in Russia and was far away from everything, causing the Mongols to let people choose their own rulers as long as they paid a fixed tribute to the Mongols. This was the last khanate to throw off Mongol rule
Secessionist Movements
Biafra and Quebecois
Silk Roads
Biggest land networks during 1200-1450 stretching from Constantinople to eastern edge of China.
Joseph Stalin
Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition
Similarity between Song Dynasty and northern India
Both saw an increase in religious diversity, causing political and religious conflict too
Similarity between Buddhism and Christianity
Both saw various divisions in their faiths, causing political and religious conflict
Similarity between Mali Kingdom and Abbasid Caliphate
Both used Islam to unite people who were not united before
Similarity between European and Chinese agriculture
Both used agricultural tech to promote larger populations like the three field crop rotation and champa rice
Religious commonality between Aztec and Inca
Both were animists and polytheistic
British Balfour Declaration
British document that promised land in Palestine as a homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI. Palestinians and Arabs were upset and Israel and Palestinians have been at war ever since
Cecil Rhodes
British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. He profited from the Kimberley Diamond Mines and violently oppressed Africans to extract diamonds.
Convicts for labor
British used this source of labor in their colonies and in the Indian Ocean and Australia. The Southern US did this too but in a more radicalized form
Spread of religion on trade routes 1200-1450
Buddhism (spread into east and southeast asia), Hinduism (spread into southeast asia) and Islam (spread into sub-saharan Africa and Asia)
French Exploration/Colonization
By Cartier and de Champlain. Colonized Canada, Louisiana Territory, and Haiti
Netherlands Exploration and Colonization
By Henry Hudson. Colonized New York
England Exploration and Colonization
By John Cabot. Colonized Canada and Northeast US
Spain Exploration/Colonization
By Magellan and Columbus. They colonized the Caribbean, Central America, and the Philippines
Cambodian Formation
Cambodia was a part of the French Indochina region that Japan took over in WWI. France tried to retake it but Cambodians refused.
Protestant Revolution
Came about because of religious, political, and economic reasons. Religious reasons stemmed from abuses in the Catholic church including fradulent clergy, sale of religious offices, indulgences, and dispensations, different theologies with the church and frauds involving sacred relics
The Aztec
Came after the collapse of the Mayans- located in modern-day Mexico city. They built great pyramids to show their wealth and authority. They were very militaristic, had a good merchant class, and promoted education for many
Tenochtitlan
Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.
Great Depression effect on WWII
Capitalism was shown to not be the most effective economic system causing Hitler and Mussolini to find alternatives within fascism and Nazism to avoid another depression.
Secretariat (UN)
Carries out the substantive and administrative work of the UN as directed by the General Assembly, the Security Council and the other organs. The head of the Secretariat is the Secretary-General, who provides overall administrative guidance.
Pandemics and epidemics
Cause a sense of urgency in the medical community for vaccines, cures, etc. With the COVID-19 pandemic, adenovirus (J&J) and mRNA (Pfizer and Moderna) vaccines for COVID-19 were developed. This shows that there are different ways to fight the same virus in highly effective ways
Trading of Credit + Monetization on Silk Road
Caused an emergence of a global economy and increase access to capital. Ex) Bills of exchange, banking houses, and paper money
Creation of Diasporic Communities on Silk Road
Caused for ethnic enclaves to emerge in new regions as communities migrated such as Muslims, Chinese, and Sodigan merchants
Jewish effect of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution
Caused more Jewish tolerance because people were contemplating human rights. Many Jews migrated to the Netherlands because of their tolerance to work in the financial industry which would later be used to scapegoat Jews for economic downturns
Belgium Imperialism
Central Africa (Congo) and imperialism with brutal exploitation of labor and resources in Congo
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)
Major interactions with the environment trends 1200-1450
Changed environments via canals, agriculture, cities, and roads to meet society's needs
economic liberalization
Changes consistent with liberalism that aim to limit the power of the state and increase the power of the market and private property in an economy
Qing Dynasty to Nation
China
Admiral Zheng He
Chinese Explorer who voyaged 1405-1433 for 7 total voyages for the goals of Emperor Yongle. One of his voyages was known as the "Treasure Fleet," in which contained 317 whole ships. He brought back many treasures including Giraffes and books. The next Emperor decided to end exploration; thus, he was one of the last Chinese explorers.
Chinese Twitter; regulated by government. This was done because protesters used social media to lead a protest.
Sun Yat-sen
Chinese physician and political leader who aimed to transform China with patriotic, democratic, and economically progressive reforms.
Stalingrad
City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd.
scholar-gentry class
Class of men in ancient China who were educated degree-holders and who would enjoy special privileges of dress, law and social position
Coal in East Asia
Coal reserves in China increased the production of iron goods which caused more construction
Asian Tigers
Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s.
Dutch East Indies
Colony controlled by the Dutch East India company exported cash crops of sugar, tea, coffee, and tobacco, plus rubber and tin making it a valuable colony
Deng Xiaoping
Communist Party leader who is seen as responsible for Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976. He led price reforms, tax reforms, new private ownership of previously state-owned companies
People's Republic of China
Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang.
Effects of Indian Ocean trade
Community and contact! Diasporic communities and communities growing rich because of trade (strait of malacca). And allowed for religions and ideas to spread.
Korean War
Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea. The war ended in a stalemate- North and South Korea still exist today
Trans-Siberian Railroad
Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.
Positive effects of contraception
Contraception reduces pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality, reduces the risk of developing certain reproductive cancers, and can be used to treat many menstrual-related symptoms and disorders.
Economic Imperialism
Control of a country's economy by the businesses of another nation. Imperialist governments interfered in the economies of other countries to allow businesses to profit ex) -British investments in the Suez Canal and Port of Buenos Aires -American investments in Hawaiian sugar cane
Effect of perestroika and glasnot
Countries in the soviet bloc began to think of independence and soon left the influence of the USSR, especially after the fall of the Berlin Wall. People protested with their right to assemble and the USSR fell in 1991.
Audiencias
Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America.
Bills of Exchange
Credit slips that British manufacturers, West Indian planters, and American merchants used in the eighteenth century in place of currency to settle transactions. (lighter than gold)
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)
pop culture
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
Folk Culture
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
Oda Nobunaga
Daimyo who hoped to control all of Japan and seized Kyoto but he was killed before could meet his goal
Pearl Harbor Attack
Dec 7 1941; Japanese attack American naval base and airforces in Oahu; US declares war on japan, Italy and Germany declare war on US
Desertification
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.
Spread of Disease on Silk Roads
Diseases like the Bubonic Plague, Justinian Plague, and the Plague of Cypria, caused decreased populations
Millet System
Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.
Land Redistribution in China
Done by Mao Zedong where Chinese landowners were terrorized, executed, and stripped of their land that was then redistributed to peasant communites. Mao estimates 2-3 million Chinese were killed
The Capture of Constantinope
Done by the Ottomans that was largely due to gunpowder weapons.
Balance of Power after 1900
Due to industrialization and overseas colonies, most of the political order was dominated by the Western Hemisphere (Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands) Majorie land empires were replaced by rising powers like Japan and the US
Indigenous Population Decrease in Americas
Due to the disease that colonizers brought, the indigenous population of the Americas was mostly wiped out and those that were left were able to escape because of their knowledge of the land. This led to the Atlantic Slave Trade so Europeans could get free labor
Italian Unification
During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy
First Sino-Japanese War
During this war, Japan took Korea, which was a protectorate of China, and then invaded China itself. After invading Manchuria and destroying the Chinese navy, the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed, giving Japan its first two colonies: Taiwan and the Pescadores Island.
New Causes for WWII
Economic downturns and the rise of totalitarianism
F.W. de Klerk
Elected as the last white South African president in 1989. He legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison. This started a new era in South Africa and ended apartheid
Lords in Feudalism
Elites who would grant land to other people for food, labor, and military
Afrikaner National Party
Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid.
Mansa Musa
Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.
What is a land based empire?
Empires existing between 1450-1750 (with some exceptions) that focused their attention on land-based expansion or administration and had little interest in controlling overseas (some exceptions to this too) and were absolute monarchs, not democracies or representative governments
Trading Post Maritime Empires
Empires that would stay in trading posts and NOT assert authority over land, just overseas. They confronted long standing empires/populations that they could not eliminate or geography that was hard to conquest ex) Portugese in Africa/India and Dutch in Southeast Asia.
Colonial Maritime Empires
Empires where Europeans would conquer land and sometimes settle their own population there too. They often confronted geography easy to conquer and empires that weren't long standing. Ex) French in north America, British in North America, Spanish in North and South America
Baron Montesquieu
Enlightenment thinker who supported the idea of separation of powers (checks and balances and different branches of government)
The Directory
Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.
Committee of Public Safety
Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.
Serfs labor 1450-1750
Europe and Asia. Worked on farms of lords and they were tied to the land and had no legal protection
Effects of WW1 on Europe
Europe became significantly weaker because of its economic problems caused by wartime commitment like inflation, debts to lender countries like the US, and loss of overseas investments
Motives for exploration
Europeans were motivated by money, religion, rivalry and conquest. If they could find a quicker route to Asia, profits would increase and religious ideologies would spread
Kritallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass)
Event carried out by the Nazis where Jewish houses and businesses were trashed, burned, and destroyed
Nanjing Massacre
Event in which Japanese soldiers murdered 300,000 Chinese men, women, and children after capturing the city of Nanjing. It was an episode of mass muder and rape too
Factories and urbanization
Factories involved labor and production taking place in a single location which meant people had to move there causing a concentrated number of people in one area
every day life change because of industrialization
Families were separated during the day because working class children often had jobs in factories or coal mines since families needed money
Francisco Franco (Spain)
Fascist Believed best form of government was totalitarian state that would take care of all your needs. Used civil war to overthrown the democratically elected government of Spain & established a totalitarian state. He oppressed people with a secret police and made Catholicism the only safe religion to practice
Ummayad Caliphate
First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate. Women had a high status and non-Arabic muslims were considered inferior. Other religions were tolerated.
Ghana
First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the 300-1000. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade. Not as unified as later empires
Congress of Vienna
Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe.
Gulags
Forced labor camps set up by Stalin in eastern Russia. Dissidents were sent to the camps, where conditions were generally brutal. Millions died. People were often punished and sent here if they didn't meet production quotas every 5 years
7 Years War/French and Indian War
Fought in both continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in Indian and North America
Kimberley Diamond Mine
Found in 1869 by Afrikaaners in South Africa. They found diamonds (a very valuable commodity) and it caused a rush of European settlers and inverstors. Led to the world's largest open-pit mine dug by hand and enormous porfits for few investors. Caused the Kimberley Diamond Strike (1884) because the white miners at all four Kimberley mines objected most strenuously to being stripped and searched for diamonds each day they finished their shifts.
Champa Rice in East Asia
Found in a Vietnamese region called Champa. This rice allowed for multiple harvests per year. More harvests=more food=growing population in China
Sokoto Caliphate
Founded in 1809 by Uthman dan Fodio, this African state was based on Islamic history and law.
Norman Borlaug
Founder of Green Revolution: Increased wheat and maize yield worldwide, 1970 Nobel Peace Prize.
Estates General
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.
Fall of Inca Empire
Francisco Pizarro (1475-1541), a conquistador of Spanish origins, landed on the coast of Peru on May 13, 1532, the very same day Atahualpa won control of the empire after 5 years of fighting.
Land-Based empires in Europe
French Empire Russian Empire
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
Nations that Negotiated Independence
French West Africa, Ghana, and India
Citrus
From Southeast Asia and spread through the Indian Ocean and Silk Roads to the Mediterranean
greenhouse gases
Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
General under Nobanga; suceeded as leading military power in Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constucted a series of military alliances that made him the military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598.
why did Germany surrender in WW1
Germans believed they couldn't win, there was mutiny in the army and navy, there were revolts and civilians declared Germany to be a republic, there was about to be a revolution, and the Allies were ready to invade them, so they surrendered to save their country.
End of WWI
Germany had formally surrendered on November 11, 1918, and all nations had agreed to stop fighting while the terms of peace were negotiated. On June 28, 1919, Germany and the Allied Nations (including Britain, France, Italy and Russia) signed the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the war.
Invasion of Poland
Germany invaded, breaking their agreement, so Britain and France declared war, starting World War II
Example of Militarism before WW1 between Germany and Great Britain
Germany successfully build enough battleships to make a fleet, causing British to order production of twice as many ships to prevent German invasion. This back and forth expenditure on military raised fears of massive conflict in Europe by 1914
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy. During WW1 Italy left this alliance but was quickly replaced by Ottoman empire
Central Powers of WWI
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
Unit 4:Transoceanic Interconnections in a nutshell
Global trade changed EVERYTHING!! better transportation=global trade=more food=more people=political, economic, and cultural conflict
Indentured Servants labor 1450-1750
Global. Did field work and maintained homes. Their transportation was paid in exchange for 7 years of unpaid labor
Administrative systems based on religious justification
Governments maintained legitimacy through claiming a direct connection to the divine as a right to rule ex) Divine Right of Kings (French empire, but also used a mix) Mandate of Heaven (China) Songhai Islam (Songhai)
Administrative systems based on Military Elites
Governments maintained legitimacy with a system of warriors who are loyal to the ruler or the state which helps them maintain power. Devshirme System (Ottoman Empire) Samurai Warriors (Japan)
Examples of economic developments in East Asia from 1200-1450
Grand Canal, Gunpowder, Champa Rice, Coal, Public Works, Tribute System, Paper
Mahatma Gandhi
Great revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through passive resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines. He used peace, which made Britain look bad when they resorted to violence
Caravans
Groups of people traveling together for safety over long distances
English Bill or Rights (1689)
Guaranteed that Englishmen had certain rights
HSBC (Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation)
HSBC was established in 1865 to finance trade between Europe and Asia. Initially founded in the British colony of Hong Kong it benefitted from the opening of China to trade, including the opium trade.
French Imperialism
Had North America, Caribbean, South Asia, Africa, Southeast Asia, but lost Quebec Responses to Imperialism included armed resistance and some cooperation
Ottoman Trade+Tax Diplomacy
Had lower taxes than the empires they conquered (like the Byzantine)
Women in Dar al-Islam
Had more freedom than those in Christianity at the start- they could divorce, own land, and pass on property. Over time, conservative elements led to harems
Pollutants
Harmful substances in the air, water, or soil. With more technology, more pollutants and toxic chemicals enter the environment and harms ecosystems such as with automobiles, deforestation, oil, industrial waste, and human activities
Ronald Reagan
He developed Reaganomics, where he cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.
Social Structure in China 1200-1450
Hierarchy with emperor on top, scholar gentry and nobility after, then peasants, and then merchants
Jewish Mistreatment before the Holocaust
Hitler expelled the Jews out of Germany and within Germany, Jewish children were picked on and exlcuded in schools, adults were blacklisted from getting jobs, and Jews were segregated in their own communities
Religious practices of Aztec
Human Sacrifice was done in many Tenochtitlan temples. It was a part of their polytheistic religion and their political rule. The sacrifices were usually people captured in battle or tributes from neighboring city-states given to avoid being attacked
Technology and Innovation (TEC) Theme
Human adaptation and innovation have resulted in increased efficiency, comfort, and security, and technological advances have shaped human developments and interactions with both intended and unintended consequences
Imperialism effect on migration
Imperialism facilitated long distance migrations because many moved WITH empires. ex) Vietnamese workers in French Indochina moving to Paris or indentured servants moving from British Raj to British East Africa
Mahdist Revolt
In 1882 in a revolution led by Muhammad Ahmad, 1881 had proclaimed himself the Mahdi, the person who, according to an Islamic tradition, would rid the world of evil on September 2, 1898. The Anglo-Egyptian victory brought about the complete collapse of the Mahdist movement
Slave labor 1450-1750
In Americas and Africa- harvested cash crops, worked on plantations, maintaining homes. They were treated as property and had little to no rights
Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill 2010
In April 2010, a massive oil spill followed an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig operated by British Petroleum; most significant environmental disaster to occur in the U.S.; billions of dollars in damage was done to the Gulf of Mexico fishing industry, the tourism industry, and the habitat of hundreds of bird, fish, and other wildlife species
Peasant Labor 1450-1750
In Asia, farming and they paid taxes to lord
Nomad Labor 1450-1750
In Europe and Asia and Africa. They worked on herding, pastoralism, and breeding and they moved often and used land temporarily
Guild Member Labor 1450-1750
In Europe, they worked on skilled crafts and were apprentices and eventually independent
Assembly Line
In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product. This meant factories relied on factory systems for finished products since individual workers no longer had the skill to produce a finished good
German Unification
In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany.
Mughal Trade+Tax Diplomacy
In the early days of this empire, the jizya tax on non-Muslims (most of the population) was abolished
Land-Based empires in Americas
Inca (Inka) Aztec Empire (also known as Mexica for dominant and cultural group in this empire)
Mita System
Incan system for payment of taxes with labor. An example is building the Incan roads that led to the capital of Cuzco
Major Political trend 1200-1450
Increase in state control and bureaucracies
Effect of colonies fighting on side of imperial rulers
Increased nationalism in the colonies
Mughal Empire to Nation
India
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights
Islamic Spread to Southeast Asia
Indian Ocean Trade network was a huge facilitator in this because Islamic merchants and Sufi missionaries came to Indonesia, making it very helpful for Islamic Spread
Indian National Congress
Indian nationalist group formed to work for rights and power for Indians under British rule. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Indian rebellion against the English East India Company to bring religious purification, an egalitarian society, and local and communal solidarity without the interference of British rule. Caused by Hindus and Muslims who didn't want to open cartridges that used animal fat due to religious purposes. British won the rebellion and caused for India to be a Crown Colonia and for the Queen of England to be Empress of India Also referred to as Indian Mutiny, Sepoy Mutiny, Sepoy Rebellion or First War of Independence
Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization in a nutshell
Industrialized countries in Europe, the US and Japan all controlled more territory overseas than ever before. This was good for investors in imperialist countries and bad for workers in the areas they conquered
World Trade Organization (WTO)
International organization derived from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that promotes it free trade around the world.
United Nations
International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.
Fall of Aztec Empire
Invaders led by the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés overthrew the Aztecs by force and captured Tenochtitlán in 1521, bringing an end to Mesoamerica's last great native civilization. Cortes also combined forces with Aztec's rivals to overthrow them faster.
Gunpowder
Invented within China during the 9th century, this substance was became the dominate military technology used to expand European and Asian empires by the 15th century.
Biggest religion that spread in trans saharan trade route
Islam. Arab berbers helped spread this religion and Mansa Musa.
caliphate
Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.
how is islam different from Christianity and Judaism
It blended the role of religion and government together. This allowed Islam to spread from India to Spain in a few hundred years.
Spanish Flu
It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster. It spread easily in American cities with military bases.
Italy after the fall of rome
Italy was divided into different kingdoms and city states, but everyone shared a common religion (Catholicism) and a language
Why has South Asia seen so many religions
Its location is near land and water routes. Allows ideas to spread more easily
Isolation of Japan
Japan's isolation policy was fully implemented by Tokugawa. He issued edicts that essentially closed Japan to all foreigners and prevented Japanese from leaving. Japan shut themselves off to the rest of the world and fell behind on many things including technology to protect traditional culture
How China influenced Japan in 1200-1450
Japanese government did not embrace Confucianism or Civil Service exams but they did have a feudal hierarchy with the emperor and shogun ruling over various daimyo (landowners) who would hire Samurai to protect their land.
Berlin Airlift
Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city
Archduke's Assassination
June 28, 1914. The Austro Hungarian archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated at a Balkan state with his wife . His killer was a Serbian Nationalist who was a part of a terrorist group called the Black Hand. They believed that killing the archduke would help them create an independent Serb state
D-Day
June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.
Kingdom of Kongo
Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century. Active in the slave trade
How China influenced Korea in 1200-1450
Korea was the most influenced by China at this time. They adopted confucianism, civil service system, and buddhism. However, they didn't allow social mobility.
Re-Education Camps Mao
Labor-based camps were established from 1957-2013 that served as extreme punishment to Chinese who broke the law/opposed government. People in the camps often faced starvation and scarce conditions. It its later stages, it was only used for criminals
Fiefs
Land was given in exchange for protection; lords lived off the surplus crops of their vassals
Effects of the Black Death
Large increases in wages and prices throughout Europe and millions of people in Southern Europe died
Atahualpa
Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.
Atlantic Slave Trade
Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.
Apartheid
Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
Muhammad Ali
Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.
Kwame Nkrumah
Leader of nonviolent protests for freedom on the Gold Coast. When independence was gained, he became the first prime minister of Ghana. He developed economic projects, but was criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African efforts, and neglecting his own countries' issues
Queen Nzinga
Leader who ruled in Angola and spent almost 40 years battling Portuguese slave traders. The Dutch helped her defeat the Portuguese in 1647 but after her death the Portuguese gained control of the region until 1975
Palestinian Liberation Front (PLO), Yassar Arafat
Led by Arafat, it was organized to liberate Palestine from Israelis in the late '70's and early '80's. Its guerilla warfare and terrorist tactics were not effective.
Imperialism (WWI)
Led to increased tensions between the Great Powers over Africa. Germany aggressively set out to acquire colonies, sometimes coming into conflict with rival European powers. Examples include Kruger Telegram, First and Second Moroccan Crisis)
LDCs
Less Developed Countries- Countries located on the edge of the world core that are seeking improved conditions for their residents through economic growth
Chagati Khanate
Located in Central Asia (where the Mongols began) so there wasn't much change in this area
peaceful resistance in 20th century
MLK in America Mandela in South Africa Gandhi in India
Sunni Muslims
Majority of the Muslims; believe successor of Muhammad can be an elected caliph.
Racial Discrimination Act
Makes it against the law to treat you unfairly because of your race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status.
Timbuktu
Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning. Mansa Musa built mosques and famous libraries here
Great Mosque of Djenne
Mali. Founded c. 1200 C.E.; rebuilt 1906-1907. Adobe. We see this as an effect of Islamic caliphate encouraging trade since Muhammad was a trader himself. Encouraging trade was unlike many other empires at the time
Self-determination and Hitler
Mandates gave Hitler a justification for the invasion of German-speaking regions because it could be seen as a form of unifying his people under one flag.
How were monuments used to reinforce political rule in 1450-1700
Many empires used large monuments to reinforce the ruler's connection with established religions, emphasizing military power, promoting trade, or just to show off. Often used by Inca and Mughal Empires
Space Race
Many scientists and military leaders believed that control of space would be very important (space tech showed military power, especially with missiles) So, the USA and USSR invested billions of dollars in developing satellites, space stations, rockets, etc. This investment led to great scientific advances, but also caused friction and insecurities.
German annexation of Austria
March 1938. Done by Hitler and France and Britain allowed this only because Hitler said he would not invade any further. However, he violated that promise and invaded Poland in September 1939.
Proletariat
Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
Gavrilo Princip
Member of a terrorist organization called The Black Hand. Helped to end the optimistic Progressive era in America. Murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. Wanted to set Bosnia free from Austria-Hungary
The Maya
Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. Collapsed around 900 CE.
Tupac Amaru
Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution.
Women in the Industrial Revolution
Middle class women became to be associated with domestic duties (housekeeping, food preparation, child rearing and nurturing, household management, etc.). This paved the way for the new concept of gender roles in society. Unmarried women or working class women (young single/widows) became employed in factories, and often made up the majority of workers. Women often left jobs after they married. Women also took up jobs such as working the land, domestic service, and cottage industries. There was often sexual exploitation by factory workers. Moving to cities and entering the wage economy gave women more opportunities for marriage.
Old Causes for WWII
Militarism and Imperialism
M.A.I.N. acronym (causes of WWI):
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
Land-Based empires in Asia
Ming and Quin Dynasties The Tokugawa Shogunate The Mughal Empire Pakistan The Safavid Empire The Ottoman Empire
Shia Muslims
Minority of people, believed that caliph should be a direct blood line of Muhammad
The Mississippian Culture
Mississippian culture of the central Mississippi River Valley of the current United States, which thrived from 600 - 1500. that created large earthen mounds to show their unity.
Mongol Trade
Mongols revolutionized trade! Since their empire was so huge, trade was easy because you didn't have to cross borders or deal with foreign traders. On Silk Roads was very peaceful. There were also standardized weights and measures in Eurasia because of 1 giant empire
Mongol traditions
Mongols were very accepting and were religiously tolerant. They also treated women better than other empires at the time
Italian Migration
More people left the country until 1914, reflecting severe problems in villages and relatively slow industrial growth. Many went to the US, but before 1900 more went to Argentina and Brazil
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and western Sudan. He used the. Indian Ocean Trade Network
Tax farming
Most famously practiced in the Ottoman Empire. It was a quick way for the government to raise funds. The Sultan would allow a non-government official to collect taxes at their own rate in return for an upfront payment. Could be an issue if tax farmer taxed too much
Balkan nationalism
Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I.
Gunpowder Empires
Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.
Mughals
Muslim rulers over India, combined Hindu and Muslim, brought India to the peak of its political empire, had a single government with a common culture
OVRA
Mussolinis secret police to spy on people and stop people opposing Mussolini
Kuomintang
Nationalist Party in China led by Jiang Jieshi, which began a war against the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. Both fought for control of China, with Mao and the Communists ultimately winning in 1949.
Pueblo Revolt
Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began came back and Pueblo people tried revolting again but the Spanish killed them and many Pueblos migrated away searching for freedom
Metacom's War
Native Americans battle New England colonies; large percentage of native americans died, making it one of the bloodiest wars in US; severely damaged the Native American presence in the new world
Replacemt Products after WW1
Natural Rubber -> Reclaimed Rubber Coal -> Oil Cotton -> Synthetic Materials
Unit 2: Networks of Exchange in a nutshell (1200-1450)
New trade routes=more trade= mass production of goods= more people= more interactions= spread of beliefs, politics, ideas and tech
Formation of new Trading Cities on Silk Road
New trading cities emerged along these routes such as Kashgar and Samarkand
Innovations in Science 1450-1750
Newton's Laws of Gravitation, Astronomical Charts, better mapmaking
Did the Aztec ever form a written language
No
How were land-based empires able to conquer nomadic empires
Nomadic Empires often lacked experience governing or they adapted too much to local customs that they lost individuality, making it easy for others to conquer. Nomads also lost their fighting edge with gunpowder expanding since horses were no longer the most important weapon
Britain Imperialism
North America, Caribbean Islands, India, Australia and New Zealand, Africa, China (Hong Kong), but lost 13 colonies. Responses to Imperialism included American Revolution, Opium War, Great Indian Rebellion, and some indigenous elite cooperation
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
Unification of Japan
Oda consolidated rule and controlled shogun, daimyo accepted Toyotomi's rule, Tokugawa finally restored central authority
Monarch in Feudalism
Often a King that owned all of the land and would grant land to to elites
Disease during industrial age
Often caused because of overcrowding and pollution because there was unclean water supplies and a lack of proper sewage disposal.. Water pollution diseases like cholera and typhoid were spread and became associated with poverty
Indian Ocean Trade Routes
One of the largest sea-based trade routes at the time that traded regular goods in bulk and at a lower cost because it was easier to carry huge quantities of high demand goods on ships (like ivory, timber, and sandalwood)
Ashkenazim
One of the two main ethnic groups within the Jewish culture. This branch eventually settled in Central Europe after having been driven out of Jerusalem early in the first millenium A.D
nationalist organizations
Organizations made up after increased literacy rates that called for independence within European colonies
Effects of Bananas 1200-1450
Originated in Pacific region and Southeast Asia and Arab traders brought them everywhere, and they were used in Africa for banana cultivation to thrive economially
Sultan Abdul Hamid
Ottoman ruler, who proclaimed a new constitution in 1876, but later showed his true intentions when he threw away the Constitution and disbanded the Parliament. He was anti-reform and advocated a traditional Ottoman lifestyle.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Use of military strength to justify French rule
Palace of Versailles was used for military demonstrations by Louis XIV. He kept nobles in place by having them live part of the year in Versailles and having military demonstrations in front of them and foreign delegates
Paper in East Asia
Paper allowed the government to be more efficient, arts to thrive, and for paper money to be used around the dynasty
Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
Party formed in 1923 when Sun Yat-Sen merged the Third Communist International and the KMT to create the first of many liberation fronts. This front was completely anticonservative and anti-imperialist, but not fully communist. Eventually it would separate from and defeat the KMT under Mao Zedong in 1927.
Colonial Class System
Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) > Creoles (Europeans born in Americas) > Mestizos (Mixed European and Indigenous) and Mulattos (Mixed European and African ancestry) > Native Americans and Black Slaves
The Mongols
People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.
Hajj
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Power that used violence and incited resistance
Pinochet in Chile Franco in SPain Amin in Uganda Military-Industrial Complex
New weapons of WWI
Poison Gas, Tanks, Fighter planes, Flamethrowers, Machine Guns, and Submarines
Realpolitik
Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.
Demographic effect of Atlantic Slave Trade
Populations of Africa ultimately increased because of more food resources in some regions Families were separated causing a gender imbalance because more men were being taken than women
Batholomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer that rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa
Effect of Western europe getting destroyed by fighting
Power vacuum that would be fulled by the US and USSR
Truman Doctrine
President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology and a way to contain communism.
Mengistu Haile Mariam
President of Ethiopia that turned this area communist in 1987 but the famine that resulted and the killin gof his political opponents ousted him in 1991
Boris Yeltsin
President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.
Great Khanate (Yuan Dynasty)
Previously Song China. After it was taken over by Mongols, they took on the government procedures and positions that China already had. However, Mongols (who were at the top of the social ladder) couldn't intermarry with Chinese.
Griots
Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire
Russian Revolution
Prompted by labor unrest, personal liberties, and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred in 1917 when Czar Nicholas II was murdered and Vladimir Lenin sought control to implement his ideas of socialism.
Lola Rodriguez de Tio
Puerto Rican who wrote patriotic poems that supported Cuban independence.
Hierarchies Based on Race/Culture 1450-1750
Qing Dynasty (restrictive policy on Han Chinese) Spanish Empire (Casta System)
Railroads & Industrial Revolution
Railroads allowed the Industrial Revolution to happen. Let goods be shipped anywhere in the United States.
Chinampas
Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.
Nicaraguan War (Sandinistas vs. Contras)
Reagan sent aid to the Contras in Nicaragua who were fighting the Communist Sandinistas.
Why did land based empires not focus on overseas control?
Reasons vary but some could have long term conflict with other land-based powers so they focused their attention on land-based concerns. Others didn't have a history of state sponsorship of naval activity like if merchants did all of the overseas trading
Hitler comes to power
Released from prison and made speeches. Promised to end reparations, create jobs, and defy the Versailles treaty by rearming Germany. More and more Nazi's won seats in the Reich stag. Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933 through legal means. Within a year he became the dictator. He suspended civil rights, destroyed socialists and Communists, and disbanded other political parties and Germany became one state
continuity of land based empires 1450-1700
Religion and cultural ideas continues to play roles and spread with empires AND empires continued to be absolute (maintaining strict political and economic control over their domains)
Major cultural trends 1200-1450
Religions and philosophies built upon past teachings and spread across state borders
Maximilien Robespierre
Revolutionary leader who tried to wipe out every trace of France's past monarchy and nobility. He led the Reign of Terror and started the Committee of Public Safety
Public Works in East Asia
Roads and canals being build with more wealth, food, and workers led to more interregional trade
Maroons
Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.
Soviet Union to nation
Russia
Russian Imperialism
Russia wanted to expand into neighboring countries as a means to promote its influence over the region in Central Asia, Polar, and Caucasus. Caused war with Ottoman Empire, Indigenous resistance and some cooperation, nationalist movements among non-Russians
Vladimir Lenin
Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).
Boyars
Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts
Adam Smith
Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.
Indulgences
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Sent others to explore for him, made very first explorer school, first person to value exploring
Black Hand
Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.
Cossacks
Serfdom was being abolished across Europe but Russia maintained this system. Escaped serfs began organizing as free peasants in steppes called Cossacks
Tanzimat Reforms
Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876
Xuanzang
Seventh-century Chinese monk who made a famous trip to India to collect Buddhist texts.
Suez Canal
Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.
Gender Effect of Migration
Since mostly young men were migrating compared to other demographics, the societies of sending and receiving migrants changed a lot
Effects of the caste system
Since there was no social mobility, this allowed for stability, but it also led to stagnation because you couldn't fight for a higher class.
Sirimavo Bandaranaike
Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, commonly known as Sirimavo Bandaranaike, was a Sri Lankan stateswoman and politician and the modern world's first female head of government
Egyptian Mamluks
Slave soldiers that won political control of Muslim states during the Middle Ages. They used power to establish a dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250-1517
Resistance to Meji Restoration
Some in Japan like the Samurai were out of a job because of this restoration. Job was tied with identity so they were upset. The government outlawed Samurai carrying a sword but others wanted to continue wearing traditional clothing. The Meji Restoration continued nevertheless
Nationalism (WWI)
Some peoples wanted to get their independence from empires (like the Slavs from Austria-Hungary leading to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand), while others wanted to prove their country was the best by beating the others. This destabilized ethnically diverse nations
Contrast between Song China and Abbasid Caliphate VS Western Europe
Song China and Abbasid Caliphate were connected through the Silk Road, but Western Europe had no land-based trade routes to help it develop
Contrast between Song China and Japan
Song china had a large bereucracy whereas Japan was very feudal and regional
Nelson Mandela
South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)
The Majapahit Kingdom
Southeast Asian kingdom (1293-1520) centered on the island of Java.
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas; anti communist guerrillas received support from US and GB; USSR withdrew→ communist party remained in power. One of the biggest factors that led to the collapse of the USSR
Hernan Cortes
Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
Effects of New Rice (Champa Rice)
Spread from Southeast Asia to China through the tribute system and since it was drought resistant and early ripening, Chinese quickly adopted it and it became a staple part of Chinese diet
Five Year Plan
Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine
Economic effect of Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa
Stalled the economic development of Africa for centuries making regions more vulnerable to imperial conquest of Europeans.
Great Leap Forward
Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.
Second Industrial Revolution
Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.
Scramble for Africa
Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.
Order of Chinese Dynasties
Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan (Khan), Ming, and Qing
Tribute System in East Asia
System where the government was paid a tax (tribute) by Japan, Korea, and Vietnam to avoid war. They were able to pay this in the forms of money, food, materials, and workers.
Industrialization effect on transportation
Technological innovations like the steam engine and the internal combustion engine allowed for transportation to no longer be dependent on the weather.
What helped start the trans saharan trade route
Technology! like camel saddles and caravans
Biafran War
The 1967-70 civil war in Nigeria caused by the attempt of the state of Biafra to secede and become independent. They briefly gained independence for 3 years because Nigeria was preoccupied with the Igbo people
Contrast between Abbasid Caliphate and Western Europe
The Abbasid Caliphate used religion to help solidify its rule but Western Europe kingdoms were separate from the power of the Roman Catholic Church
Neo-Confucianism
The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.
Great Depression effects on Capitalism
The Great Depression showed the flaws of capitalism and made many nations rethink their economic systems
Kerala Land Reform
The Indian Kerala state elected a government that legitimized peasants rights to cultivate the land and set a limit on how much land someone could have. Other Indian states set similar reforms like abolishing the British Zamindari system and ending intermediate tax collectors
Ilkhanate Khanate
The Mongols captured Baghdad from the Abbasid Caliphate, and many Mongols converted to Islam. So, Persia didn't change much
Mongols using bubonic plague to their advantage
The Mongols would use biological warfare to spread the plague in Europe to conquer more land.
Hierarchies based on religion 1450-1750
The Ottoman Empire (The Millet System) The Mughal Empire ()Zamindar/Rajput System)
Land-Based empires in Africa
The Songhai Empire
Strait of Malacca
The Srivijaya grew wealthy by taxing the trade through this body of water. It is the main shipping canal connecting the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
Contrast between Swahili Coast and Western Europe
The Swahili Coast was very interconnected to trade routes but Western Europe was very slow to develop because it was outside of these trade routes.
Third Reich
The Third Republic of Germany which began Hitler's rule in 1933 and ended with his defeat in 1945
Negative effects of contraception
The Total Fertility Rate goes down in a lot of MDC's. This causes a decline in the Natural Increase Rate (like in Germany where sex education and contraception can be widely accessed).
Animism
The belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
Militarism (WWI)
The build-up of a country's arms and firepower to out-space neighboring nations in military might. Industrialization intensified this because nations could make deadly weapons like mustard gas, flamethrowers within months or years instead of decades
military-industrial complex
The close association of the federal government, the military, and defense industries. It led to the world becoming more violent as the mass trading of weapons increased in nations
Decolonization
The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.
Black Death
The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.
Bandung Conference
The conference in which representatives from twenty-nine governments of Asian and African nations gathered in Bandung, Indonesia to discuss peace and the role of the Third World in the Cold War, economic development, and decolonization. The conference denounced colonialism in all its manifestations and said that all countries in attendance would not align with either communism (USSR) or capitalism (US)
Japanese Imperialism
The conquering and annexing of neighboring countries by Japan; it was the result of a growing population and limited natural resources in Japan at the time. Conquered Taiwan, Liaodong Peninsula (Northeast China) and Korea (protectorate) Caused first sino Japanese war with China
Causes for innovation 1450-1750
The demand for exploration led to new technological innovations because there was a business opportunity in an increasing population (a higher demand for resources). So the state with the most access to trade could be the most powerful
Cultural Developments and Interactions (CDI) Theme
The development of ideas, beliefs, and religions illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and cultural implications
The Reconquista
The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.
Humans and the Environment (ENV) Theme
The environment shapes human societies and as populations grow and change these populations in turn shape their environment
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
New forms of government after WW1
The failure of capitalism highlighted the need for some nations to use different methods to run the government and economics. Examples that came about were fascism, socialism, communism, and Keynesian economics
Reaganomics
The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.
Potsdam Conference
The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. The US and Britain became suspicious of the USSR's influence on eastern Europe
Delhi Sultanate
The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controlled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi. They were able to hold off the Mongol expansion in South Asia because they were united by Islam and funded by the Silk Road
Julius Nyerere
The first president of Tanzania. He stated only hard work will end poverty. He tried to help the economy in Tanzania
Gloucester County Rebellion
The first slave revolt in British American colonies that happened after slaves formed an alliance with white indentured servants to demand freedom. It failed and the Virginia government gave lower class white workers some rights to appease them and prevent future organizing with slaves
Europe Stuck in chain of debt after WW1
The former Allied forces owed each other for equipment and reinforcements during WW1 but they depended on reparation payments from Germany and Austria who depended on US loans. Seeing the destruction and loss, foreign investors withdrew their capital from Europe and caused a strained financial system
Aborigine
The general named often used to describe the original inhabitants of Australia.
Paris Peace Conference
The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.
Non-Aligned Movement
The group of nations that didn't side with either the US or the USSR during the Cold War.
global capitalism
The idea of spreading Capitalism to the entire world in order to maximize marketing capabilities, consumer bases, and thus profits
how did enlightenment ideas influence revolutions
The ideas of natural rights, separations of power in governments, and a social contract all influenced oppressed groups to fight for equality. People formed alliances based on commonalities like language, religion, social standing, and territory to challenge government structures in hopes of political, economic, and social change
Rwandan Genocide
The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.
Qing Dynasty of China
The last imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the people's republic. Formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state. Founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years, until 1912. Expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia.
Simon Bolivar
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Jacobins
The most radical political faction of the French Revolution who ruled France during the Reign of Terror.
British Raj
The name given to the period and territory of direct British colonial rule in South Asia between 1858 and 1947--from the time of the attempted Indian Revolt (Sepoy Mutany) to the Independence of India.
Rust Belt
The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. These states lost much of their economic base to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.
General Assembly (UN)
The organ of the UN that acts as its legislative branch. All member nations can send delegates to the General Assembly. It is also a forum for international dialogue.
Pax Mongolica
The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire.
classical liberalism
The political ideology of individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government. The idea being that the less government does, the better, particularly in reference to economic policies such as tariffs and incentives for industrial development. Attacking corruption and defending private property, late-nineteenth-century liberals generally called for elite governance and questioned the advisability of full democratic participation.
Social Interactions and Organization (SIO) Theme
The process by which societies group their members and the norms that govern the interactions between these groups and between individuals influence political, economic, and cultural institutions and organization
Deism
The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.
Fall of the Berlin Wall
The removal of the wall that separated East and West Germany in 1989. Symbolized the end of the Cold War.
deforestation
The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. ex) Amazon rainforest in early 1900s
Meji Restoration
The restoration of the Emperor Meiji to power in Japan, overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868. This was done for defenses and to protect against future threats - Japan ended Feudalism -Unified as a nation under a constitutional monarchy - Adopted equality before the law as an ideal - Reorganized the military - Expanded educational opportunities - Build railroads and roads - Government partially paid for tea, silk, shipbuilding and sake industries
French Revolution
The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
Use of divine right in the Songhai Empire
The ruling family in this empire promoted Islam and brought more Islamic scholars and more force to the spread of the religion. In order to get more people to convert, the ruler often took the name Muhammed.
African Diaspora
The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere via the Atlantic slave trade. New languages developed as a mix of dialects so slaves could communicate
Lusitania sinking
The sinking of the Cunard ocean liner RMS Lusitania occurred on Friday, 7 May 1915 during the First World War, as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom which had implemented a naval blockade of Germany. Made US join the WWI
Bantu Language
The spread of the Bantu languages included Swahili. It was a lingua franca (trade language).
Devshirme System
The sultan's army took Christian kids from conquered Christian territories at very young ages, educated them, converted them to Islam, trained them to be soldiers and government workers. Some families even volunteered or bribed officials to let their kids be taken, because that was possibly a way to get a better life The smartest of them could rise to high government posts or military positions.
Neolithic Revolution
The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle is this revolution.
Holodomor Genocide
The systematic killings of Ukraine's by Russians because Ukraine's rebelled when asked to pay for grain
White Revolution
The term used by the shah to describe reforms in Iran between the end of World War II and the downfall of his regime in 1979. It set aggressive modernizations like forcing big land holders to redistribute land, increasing federal funding for internal improvements, and encouraging industrial growth and education
Utilitarianism
The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Fourteen Points
The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson accepted almost any compromise of the Fourteen Points as long as the treaty provided for the League of Nations. Many in the U.S. Senate thought joining that organization would sacrifice national sovereignty, so the body voted down the treaty.
Proxy wars (surrogate wars)
The word surrogate means substitute. Although the United States and the Soviet Union did not fight each other directly, they fought indirectly by backing opposing sides in many smaller conflicts.
Causes of Migration 1750-1900
The world population grew at this time and so did transportation methods. More people led to bigger boats and that meant more migration. Most migrants were from Europe and Asia and many were laborers
Keynesian economics
Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.
Laizzez-faire
Theory that stated business, if leftunregulated, would act in a way that would benefit the nation. "Handsoff" approach, no government
Reforms in Latin America during Cold War
There was a trend of peasants taking over dispossessed states to cultivate trends of modernization ex) Brazil adding taxes on large land tracts - Chile encouraging peasant farming on large plantations
Banking Houses
These European banks developed during the Middle Ages to aid trade. Along with innovations such as bills of exchange, or bank drafts, and credit, the rise of banking houses supported the development of interregional trade in luxury goods.
How did the Aztec collect taxes
They had city-states pay taxes/tributes in the form of humans
Effect of the US and USSR being far away from Western Europe and having a strong military from the war
They were able to fill the w. Europe power vacuum and battle for control- Beginning of the Cold War
Maratha Empire
This Confederacy was a South Asian imperial power that existed from 1674 to 1818. An example of a rebellion against imperial power (the Mughals) in this time period
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
Southeast Asia
This area consists of modern nations like Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia. It has lots of mountains and jungles, which makes large empires impossible. Heavy Chinese influence because of trade
South Asia
This area is below the Hindu Kush mountains and the Himalayas. It is mostly dominated by modern India and has one of the world's oldest faiths and regional trade
French West Africa
This area was ruled by the French who exploited the land for resources. Nationalism increased and protests led to the French passing local governance. By 1960, they negotiated independence. This area broke into nations like Senegal and Niger
Fall of the Qing Dynasty
This event occurred in 1911 as a result of mounting internal and external pressures, such as ineffective leadership, declining food levels, and the Boxer Rebellion. Revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen installed the new Republic of China in place of the old imperial system.
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
This followed the Exxon Valdez spill and states that operators of oil tankers are responsible for all cleanup costs and it increased the maximum liability for losses by businesses and private individuals. It also phased out single-hulled tankers in favor of double-hulled tankers, which reduced losses in an oil spill by 4-6 times
Lenin's New Economic Policy
This policy was used to get the economy back up and running. -The policy allowed for small enterprises to be returned to private ownership as well as peasants being allowed to sell their good on the free market. -Also technology began to play a large part in Russian society
American Revolution
This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. Britain had been taxing America a lot because of the wars they had been in but colonists had no representation in Parliament.
US Military Advancement in Cold War
This was one of the reasons the cold war ended- the us was trying to "win" the cold war so the budget spending on military went up and they were spending millions on nuclear weapons, atomic bombs, and missiles so that they could match the Soviets in case of war. Their technological advancements surpassed the Soviets.
Code Napoleon
This was the French law put in place by Napoleon. It promoted equality before the law, toleration of all religions, and outlawing serfdom and feudalism. It also took away women's rights and outlawed trade unions and strikes.
Reign of Terror
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed on the guillotine (science and reason from the revolutions helped them know how to effectively kill people)
industrialized countries
Those countries including Britain, France, the United States, Russia, Germany, and Japan, that were all at the forefront of industrial production and innovation through the middle of the 20th century. While industry is currently shifting to other countries to take advantage of cheaper labor and more relaxed environmental standards, these countries still account for a large portion of the world's total industrial output.
Specialization of Labor
To train or specialize people in certain areas of work so that people can accomplish tasks quicker
Haitian Revolution
Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves. This revolution was possible because French didn't have full support in taking back Haiti because they were already in debt from 7 years War, American Revolution, and French Revolution, and Napoleons mistakes
Trans-Saharan Trade Route
Trade routes through the Saharan desert, from West Africa to North Africa, where further trading could take place in other countries (once again mainly Europe). The quickest way of traveling from W. Africa to N. Africa, but dangerous if you did not know your way.
Berlin Pact
Tripartite Pact, agreement concluded by Germany, Italy, and Japan on September 27, 1940, one year after the start of World War II. It created a defense alliance between the countries and was largely intended to deter the United States from entering the conflict.
Ottoman Empire to Nation
Turkey
Martin Luther King Jr.
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
Effects of the losing empires in WWII being destroyed
US and USSr fought for control over the land
Puerto Rico independence
US gained control of Puerto Rico as a territory because they defeated Spain
Knowledge-based economies
US, Japan, Finland
Idi Amin
Ugandan military leader/president - responsible for hundreds of thousands of Christian/tribal deaths. When he lost power, Uganda was left with a dissolving military dictatorship
Reasons for Anti-Globalism
Unequal distribution of resources from globalization, exploitation of workers' safety and rights, and environmental damage. Anti-globalization has social implications that often include human rights, fair trade, sustainable developments, and debt relief
Military technology of WWII
Upgraded weapons compared to WWI: Tanks were more adapted to more environments - More varieties of firearms were used based on the range of combat - Development of Atomic weapons -Citizens were targeted purposely to encourage surrender All of this technology led to higher casualty rates- an indicator to the inevitability of death and the destruction of war
Tenements
Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.
Anti-Semitism in WWII
Used by Hitler before the Holocaust as a scapegoat for Germany's economic problems
Gutenberg Printing Press
Used to spread ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance; First document printed was the Bible; Led to the growth of literacy
Utopian Socialism
Utopian Socialsim is an ideal society that is based on socialist ideals like Louis Blanc and Charles Fourier where harmony is maximized and there is shared ownership, positive workspaces and equal rights
Indigenous Responses to Imperialism
Varied responses- in some cases they would cooperate in exchange for authority and profit opportunities but sometimes there would be resistance
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan.
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade. He mainly used the Silk Roads to travel
How China influenced Vietnam in 1200-1450
Vietnam tried very hard to be independent compared to China so they did not have a hierarchal society- life was dominated by villages and small families. Confucianism and Buddhism did spread, but the impact of Confucianism was limited
Nations that Warred for Independence
Vietnam, Angola, Kenya, and Algeria
Effect of mass production in WW1
WW1 caused mass production, but after it ended, there was an excess of products that caused factories to slow or stop production. This led to prices lowering and unemployment increasing
Hundred Years War
War between France and Britain, lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453)
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
Cherokee Nation
Was established in the 20th century due to the relocation of people of old Cherokee decedents who left and went to the Southeast due to pressure increase by the Indians and also some being forced to move to the what was called the Trial of tears.
Result of the Crusades
Weakened the power of the Catholic Church and did not win back Jerusalem. However, it didi increase the power of regionals monarchs and exposed Europe to the science and mathematics that the Islamic world was developing
Angolan Civil War
When Angola achieved independence, the two major liberation movements (MPLA and UNITA) began to squabble over how to rule the country. Ultimately, the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba interfered and exacerbated the problem. Conflict eventually died down and ended with a peace agreement
Salaried samurai
When the Shogun came into power, he took away the military power away from the Samurais and turned into salaried samurais, which meant that he began paying them to protect the land instead of them controlling their own fiefs and having their own income that way.
Major technological trends 1200-1450
With political and economic stability, states were able to develop new technology and spread it
Margery Kempe
Wrote the Book of Margery Kempe - considered the 1st autobiography in the Eng. language. Chronicles her pilgrimages to holy sites in Europe and Asia. Acts as best insight that points to a mid. class female experience in the Middle Ages. Records the tension in late medieval England between orthodoxy and religious dissent.
Martin Luther
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
Zen Buddhism
a Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition.
The Incan Empire
a Mesoamerican civilization in the Andes Mountains in South America that by the end of the 1400s was the largest empire in the Americas including much of what is now Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile; conquered by Pizarro. They thrived at around the same time as the Aztec.
Syncretism
a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith. This happened a lot in Americas after colonization. Examples include) Santeria, Vodun, Candomble, and Virgin of Guadalupe
Periphery
a boundary line or perimeter
copper mines
a cave-like area where copper (a red-brown metal) is dug from the ground. Mines located in Mexico and Chile gave America and British capitalists profits
Transnational business
a commercial enterprise that operates substantial facilities,and business in more than one country and does not consider any particular country its home.
chronic disease
a disease that cannot be transmitted and develops more over time. Typically cause more deaths in MDC's- (heart disease, cancer, pre-existing conditions)
contagious disease
a disease that is easily spread from one host to another. Typically affect LDC's because the life expectancy of those countries aren't high enough for chronic diseases that come with old age (like Parkinson's and dementia)
Settler Colonialism
a distinct type of colonialism that functions through the replacement of indigenous populations with an invasive settler society that, over time, develops a distinctive identity and sovereignty. It is the most extreme form of imperialism ex) - Euro-Americans in the US -British in Australia, New Zealand and parts of Africa - French in Algeria
Magna Carta
a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges created because King John was kept in check by the nobility
Opium
a highly addictive substance made from the sap of the opium poppy
Green Revolution
a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.
Al Qaeda
a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001. They declared a holy war against the Us because it is the pinnacle of western culture.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
a pill containing antiretroviral drugs taken before someone is exposed to the virus to prevent HIV acquisition
Marshall Plan
a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism. They didn't help eastern Europe which was under Soviet influence
Feudalism
a political and economic system based on land ownership and personal loyalty in order to organize the land, work, and people's roles.
Commodities
a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee.
Enclosure Acts
a series of United Kingdom Acts of Parliament which enclosed open fields and common land in the country, creating legal property rights to land that was previously considered common.
Caste System
a set of rigid Hindu social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society. This system was inherited and religious. There was no way of moving between systems
Civil Rights Movement
a social movement in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s, in which people organized to demand equal rights for African Americans and other minorities. People worked together to change unfair laws. They gave speeches, marched in the streets, and participated in boycotts.
meritocracy
a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement instead of their wealth and nobility (civil service exams)
Bureaucracy
a system of government where most decisions are made by state officials rather than representatives
Shining Path
a terrorist group formed in Peru in the late 1960s as a splinter group from the communist party of Peru. They bombed urban areas and intimidated people in rural areas to comply with their rule.
Filial Piety
a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors
Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement
a vision by Nongqawuse that if the Xhosa killed the cattle then their ancestors would kill the British (invaders) and crops so that invaders can get out however it didn't work out as expected
Knights
a warrior in medieval Europe who fought on horseback
Lend-Lease Act
allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S
Dar-al-Islam
an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule
Cholera
an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food. Primarily affects LDC's in Asia, Africa, Central America, India, and Middle East
Free Trade Agreement
an agreement between member countries to remove duties and trade barriers on products traded among them.
Kyoto Protocol
an amendment to the international treaty on climate change designed to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by specific countries
post-industrial economy
an economic phase in which manufacturing no longer plays a dominant role. Led to the Rust Belt
knowledge-based economy
an economy that is based on the quantity, quality, and accessibility of the information available, rather than on the means of production.
The Khemer Empire
an empire that included much of present day Cambodia , Thailand, Malaysia and part of Laos lasting from 802-1431.
caravanserai
an inn in some Eastern countries with a large courtyard that provides accommodation for caravans
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
an international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation
Muslim League
an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations
Khumer Rouge
an organization that opposed the Cambodian government and waged a civil war who committed genocide in Cambodia led by Pol Pot
1918 Flu Pandemic
an unusually deadly influenza pandemic. It infected 500 million people and killed 50-100 million people
Causes of WWII
appeasement, aggressive policies of Hitler and Mussolini, Great Depression, Versailles Treaty, failure of Weimar Republic, failure of the League of Nations
Mexican Revolution
armed rebellion in which the Mexican people fought for political and social reform
Jewish expulsions
around 1400s- Jews had restrictions, mandatory dressings and markings, jews were blamed for the Black Death as a result, jews fled and were expelled
Thomas Hobbes
believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority- social contract
Atomic Bomb
bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities. Led to the surrender of Japan in WWII
Cosumerism
buying products you don't need to survive which leads to continual improvement and efficiency of manufacturing and a bigger availability of consumer goods in return (mass culture also effect)
Grand Canal in East Asia
canal that linked southern China's Yangtze River with the North Yellow River. Led to interregional trade
Eunuchs
castrated males used within households of Chinese emperors, usually to guard his concubines; became a political counterbalance to powerful marital relatives during later Han rule.
Cause of exploration 1450-1750
caused by Portugese, French, English, and Dutch wanting to find a new route in between Europe and Asia so that they wouldn't have to go through Mediterranean controlled by Italian city-states. They wanted to remain competitive so they invested in exploration
Bastille Day
celebration in France to celebrate when people stormed the bastile and is recognized as the start of the french revolution
Types of Imperialism
colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, economic imperialism
Algerian War
conflict between France and Algerian independence movements; led to Algerian independence from France but at the cost of the lives of many civillians
New Zealand Wars
confrontations between the Maori and British troops over disputed land. British won because of industrialization power
Monetization
convert into or express in the form of currency. This was done with silver after the Spanish colonization of the Americas and made it easier for governments to pay for services and support the bureaucracy.
GMOs
crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods. They ususally allow for less land and more output. They were mainly used in India and Mexico at the start for rice, wheat, and grains
Maritime Empires
empires based on sea travel. Examples include British empire, Spanish Empire, Portugese Empire, French Empire, and Dutch Empire
Bay of Pigs Invasion
failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.
Cuban Independence
following the war, US troops controlled Cuba; after making improvements for 2 years, the US let the Cubans elect their own government and write a constitution; however, the US insists on maintaining a naval base, giving the US the right to interfere in Cuba, and prohibiting Cuba from transferring any land
Indochinese Communist Party
formed by Ho Chi Minh in the 1940's. also called the Vietminh. Did this through violence and war and many civilians were killed
Samori Toure
fought French forces in West Africa where he was building his own empire
luxury goods
goods that have special qualities that make them more expensive than alternative goods such as sugar, gold, porcelain, and silk. Most of what the Silk Roads traded.
internal combustion engine
heat engine that burns fuel inside the engine in chambers or cylinders to create power/energy.
Camel Saddles
helped traders ride camels (the only animals equipped to survive in the desert without water for long periods of time). This allowed traders to carry goods easier
Anti-Semitism
hostility to or prejudice against Jews.
Industrialization Led to Increased Global Exchanges because...
imperialist power on other parts of the world benefitted businesses from industrialized countries food was also needed to feed people in large cities so new technology like refrigerated shipping compartments made shipping food from large distances possible (Like beef from Argentina and Uruguay)
Free labor 1450-1750
in Europe and Asia. Blacksmith and weaving work and they worked on own land.
upper class
in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have high income and prestige and who own vast amounts of property and other forms of wealth, such as owners of large corporations, top financiers, rich celebrities and politicians, and members of prestigious families
Price Revolution
increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver
Major Social trends 1200-1450
increased use of stable hierarchies
Maori people
indigenous people of New Zealand
Tuberculosis (TB)
infectious bacterial disease, most commonly spread by inhalation of small particles and usually affecting the lungs (coughs and sneezes); may spread to other organs. Primarily affects Africa and West Pacific and treated with Antibiotics
Propaganda
information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. It usually portrays a sense of nationalism by defining who the good and bad guys are and calling people to help the good guys
Sikism
is the blend of hinduism and islam
Knowledge of monsoon winds
it made it easier to direct trade- Allowed Indian traders to sail to Southeast Asian countries during the northeast monsoon (trade wind) and return during the southwest monsoon.
Clans
kin-based network where many people within the community are related. They are led by a chief and work with their communities.
Asante Kingdom
kingdom that emerged in the 1700s in present-day Ghana and was active in the slave trade
Self-Strengthening Movement
late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders It caused the abolishment of Civil Service exams, and sought to eliminate corruption
Yemelyan Pugachev
lead the Pugachev (Cossack) rebellion during Catherine II's rule. It was successful at first but then the government opressed serfs even more to prevent more conflict
Margaret Thatcher
leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. Her popularity fell, and resigned.
effect of using religions to solidify rule
led to rulers waging conflicts against other rulers of different religions
Gunpowder in East Asia
led to the development of guns and more trade along the Silk Road
Vassals
members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty
Diasporic communities
merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas. Grew a LOT and helped knowledge spread fast with trade networks
African berbers
middle men between Africa and Europe. They were nomads
peacekeeping forces
military forces drawn from neutral members of the UN to settle conflicts and supervise truces. Helped end wars in Mozambique and El Salvador and Cambodia
MDCs
more developed countries- Countries such as the United States, Germany, and Australia who have the highest levels of economic development.
effect of administrative systems
more resources to expand empires
effect of collapse of nomadic empires
more room for lan empires to expand
Trade networks before 1200
mostly local and usually between civilizations that bordered each other
abolitionism
movement to end slavery and extend rights
Seljuk Turks
nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly until the 1300s
Salt March
passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt.
Reason over revelation
phrase commonly associated with the Enlightenment because people began to look at humans rather than dieties to solve their problems
Queus
pony tails that the Northern Chinese made the southern Chinese wear to distinguish them as inferior
Decentralized
power dispersed among many different points, especially political power distributed among many different nobles/landowners/leaders/regions. Very decentralized
mass production
production of identical goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines quickly and cheaply
Manchuko
puppet state in Manchuria under Japanese control, Puyi is appointed ruler but he has no power, only a few countries recognize it as a legit nation
Yaa Asantewaa
queen of the Asantes that led the fight against the British in the last Asante war, took power after the king was exiled
Quebecois Separatist Movement
refers to both the political movement and the ideology of values, concepts and ideas that promote the secession of the province of Quebec from the rest of Canada. Failed.
Swahili Coast
region along east coast of Africa, part of Indian Ocean trade route. This allowed it to also use the Trans-Saharan trade route. Trade united its city states.
Rajput Kingdoms
set of Kingdoms after the fall of the Mauryan and Gupta Empires in northern India. They were constantly competing. Fell to Delhi Sultanate
British East India Company
set up trading posts in India in the 1600s, beginning the British economic interest there. It took advantage of tensions between Muslims and Hindus to expand influence and the British moved to India by the 19th century and had colonial control
Potosi Silver Mine
silver mine in the interior of South America; great silver mountain that would bring Spanish wealth. Also Potosi.
Hacienda system
similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners
civil service exams
started under the Han Dynasty and reemerged during the Tang and Song. In these exams, Chinese men would study Chinese classics (especially Confucian ideas) and then take a series of exams on them
Encomienda System
system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.
Jizya
tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion
tax-in-kind
tax paid with goods or labor rather than money
Information Revolution
technological change spawned by the invention of the microchip and the internet that enhanced the acquisition, analysis, and transmission of information
Island Hopping
the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan.
Muhammad
the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)
Sacrifice difference between Aztec and Inca
the Aztec sacrificed humans and the Inca sacrificed llamas
political between Aztec and Inca
the Inca were a much more united monarchy whereas the Aztecs were largely a city-state empire controlled by Tenochtitlan
land-based empires that did support sea-expansion
the Ottoman, Ming, and French Empires all sponsored major naval expeditions. The Tokugawa Shogunate launched a major seaborne invasion of Korea. However, these empires mainly focused on land-based expansion overall
Armenian Genocide
the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries
Polytheism
the belief in or worship of more than one god.
Feminism
the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men
Home Front
the civilian population and activities of a nation whose armed forces are engaged in war abroad but support the nation's cause in the war through people rationing their supplies, governments creating production quotas, women working in place of men in factories, and dissent was removed through censorship and punishment
right to self-determination
the concept that nations have a right to choose which government will exercise sovereignty over them. This was determined in the Paris Peace Conference through the use of mandates
Industrialization
the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.
Commercial Revolution
the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.
components of a good trade network
the formation of diasporic communities, new technology, and the spread of religion.
How did the Silk Roads form
the growth of empires led to the development of new technology. This allowed for a growing desire of goods, but empires couldn't provide everything.
Divine right
the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God. It didn't mean that the rulers were divine, but that they ruled by consent of the divine. Similar to the Mandate of Heaven
Cult of Domesticity
the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house
Xhosa
the major ethnic group and language of Bantu-speakers in South Africa
Papermaking
the manufacture of paper that was convenient and cheap. This encouraged trade in various routes
Mau Mau Rebellion
the massacre of 1,700 Africans and about 10 European settlers and missionaries by native Kenyan tribes, especially the Kikuyu, who resented British intrusion
Bourgeoisie
the middle/upper class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
Military technology of Mongols
the mongols used horses and bows and had seige weapons to bypass castle walls. They had no mercy when conquering. This knowledge was spread so much that many cities would just surrender when the Mongols arrived to avoid violence
Partition of India and Pakistan
the partition of British India and of the Dominion of Pakistan, promulgated in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Indian Empire.
mercantilist policies
the policy of helping merchants domestically by encouraging and taxing importing. basically promoting internal industry and maximizing exports and limiting imports causing more money in the bank
Women's Suffrage
the right of women to vote. Women got this right at various times in the wrold US-1920 Brazil- 1932 Turkey- 1934 Japan- 1945 India- 1947
Use of Divine Right in the Aztec Empire
the rulers were close to the priest class and continued human sacrifice. This empire was also militant and in return of human sacrifice, Aztec priests legitimized the rule of many Aztec leaders. However, this practice made Aztec unpopular with people of Central Mexico
Jewish Diaspora
the scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland. In Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella expelled all of the Jewish population, causing a mass migration all over the world
Count di Cavour
the so-called brains of Italian unification. Conservative Prime minster of Piedmont-Sardina whose political skill unified Italy under his King Victor Emanuel because of nationalism
greenhouse effect
the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.
Treaty of Versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans.
Pan-Africanism
the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries
Empericism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation instead of religion
HIV/AIDS
the virus that causes AIDS, spread through bodily fluids rather than casual contact or airborne. It originated in Central Africa and spread to the US where it primarily affected gay men which is why it used to be called GRID. Eventually more research was done and it was found that it was transmitted through bodily fluids (including blood)
Reason for alliances
theoretically this system would prevent nations from making reckless actions at the risk of sabotaging the entire alliance. However, this ended up creating a domino effect and entangling alliance members in conflict
Ottoman Society
tolerant of non-Muslims, the subjects of the empire were divided socially by occupation, there was a tolerant attitude towards women due to Turkish customs. Sultan was at the top and could reward favored groups, the middle class included military ,scholars, and bureaucratic groups
Mausoleum in the Mughal Empire
tombs that were built to reflect traditional and Persian Islamic architecture so much that Mughal Architecture became its own category of Islamic Architecture in South Asian history. The most well known example is the taj mahalYse
Warsaw Pact
treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania in response to NATO
Lanteen sails
triangular sails that could catch wind from all sides
Tokugawa Shogunate
was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.
Difference between land-based empires and maritime empires
where the empires get their power and wealth is a huge difference. Land-based empires get most of it from the land, rich agriculture, and profitable trade routes Maritime empires get theirs from trade overseas, colonies overseas, or controlling overseas trade routes
Comfort Women
women and girls who were forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army in occupied territories before and during World War II.