AP World History Ch. 33

Khedives

(1867-1952) Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952.

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime ; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.

Kwame Nkrumah

African nationalist during period of decolonization; responsible for creation of first independent, black African state of Ghana in 1957; established power through, the Convention Peoples party (CPP).

F.W. de Klerk

White South African prime minister in the late 1980s and early 1990s; working with Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress, de Klerk helped to dismantle the apartheid system and opened the way for a democratically elected government that represented all South Africans for the first time.

Muslim Brotherhood

Egyptian nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; committed to fundamentalist movement in Islam; fostered strikes and urban riots against the khedival government.

Gamal Abdul Nassar

(1952-1970) Led a military coup in Egypt in 1952; established himself as dictator & became a major Arab force in the Middle East; sought to help the masses through land reform, public education; placed stiff restrictions on foreign investment.

Iranian Revolution

1979 overthrow of Iran's monarchy and the establishment of an Islamic Republic. was a combined backlash against an oppressive regime and widespread corruption.established religious leaders as the ruling class

African National Congress

Black political organization within South Africa; pressed for end to policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to black majority rule; until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa.

Gandhi

Indian nationalist leader; western educated; practiced "satyagraha" nonviolence civil disobedience. combined religious, social & political know-how into a massive nonviolent campaign.

apartheid

Policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically

Anwar Sadat

Successor of Nasser as Egypt's ruler; dismantled Nasser's costly and failed programs; signed peace with Israel in 1973 at Camp David for the exchange of the Sinai peninsula.

homelands

areas in South Africa designated for ethnolinguistic groups within the black African population; such areas tend to be overpopulated and poverty-stricken.

Indira Gandhi

daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru; installed as a figurehead prime minister by the Congress party bosses in 1966 ; a strong-willed and astute politican ; she soon became the central the central figure in Indian politicas, a position she maintained through the 1970 and passed on to her sons.

Jawaharlal Nehru

first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics for much of the 20th century.

Indian National Congress

founded in 1885 with the blessing of the British; made up of western-educated Indians;led the Indians to independence & governed through most of the early decades of the postcolonial era.

Ayatollah Khomeini

religious leader of Iran following the 1979 revolution; worked for fundamentalist Islamic religious reform and elimination of Western influences. created the world's only theocracy

neocolonialism

the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.