AP World History - 6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion

Australia British Penal Colony

(1788) Said to treat Aboriginals kindly, but did not recognize their land ownership. Aboriginals were not British citizens, so were not protected by British law (1,000s of Aboriginals killed trying to protect their land.

Yaa Asantewaa War

(1823) Great Britain wanted Asantee Empire in present-day Ghana (W Africa). Four wars were unsuccessful for Great Britain. 5th war - Yaa Asantewaa War. March 1900 Yaa Asantewas, a warrior queen, led rebellion against British. Last African war led by a woman. British won in 1900 - she was exiled. *Asante become part of Gold Coast.*

Serbia nationalist/independence movements (Ottoman empire)

1815 won war

Greece nationalist/independence movement (Ottoman empire)

1832 won war

Who were the natives of Australia?

Aborigines

Cherokee Nation

After 1800 the Cherokee nation worked to assimilate with white settler culture (US style constitution, literacy, farming, weaving, architecture). Forced to relocate to Indian Territory after gold was discovered on their land in 1829.

Why African resistance developed later than Indian resistance?

Because Europeans had been in India longer.

Who rebelled against Ottoman Rule?

Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Bulgaria. Treaty of Berlin freed Bulgaria, Romania, and Montenegro, but gave Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria-Hungary.

Other than the Xhosa people, who else did the British interact with in South Africa?

British also defeated the Zulu kingdom in the Anglo-Zulu War.

1840 Treaty of Waitangi

British said they would protect property of the Maori. (Fear over land led to the Maori Wars. Great Britain won in 1846.)

Mahdist Revolt

East Africa (1881) Muhammad Ahman declared himself "Mahdi" (guided one) - said he would restore glory to Islam. Helped Sudan use religion to fight against Egypt. By 1882 Mahdists had control of the region. Great Britain and Egypt came together to push the Madhists out. Madhists initially won in 1885. Ahmad died in June of 1885. (Movement disintegrated. British took Sudan in 1898)

Tupac Amaru II

Educated Jesuit. Led a revolt in Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina that began with killing colonial official for cruelty. Led to a general Indian revolt against Spain, supported by many creoles. He was captured with his family in 1781. Tortured or killed by the Spanish.

Education in the Philippines.

Education began in the Philippines in 1863. Led to Enlightenment inspire movements like the Propaganda movement under Jose Rizal (He was killed).

What did nationalism encourage?

Education, communication, and transportation

Indian National Congress

Established in 1885 by British-educated Indians. Began to air grievances against Great Britain. Became a call for self-rule.

How did the Treaty of Paris affect Philippines?

Gave Philippines to US in 1899. Led to Philippine-American War. US won in 1902 (about 2,000 troops and 20,000 civilians died)

Results of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (Sepoy Rebellion)

Great Britain exiled Mughal emperor for involvement in rebellion (Ended the Mughal Empire). Great Britain took an active role in governing India. The British Raj ruled India from 1858 - 1947 (many Indians attended British Universities).

Proclamation of 1763

Great Britain used this to tried to recognize the land of natives. Instead, it angered colonists who then fought for their independence and took land from natives.

What happen when the Maori in New Zealand tried to protect their land?

In 1861, Great Britain ignored the treaty and sent troops to take land. Another war. Uneasy peace in 1872. By 1900, most Maori land was lost.

Indian Rebellion of 1857 (Sepoy Rebellion)

Indian Muslim and Hindu soldiers in the British army in India led a rebellion against GB. Upset about perceived forced conversions and British disrespect (pig fat on guns). Spread throughout N. India. Violently crushed by Great Britain. Social divisions made it hard to Indian to unite against Great Britain.

Balkan Nationalism

Inspired by the French Revolution. Growing ethnic nationalism led the people of the Balkans to seek independence. These tensions eventually lead to WWI

What was happening to the Ottoman Empire 9th century?

It was losing its hold on the remaining European territories in the Balkan Peninsula.

1896 Philippine Revolution

Led to by education and nationalism. Many revolutionaries were exiled, but after the US beat Spain in the Spanish-American War they returned expecting freedom. Resistance continued in the region, but remained a US possession until 1496.

Archduke Maximilian

Made Emperor of Mexico in 1864. Warred with France for 3 years, Mexico eventually won. Maximilian was executed in 1867- Juarez resumed his presidency.

French Intervention in Mexico

Mexican conservation worked with Napolean III of France to overthrow Benito Juarez in Mexico. France wanted to imperialize and Mexico owned them money, so this seemed right.

How did the native Xhosa (South Africa) react to the British imperialism?

Native Xhose people did not want to be ruled by Europeans and fought British from 1811 - 1858.

Sokoto Caliphate

New nation established by Usman dan Fodio. Goal was to purify Islam in the Hausa tribes. Focused on slave trade, despite British trying to end it, for Economic opportunity. British tried to stop slave ships. Largest African empire since 16th century until Great Britain absorbed it into Nigeria.

Western educated elite shared nationalistic identity was know as...

Pan-Africanism

Ghost Dance

Resistance movement that spanned native populations all over US. Ritual ghost dances would be used to encourage that dead to come back and drive out the whites. Ended at the wounded Knee Massacre in 1890- End of the "Indian Wars"

1877

Serbia and Russia came to their aid in the Russo-Turkish War

What was the only independent country left in SE Asia by 1800s?

Siam (Thailand). The rest was under the control of the Spanish, Dutch, British, and French.

Vietnam and French Imperialism

Vietnam consistently resisted French imperialism. Many rallied behind 12 year old emperor Ham Nghi. The French raided the royal palace. In 1888 Nghi was exiled to Algeria. Resistance continued under Phan Dinh Phung.

Samory Toure War

West Africa in 1868 Samory Toure led warriors to establish kingdom in Guinea. Opposed French annexation in 1883. French succeeded, so he tried to extend empire in other directions. Captured and exiled in 1898.

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

Xhose cattle began getting sick from the British cattle. Xhose killed cattle and destroyed crops to awaken spirits to drive out Europeans. Led to famine and death of 1000s.